PEF training 20140113-14
•
0 likes•770 views
This document provides an overview and agenda for a training on conducting Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) studies. The training objectives are to provide guidance on developing PEF Category Rules (PEFCR), defining PEF product categories and representative product models, and conducting PEF screening. The key phases of a PEF study are defined as goal and scope definition, creating a resource use and emissions profile, environmental footprint impact assessment, and interpretation. Developing PEFCRs involves additional steps of defining the product category, representative product, PEF screening, and draft and finalized PEFCR.
Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to PEF training 20140113-14
Similar to PEF training 20140113-14 (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
PEF training 20140113-14
- 1. Training on Product Environmental Footprint European Commission, Brussels 13 and 14 January 2014 1
- 2. Agenda • • • • Introductory round table Objectives of the training The process of creating a PEFCR Phases of a PEF study – Goal of the PEF study – Scope of the PEF study o Definition of the PEF category o Definition of “representative product” model – Resource use and emissions profile – Environmental Footprint Impact Assessment – Interpretation of PEF results 2
- 4. Objectives of the training • Provide guidance on how to conduct a Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) study following the PEF Guide with focus on the development of the draft PEFCR • Provide guidance for defining the PEF product category • Provide guidance for defining the “representative product” model • Special attention to the PEF screening 2nd face to face training will focus on conducting PEF studies following the specific PEFCR developed for each pilot 4
- 5. The Single Market for Green Products Initiative Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council COM(2013) 196 published on 9 April 2013 • • • • Establishes and recommends two methods to measure environmental performance throughout the life cycle, the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and the Organisation Environmental Footprint (OEF) Provides principles for communicating environmental performance, such as transparency, reliability, completeness, comparability and clarity Supports international efforts towards more coordination in methodological development and data availability Announces a three‐year testing period to develop product‐ and sector‐ specific rules (PEFCRs and OEFSRs) through a multi‐stakeholder process 5
- 6. Purpose of PEFCRs Definition: • PEFCR ‐ acronym of Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules • “Product category specific, life‐cycle‐based rules that complement general methodological guidance for PEF studies by providing further specification at the level of a specific product category.” Purpose: • To provide specific guidance for calculating and reporting products’ life cycle environmental impacts • To focus in the most important parameters in determining the environmental performace of a given product • To allow the comparability between PEF calculations within the same product category 6
- 7. The process of creating a PEFCR Focus during this training Define PEF product category Define product “model” based on representative product PEF screening Draft PEFCR PEFCR supporting study Confirmation of benchmark(s) and determination of performance classes Final PEFCR 7
- 8. The Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) • • A multi‐criteria measure of the environmental performance of a good or service throughout its life cycle To reduce the environmental impacts of goods and services taking into account value chain activities. The PEF Guide provides a method for modelling the environmental impacts of the flows of material/energy and the emissions and waste streams associated with a product throughout its life cycle. guidance on how to calculate a PEF, as well as how to develop product category‐specific methodological requirements for use in Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs). 8
- 9. Environmental Footprint Review Phases of a PEF study Define goals of PEF study Define scope of PEF study Create the Resource Use and Emissions Profile Conduct the Environmental Footprint Impact Assessment Environmental Footprint Interpretation and Reporting 9
- 10. Environmental Footprint Review Relation between PEF study & PEFCR development Define goals of PEF study Define scope of PEF study Define PEF product category Define product “model” based on representative product Create the Resource Use and Emissions Profile Conduct the Environmental Footprint Impact Assessment Environmental Footprint Interpretation and Reporting PEF screening Draft PEFCR 10
- 11. Goal of the PEF study Phase in which the aims, breadth and depth of the study are established. Define goals of PEF study Intended application(s) Reason(s) for carrying out the study Target audience(s) Comparative study disclosed to the public? Commissioner Review procedure and requirements (if applicable) 11 Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 12. Goal of the PEF study ‐ example Aspects Intended application(s): Detail Provide product information to customer Reasons for carrying out the Respond to a request from a customer study Target audience External, technical audience, business‐to‐business Comparative study to be disclosed to the public? No Commissioner of the study G company limited Review Independent external reviewer, Mr. Y 12 Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 15. Unit of analysis and reference flow • The unit of analysis shall be defined according to the following aspects: The function(s)/service(s) provided The magnitude of the function or service The duration of the service provided or service life time The expected level of quality The CPA/NACE code(s) WHAT HOW MUCH HOW LONG HOW WELL Mattress (average size) One mattress Use daily for 10 years Firm shape 31.03 Unit of analysis: 1 m2 of mattress fit for daily use during 10 years • • A declared unit, e.g. mass (kg), should be applied for the situations where a unit of analysis cannot be assigned due to the fact that the whole life cycle of the product is not included (i.e. cradle‐to‐gate). For example, intermediate products, e.g. inner springs. The reference flow is the amount of product needed to provide the defined function. The quantitative input and output data collected in support of the analysis shall be calculated in relation to this flow. Reference flow 11.0 kg of spring mattress 15 Scope Goal RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 16. Definition of PEF product category • For developing a PEFCR, one must first define a unit of analysis and then identify the related CPA code (at least 2 digits). – Products having similar functions and applications should be grouped under one product category, e.g. spring and polyether mattresses. • Product category for which the PEFCR apply − by using descriptive language and − with the relevant CPA/NACE code. Products providing a surface to sleep or rest upon, that are fit for use by human beings for a long period of time, consisting of a strong cloth cover filled with materials, and that can be placed on an existing supporting bed structure. Sections: an alphabetical code Divisions: a two‐digit numerical code Groups: a three‐digit numerical code Classes: a four‐digit numerical code C: Manufactured products 31: Furniture 31.0: Furniture 31.03: Mattresses Guidance for selection: 31.0: Too broad; it includes all kinds of furniture 31.03.1: Too narrow; 31.03 already refers to mattresses 16 Scope Goal RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 18. Unit of analysis and reference flow – requirements For PEF study • • For developing PEFCRs The unit of analysis for a PEF study shall be • defined according to the following aspects: the function(s)/service(s) provided: “what”; the magnitude of the function or service: “how much”; the expected level of quality: “how well”; the duration/life time of the product: “how long”; the NACE code(s). An appropriate reference flow shall be determined in relation to the unit of analysis. The quantitative input and output data collected in support of the analysis shall be calculated in relation to this flow. The PEFCR shall specify the unit(s) of analysis The unit of analysis and the related CPA codes will be validated by the Steering Committee in the first physical consultation meetings. 18 Scope Goal RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 19. Definition of “representative product” • • Representative product existing in the EU market and belonging to the product category defined May or may not be a real product that is sold on the market – when the market is made up of different technologies, the “representative product” may be a virtual (non‐existing) product with the average EU‐sales weighted characteristics of all technologies around – if the market and technical information is incomplete, a real product may be chosen Type of mattress Sales market share in the EU Spring (with spring interior or with pocket springs) 64% Polyether (also called PUR foam or cellular plastics) 22% Latex (also called latex foam or cellular rubber) 14% Others (among others combinations of the above‐mentioned types and water‐mattresses) < 1% Reference: E.J.M. Deliege, D.S.C. Nijdam. European Ecolabel Bed Matresses. Report number: R3535924.W05/EJD. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/bed_mattresses_report.pdf 19 Scope Goal RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 20. Definition of “representative product” model • The “representative product” model report should include: 1. Bill of materials (BOM) or if more suitable, ingredients Spring Bill of materials Steel PUR foam Latex foam Cotton, woven Cotton, non‐woven Wool Polyester, non‐woven Coconut fibre Felt Wood Total weight: Polyether Latex Representative product kg/m2 mattress 4.0 1.3 0.2 0.6 2.0 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 9.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 11.0 x 64% 5.8 x 22% 2.56 1.89 1.39 0.60 1.35 0.33 0.32 0.64 0.64 10.0 x 14% 4.8 9.7 Reference: E.J.M. Deliege, D.S.C. Nijdam. European Ecolabel Bed Matresses. Report number: R3535924.W05/EJD. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/bed_mattresses_report.pdf Scope Goal RU&EP EFIA 20 Interpretation
- 21. Definition of “representative product” model • The “representative product” model report should include: 1. Bill of materials (BOM) or if more suitable, ingredients 2. A flow diagram (system boundaries) covering the entire life cycle Covering the whole life cycle is the rule, excluding downstream is the exception. Consumption and end of life need to be included when it is possible to model use and waste scenarios. An acceptable justification for excluding downstream processes would be e.g. intermediate product fit for many uses, impossible to construct realistic consumption and waste scenarios. Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131. 21
- 25. System boundaries ‐ example Foreground processes Background processes Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131. 25 Scope Goal RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 30. Additional environmental information – requirements For PEF study • • • • • • For developing PEFCRs Based on information that is substantiated • and has been reviewed or verified, in accordance with the requirements of ISO • 14020 and Clause 5 of ISO 14021:1999 Specific, accurate and not misleading Relevant to the particular product category Emissions made directly into marine water shall be included in the additional environmental information (at inventory level) All data needed to produce additional environmental information shall meet the same quality requirements established for the data used to calculate the PEF results Shall only be related to environmental issues To specify and justify additional environmental information that is to be included in the PEF study Additional information to be reported separately from the life‐cycle based PEF results, with all methods and assumptions clearly documented 30 Scope Goal RU&EP EFIA Interpretation
- 32. Resource use and emissions profile Phase involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a given product system throughout its life cycle Resource use and emission profile Screening step (recommended) Data management plan (optional) Resource use and emissions profile data Data quality requirements Specific vs generic data collection Data gaps Multi‐functional processes 32 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 33. Resource use and emissions profile • An inventory (profile) of all material/energy resource inputs/outputs and emissions into air, water and soil for the product supply chain shall be compiled. • The flows included can be categorised as: – Elementary flows ‐ “material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation.” (ISO 14040:2006, 3.12) – Non‐elementary (or complex) flows ‐ all the remaining inputs (e.g. electricity, materials, transport processes) and outputs (e.g. waste, by‐products) in a system that require further modelling efforts to be transformed into elementary flows. These shall be transformed into elementary flows. 33 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 34. Two steps to compile the Resource Use and Emissions Profile 1. Screening step 2. • Use readily available specific or generic data to populate the Resource Use and Emissions Profile • Apply the environmental footprint impact assessment methods Completing the Resource Use and Emissions Profile • Ensure that the data collected meet the data quality requirements and, where necessary, collect better data • Transform any remaining non‐ elementary flows into elementary flows 34 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 35. RU&EP – 1. Screening step • Identify the processes contributing to at least 90% of the environmental impact because these will need to meet data quality requirements 35 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 37. Resource use and emissions profile data Raw material acquisition and pre‐processing • Starts when resources are extracted from nature and ends when the product components enter the product’s production facility Capital goods • Linear depreciation shall be used. The expected service life of the capital goods shall be taken into account. Production • Begins when the product components enter the production site and ends when the finished product leaves the production facility Product distribution and storage Use stage • Begins when the consumer or end user takes possession of the product and ends when the used product is discarded for transport to a recycling or waste treatment facility Logistics End‐of‐life • Begins when the used product is discarded by the user and ends when the product is returned to nature as a waste product or enters another product’s life cycle 37 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 38. RU&EP ‐ Capital goods • Linear depreciation shall be used. • Example of springs shaping machine: – – – – Technical lifetime of springs shaping machine is 25 years Impact in reporting year: RU&EP of springs forming machine/25 years Productivity of machine: e.g. 1 million springs per year RU&EP of the machine = proportion of machine for nr of springs needed for the reference flow of the product 38 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 39. RU&EP ‐ Logistics 1. Transport type Land, water, air Land 2. Vehicle type & fuel consumption Lorry, van, car Lorry > 16 t 3. Loading rate actual /full load = 0% to 100% 0.95 4. Number of empty returns distance travelled empty/ distance travelled for product 0.5 5. Transport distance Average transport distance in specific context 150 km 6. Allocation – goods transport Based on load‐limiting factor: mass or volume volume 7. Fuel production Apply default values from database ELCD 8 & 9. Infrastructure, resources and tools Road, rail and water infr. + resources ELCD & tools for logistic operations 32l diesel on 100km 39 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 40. RU&EP – End of life • The RU&EP per unit of analysis of products where reuse, recycling or energy recovery of one (or more) of these products is involved is calculated with the following formula: RU&EP from virgin material acquisition and pre‐processing RU&EP associated to the recycled material input The RU&EP arising from the energy recovery process from which avoided emissions arising from the substituted energy source have been subtracted RU&EP from the recycling (or reuse) process from which the credit from avoided virgin material input are subtracted The net RU&EP from the disposal of the fraction of material that has not been recycled (or reused) at EoL or handed over to an energy recovery process 40
- 41. Resource use and emissions profile –requirements For PEF study • • For developing PEFCRs All resource use and emissions associated • with the life‐cycle stages included in the defined system boundaries shall be included in the Resource Use and Emissions Profile. The following elements shall be considered for inclusion: raw material acquisition and pre‐processing; capital goods; production; product distribution and storage; use stage; logistics; end‐of‐life. • For modelling processes/activities within gate‐to‐gate stage, the PEFCRs shall specify: processes/activities included; specifications for compiling data for key processes, including averaging data across facilities; any site‐specific data required for reporting as “additional environmental information”; specific data quality requirements. If deviations from the default cradle‐to‐ grave system boundary, the PEFCRs shall specify how material/energy balances in the Resource Use and Emissions Profile shall be accounted for. 41 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 42. Resource use and emissions profile –requirements For PEF study For developing PEFCRs • Relevant influences on other systems due to the use of the products shall be included. • Transport parameters that shall be taken • into account are: transport type, vehicle type and fuel consumption, loading rate, number of empty returns (when relevant), transport distance, allocation for goods transport based on load‐limiting factor and fuel production. The impacts due to transport shall be expressed in tkm for goods and person‐km for passenger transport. • • Waste flows arising from processes included in the system boundaries shall be modelled to the level of elementary flows. • • The PEFCRs shall specify: the use stage scenarios to be included in the study, if any; the timespan to be considered for the use stage. The PEFCRs shall specify transport, distribution and storage scenarios to be included in the study, if any. The end‐of‐life scenarios, if any, shall be defined in the PEFCRs and shall be based on the year of analysis, technology and data. 42 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 44. Data quality assessment • Secondary data to represent dyeing process in Germany, year 2010 Quality level Quality rating Completeness Time representativeness Technology representativeness Geographical representativeness Precision / uncertainty Very good 1 90 % 2009‐2012 Discontinuous with airflow dyeing machines Central Europe mix 7% Good 2 [80 % to 90 %) 2006‐2008 e.g. "Consumption mix in EU: 30% Semi‐continuous, 50% exhaust dyeing and 20% Continuous dyeing" EU 27 mix; UK, DE; IT; FR (7 % to 10 %] Fair 3 [70 % to 80 %) 1999‐2005 e.g. "Production mix in EU: 35% Semi‐continuous, 40% exhaust dyeing and 25% Continuous dyeing" Scandinavian Europe; other EU27 countries (10 % to 15 %] Poor 4 [50 % to 70 %) 1990‐1999 e.g. "Exhaust dyeing" Middle east; US; JP (15 % to 25 %] 44 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 45. Data quality calculation DQR TeR GR TiR C P M 6 DQR : Data Quality Rating of the data set; TeR: Technological Representativeness GR: Geographical Representativeness TiR: Time-related Representativeness C: Completeness; P: Precision/uncertainty; M: Methodological appropriateness and consistency 45 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 46. Data quality rating Overall data quality rating (DQR) 1.6 “Excellent quality” >1.6 to 2.0 “Very good quality" >2.0 to 3.0 “Good quality” >3 to 4.0 “Fair quality" >4 “Poor quality” 46 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 47. Data quality requirements for PEF screening • 90% of the environmentally relevant data shall be at least of “fair” quality • Identify the processes contributing to at least 90% of the environmental impact • Do the data quality assessment of those 47 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 50. Data collection • Different ways to obtain data – Specific data • measurements • interviews • annual reports – Generic data • previous LCA studies • LCA databases 50 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 52. Data gaps Data gaps may exist when: Data does not exist for a specific input/output, or Data exists for a similar process but: − The data has been generated in a different region − The data has been generated using a different technology − The data has been generated in a different time period 52 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 56. Multi functionality–requirements For PEF study • For developing PEFSRs Multifunctional hierarchy: • − Subdivision/system expansion − Allocation based on relevant physical relationship − Allocation based on some other relationship Specify multi‐functionality solutions 56 RU&EP Goal Scope EFIA Interpretation
- 58. Resource Use and Emissions Profile • • RU&EP results in a long list with inputs from and outputs to the environment Not easy to draw conclusions from this RU&EP Land Water Oil Cu CFC Pb N2O P PM2.5 … Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131. EFIA Goal Scope RU&EP Interpretation 58
- 60. 1. Classification RU&EP Impacts Land Land use Water Resource depletion, Water use Oil Resource depletion Cu Climate change CFC Ozone layer depletion Pb Human toxicity CO2 Eutrophication P Particulate matter formation PM2.5 … 60 EFIA Goal Scope RU&EP Interpretation
- 61. 2. Characterisation • Example: climate change Emissions into the atmosphere Time integrated concentration Radiative forcing Climate change Effects on ecosystems Net primary production Changing biomes Effects on humans Wild fires Other impacts Mal‐ nutrition Flooding Infectious diseases Heat stress Decreasing biodiversity 61 EFIA Goal Scope RU&EP Interpretation
- 62. 2. Characterisation RU&EP Climate change 1.0 kg CO2 0.01 kg SO2 0.005 kg N2O 0.004 kg x1 Acidification Particulate matter = 1.0 PM2.5 x 1.31 X 298 x 0.061 = 0.00061 x 0.74 = 1.49 = 0.0131 = 0.0037 x 0.0072 = 0.000036 x 1 + Characterised results 2.49 kg CO2‐eq. = 0.004 + 0.0168 + 0.0046 mol H+‐eq. kg PM2.5‐eq. 62 EFIA Goal Scope RU&EP Interpretation
- 63. 3. Normalisation RU&EP Climate change 1.0 kg 0.01 kg SO2 0.005 kg N2O 0.004 kg x1 CO2 Acidification Particulate matter = 1.0 PM2.5 x 1.31 X 298 x 0.061 = 0.00061 x 0.74 = 1.49 = 0.0131 = 0.0037 x 0.0072 = 0.000036 x 1 + Characterised results 2.49 Normalisation factor / 6803 Normalised results 0.000366 person*year + + kg CO2‐eq. kg CO2‐eq./ person*year = 0.004 0.0168 49.44 mol H+‐eq./ person*year 0.00034 / mol H+‐eq. 0.0046 person*year 2.746 kg PM2.5‐eq./ person*year 0.00169 / kg PM2.5‐eq. person*year 63 EFIA Goal Scope RU&EP Interpretation
- 64. 4. Weighting LCI results Climate change 1.0 kg CO2 0.01 kg SO2 0.005 kg N2O 0.004k g x1 Acidification Particulate matter = 1.0 PM2.5 x 1.31 x 298 x 0.061 = 0.00061 x 0.74 = 1.49 = 0.0131 = 0.0037 x 0.0072 = 0.000036 x 1 + Characterised results Normalised results Weighting factor = 0.004 + + 2.49 kg CO2‐eq. 0.0168 mol H+‐eq. 0.0046 kg PM2.5‐eq. 0.000366 person*year 0.00034 person*year 0.00169 person*year x1 x1 x1 + Weighted results 0.0024 64 EFIA Goal Scope RU&EP Interpretation
- 65. Phase that serves to ensure that the performance of the PEF model corresponds to the goals and quality requirements of the study and to derive robust conclusions and recommendations from the analysis Interpretation of PEF results Interpretation of PEF results Model robustness Identification of hotspots Estimation of uncertainty Conclusions, recommendations and limitations Interpretation Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA 65
- 66. Robustness of model • Completeness check – To ensure the resource use and emissions profile is complete i.e. completeness of process coverage and input/output coverage • Sensitivity check – To assess to what extent the results are determined by specific methodological choices and the impact of implementing alternative choices • Consistency check – To determine whether the assumptions, methods and data are consistent with the goal and scope Interpretation Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA 66
- 67. Identification of hotspots • • Important contributions from inputs/outputs, from processes and from supply chain stages These can be identified by analysing the contributions for each EF impact category The PEF screening shall pre‐identify the following information: Most relevant life cycle stages Most relevant processes Most relevant impact categories Interpretation Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA 67
- 68. Identification of hotspots The PEF screening shall pre‐identify the following information: Most relevant life cycle stages Most relevant processes Natural fibre mattress: natural fibres such as wool, cotton, animal hair and viscose are the biggest contributors making up 51% of the total climate change impacts. Memory foam mattress: 30% of the total GHG emissions are caused by natural fibre and 23% by foam Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131. Goal Interpretation Scope RU&EP EFIA 68
- 70. Estimation of uncertainty • Stochastic uncertainty 50 – Variance in data 40 • Interpretation: understand variance in specific output result 30 – ‘120 kg CO2’ would then become something like ‘120 kg CO2 with standard deviation of 10 kg CO2’ 10 20 0 product A product B Interpretation Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA 70
- 71. Estimation of uncertainty • Choice‐related uncertainties – Arise from methodological choices. These can be assessed via scenario model assessments and sensitivity analyses Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131. Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA Interpretation 71
- 74. Template for PEFCR • Annex B of the document “Guidance for the implementation of the EU PEF during the EF pilot phase” – Version 3.2 provided by the Commission Environmental Footprint team 74