6. Teacher Effectiveness Fifth Grade Math Scores: Tennessee 100 80 60 40 20 0 After 3 years of Very Ineffective Teachers After 3 years of Very Effective Teachers 29% 83%

8. Fifth Grade Math and Sixth Grade Reading Scores: Dallas, Texas (Beginning Percentile = 60) 80 60 40 20 0 After 3 years of Very Ineffective Teachers After 3 years of Very Effective Teachers 27% 76% Math Reading 76% 42%

11. Why Is Cognitive Apprenticeship Important? “ Although schools have been relatively successful in organizing and conveying large bodies of conceptual and factual knowledge, standard pedagogical practices render key aspects of expertise invisible to students. Too little attention is paid to the processes that experts engage in to use or acquire knowledge in carrying out complex or realistic tasks .” Collins, Brown, & Newman. 1989. “Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Crafts of Reading, Writing, and Mathematics.” In Lauren Resnick’s Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glasser. Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.

17. An example of a great deal of support would be when a teacher models the complete performance of a task, with verbal explanations that identify the elements of the content, strategy, and/or thinking disposition. Modeling

26. 4 Stages of ZPD

32. Is All About The Way Teachers Talk WITH Students. Scaffolding