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Lecture 6     GenMed_2nd semester ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
macromolecule of tropocollage occurrence:  in all types of connective  and suppurting tissue 280x1,5 nm thickness 1- 20   m structure of fiber: structure of fiber: FIB RE S are of three kinds :  collagen or white,  reticular, and  elastic White or collagen fib re s  are the most common ,  posses little elasticity, but offer great resistance to pulling force (several hundred kg/cm 2 ) , w hite fibers are dissolved by weak acids, and yield gelatin when boiled
synthesis of collagenous fibers: fibroblasts, chodroblasts, osteoblasts, odontoblasts procollagen  /enzyme  procollagen peptidase tropocollagen
 
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
fibroblasts a fibrocytes
Reticular cells are branching cells the processes of which are generally in contact with each othe r . t wo type s  of reticular cells are  known nonphagocytic and phagocytic  cells t he former produce reticular fibres, the latter take part in breakdown of the erythrocytes ( eg., in the spleen).
Fat (adipose) cells   or   adipocytes relatively large cells (diameter 40 to 50 mm) of oval shape t wo types of adipose cells are described:  univacuolar fat cells (white)  with  one single large lipid  droplet ,  the cytoplasm is reduced to only a thin rim, the nucleus is flat multivacuolar fat cells (brown)   that  contain numerous small droplets of oil, their nucleus is located always centrally in  histological sections the lipid content of adipocytes is dissolved during dehydration  and cells  seem to be vacuolated.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mobile cells :  h istiocytes , mast cells, plasma cells leukocytes H istiocytes  (macrophages)  are irregularly shaped cells with processes  that  usually are short and blunt ,  nucleus is ovoid, sometimes indented, and smaller and more densely staining than that of the fibroblast , n ucleoli are not conspicuous t he cytoplasm stains dark macrophages are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis Mast cells  (role in defense, allergy and anyphylaxis) are irregularly oval in outline and occasionally have short  pseudopodia (locomotion for the cell), an indication of their slow mobility cells contain cytoplasmic granules  that  are refractile and water-soluble and stain with basic and metachromatic dyes (as methylene blue or azure A)   contain heparin and also histamine an serotonin
mastocyte
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M esenchyme   unspecialized connective tissue  from  where   all connective tissues  derive  composed of mesenchymal cells whose processes are in contact and of a ground substance  that  is fluid and usually  without  fibrils it  occurs during  first  weeks of embryonic life
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Classification of connective tissu e
Loose (areolar) connective tissue   consists  of  cells, fibers and ground substance  MOBILE CELLS C ells  -  f ibroblasts and (histiocytes ,  plasma cells, mast cells, and leukocytes  Fibers  -  c ollagen fibers  very prominent and  run  in different directions; elastic fibers  and  small number of reticular fibers  are  present  too, a   ground substance  is relatively fluid like  it occurs  within parenchymal organs (kidney, epididymis, glands etc.)  a n d in tubular organs  as a part of the mucosa and submucosa )
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],D ense irregular   connective tissue C ells  - fibroblasts  F ibers  are  mainly  collagen, but elastic and reticular  may occur, too .  Fibers  are  interlacing to  form a coarse,  tough felt-work. Fibers are inter-woven and without regular   orientation (tension s  exert in all directions) basis of most  fasciae , the  dermis  of the skin,  the  fibrous capsules  of some organs and the  sclera  of the eyeball
Dense irregullar collagenous tissue distribution:  capsules, reticular layer of the dermis
D ense regular   connective tissue   fibers  show  an orderly parallel arrangement (tensions subject only in one direction) it forms   tendons, ligaments  and  aponeuroses i n tendons, the collagenous fibers are only present and run parallel , few cells (fibroblasts) that  are usually aligned in rows between the fibers  ( on  cross  sections, the cells appear stellate in shape with  long  cytoplasmic processes extending between the collagenous bundles ) a morphous ground substance is present only in a small  amount
  a tendon (longitudinal sections)
Mucous tissue cells  are stellate fibroblasts with anastomosing processes  that  lie in a mucoid jelly-like mass, the  fibers  are  of  only collagen  type   as Wharton' s jelly in the  umbilical cord  and as  dental pulp  of the deciduous teeth
Reticular tissue   composed of reticular cells  and  reticular fibers , amorphous ground substance is negligible Cells  are stellate  with   long cytoplasmic extensions ,  large  and  pale nucle us  and abundant basophilic cytoplasm Fibers  are in close appositions to cells and form more or less complicated network D istribution :  forms the framework of lymphatic organs and bone marrow
Elastic tissue cells, fibers and not great amount of the ground substance C ells  are typical fibroblasts, sparsely scattered with nuclei markedly flattened F ibers  are mostly elastic and parallel oriented; a small number of reticular fibers was also described is occurred as the ligamenta flava, the true vocal cords, the ligamentum nuchae
Adipose tissue white adipose tissue (univacuolar) brown adipose tissue   (multivacuolar) Cell;   aggregated  fat cells +  scarsely  fibroblasts, eosinophils, and mast cells Fibers;  c ell s are  surrounded by a web of fine reticular fibers t he closely packed fat cells form  lobules   in  and between the m  there is a rich network of blood capillaries
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Supporting tissues
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  f ibrous component is represented by very  fine  collagenous fibers  that form a feltwork   Semitransparent opalescent cartilage that forms most of the  fetal skeleton  and that consists of cells that synthesize a surrounding matrix of hyaluronic acid, collagen, and protein; in the adult, it is found in the  trachea, larynx, and joint surfaces . several isogeneous   groups may unite in complexes termed as  territoria between territoria the matrix stains slightly and is called as  interterritorial matrix perichondrium
Elastic cartilage is usually  yellowish   in  colour and opa que  and more flexible than hyaline c hondrocytes are numerous and scattered singly or in small isogenous groups of two or three cells  that  are surrounded by capsules of the intercellular substance , fibers: elastic and collagenous th e matrix  (intercellular substance) shows  characteristic fibrillar appearance   in H.E. preparations   this is caused by presence of   elastic fibers  that are  never  totally masked by amorphous ground substance   elastic  fibers  may be  visualized by special dyes  as  orcein or resorcin- fuchsin
Elastic  cartilage  stained with  orcein
White (fibrous) cartilage or fibrocartilage  – NO PERICHONDRIUM is a transitional t issue  between  hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue  of tendons and ligaments the  intercellular substance is composed of thick bundles of collagenous fibers running parallel with one another ,   c hondrocytes are not numerous, rounded and are arranged singly or in pairs in rows between bundles of collagenous fibers  t he amorphous ground substance is inconspicuous  and  found only in the immediate  vicinity of the chondrocytes f ibrocartilage has  no true perichondrium
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],osteoblast  osteo c last( part of MPS) osteocyt e
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osteocytes with processes (HE)
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diaphysis a model an osteon  Haversian and Volkmans canals
diaphysis transversally (HE)
diaphysis transversally (HE)
diaphysis transversally  (staining after Schmorl)
diaphysis transversally  (staining after Schmorl)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
OSSIFICATION Bones first appear as condensation of mesenchymal cells that form bone models. Most flat bones develop in mesenchyme within pre-existing  membranosus sheaths; this type of osteogenesis is called  intramembranous bone formation. Mesenchymal models of most limb bones are transformed into cartilage bone models which later become ossified by  endochondral bone formation. Bone develops in 2 types of connective tissue; MESENCHYME & CARTILAGE INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION This type of bone formation occurs in the mesenchyme that has formed a membranous sheath.  The mesenchyme condense and become highly vascular, some cells differentiate into  OSTEOBLAST  and begins to deposit intercellular substances – osteoid tissue or prebone. Calcium-phosphate is then deposited and the osteoblast are trapped in the matrix and become  OSTEOCYTES , in contact by long cytoplasmic processes. The bone is developed around bloodvessels forming osteons, haversian sys. Some osteoblast remains on the surface to continue to lay down layers. Between the plates the bone remains spongy. In the spongy bone  OSTEOCLASTS  remove bone.
diaphysis transverally
INTRACARTILAGINOUS OSSIFICATION This type of bone formation occurs in the preexisting cartilaginous models. In a long bone the primary center of ossification occurs in the diaphysis. Here the cartilage cells increase in size, the matrix becomes calcified and the cells die. Pericondrium ---- Periosteum. Invasion of vascular connective tissue from the periosteum breaks up the cartilage. Some invading cells differentiate into hemiopoietic cells other cells differentiate into OSTEOBLASTS. About the time of birth, a secondary ossification center appears,(epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.  The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the  epiphyseal plate , and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 21 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line.
 
diaphysis transversally  (staining after Schmorl)

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Lecture6

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. macromolecule of tropocollage occurrence: in all types of connective and suppurting tissue 280x1,5 nm thickness 1- 20  m structure of fiber: structure of fiber: FIB RE S are of three kinds : collagen or white, reticular, and elastic White or collagen fib re s are the most common , posses little elasticity, but offer great resistance to pulling force (several hundred kg/cm 2 ) , w hite fibers are dissolved by weak acids, and yield gelatin when boiled
  • 7. synthesis of collagenous fibers: fibroblasts, chodroblasts, osteoblasts, odontoblasts procollagen /enzyme procollagen peptidase tropocollagen
  • 8.  
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 14. Reticular cells are branching cells the processes of which are generally in contact with each othe r . t wo type s of reticular cells are known nonphagocytic and phagocytic cells t he former produce reticular fibres, the latter take part in breakdown of the erythrocytes ( eg., in the spleen).
  • 15. Fat (adipose) cells or adipocytes relatively large cells (diameter 40 to 50 mm) of oval shape t wo types of adipose cells are described: univacuolar fat cells (white) with one single large lipid droplet , the cytoplasm is reduced to only a thin rim, the nucleus is flat multivacuolar fat cells (brown) that contain numerous small droplets of oil, their nucleus is located always centrally in histological sections the lipid content of adipocytes is dissolved during dehydration and cells seem to be vacuolated.
  • 16.
  • 18.
  • 19. M esenchyme unspecialized connective tissue from where all connective tissues derive composed of mesenchymal cells whose processes are in contact and of a ground substance that is fluid and usually without fibrils it occurs during first weeks of embryonic life
  • 20.
  • 21. Loose (areolar) connective tissue consists of cells, fibers and ground substance MOBILE CELLS C ells - f ibroblasts and (histiocytes , plasma cells, mast cells, and leukocytes Fibers - c ollagen fibers very prominent and run in different directions; elastic fibers and small number of reticular fibers are present too, a ground substance is relatively fluid like it occurs within parenchymal organs (kidney, epididymis, glands etc.) a n d in tubular organs as a part of the mucosa and submucosa )
  • 22.
  • 23. Dense irregullar collagenous tissue distribution: capsules, reticular layer of the dermis
  • 24. D ense regular connective tissue fibers show an orderly parallel arrangement (tensions subject only in one direction) it forms tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses i n tendons, the collagenous fibers are only present and run parallel , few cells (fibroblasts) that are usually aligned in rows between the fibers ( on cross sections, the cells appear stellate in shape with long cytoplasmic processes extending between the collagenous bundles ) a morphous ground substance is present only in a small amount
  • 25. a tendon (longitudinal sections)
  • 26. Mucous tissue cells are stellate fibroblasts with anastomosing processes that lie in a mucoid jelly-like mass, the fibers are of only collagen type as Wharton' s jelly in the umbilical cord and as dental pulp of the deciduous teeth
  • 27. Reticular tissue composed of reticular cells and reticular fibers , amorphous ground substance is negligible Cells are stellate with long cytoplasmic extensions , large and pale nucle us and abundant basophilic cytoplasm Fibers are in close appositions to cells and form more or less complicated network D istribution : forms the framework of lymphatic organs and bone marrow
  • 28. Elastic tissue cells, fibers and not great amount of the ground substance C ells are typical fibroblasts, sparsely scattered with nuclei markedly flattened F ibers are mostly elastic and parallel oriented; a small number of reticular fibers was also described is occurred as the ligamenta flava, the true vocal cords, the ligamentum nuchae
  • 29. Adipose tissue white adipose tissue (univacuolar) brown adipose tissue (multivacuolar) Cell; aggregated fat cells + scarsely fibroblasts, eosinophils, and mast cells Fibers; c ell s are surrounded by a web of fine reticular fibers t he closely packed fat cells form lobules in and between the m there is a rich network of blood capillaries
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32. f ibrous component is represented by very fine collagenous fibers that form a feltwork Semitransparent opalescent cartilage that forms most of the fetal skeleton and that consists of cells that synthesize a surrounding matrix of hyaluronic acid, collagen, and protein; in the adult, it is found in the trachea, larynx, and joint surfaces . several isogeneous groups may unite in complexes termed as territoria between territoria the matrix stains slightly and is called as interterritorial matrix perichondrium
  • 33. Elastic cartilage is usually yellowish in colour and opa que and more flexible than hyaline c hondrocytes are numerous and scattered singly or in small isogenous groups of two or three cells that are surrounded by capsules of the intercellular substance , fibers: elastic and collagenous th e matrix (intercellular substance) shows characteristic fibrillar appearance in H.E. preparations this is caused by presence of elastic fibers that are never totally masked by amorphous ground substance elastic fibers may be visualized by special dyes as orcein or resorcin- fuchsin
  • 34. Elastic cartilage stained with orcein
  • 35. White (fibrous) cartilage or fibrocartilage – NO PERICHONDRIUM is a transitional t issue between hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue of tendons and ligaments the intercellular substance is composed of thick bundles of collagenous fibers running parallel with one another , c hondrocytes are not numerous, rounded and are arranged singly or in pairs in rows between bundles of collagenous fibers t he amorphous ground substance is inconspicuous and found only in the immediate vicinity of the chondrocytes f ibrocartilage has no true perichondrium
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 43.
  • 44. diaphysis a model an osteon Haversian and Volkmans canals
  • 47. diaphysis transversally (staining after Schmorl)
  • 48. diaphysis transversally (staining after Schmorl)
  • 49.
  • 50. OSSIFICATION Bones first appear as condensation of mesenchymal cells that form bone models. Most flat bones develop in mesenchyme within pre-existing membranosus sheaths; this type of osteogenesis is called intramembranous bone formation. Mesenchymal models of most limb bones are transformed into cartilage bone models which later become ossified by endochondral bone formation. Bone develops in 2 types of connective tissue; MESENCHYME & CARTILAGE INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION This type of bone formation occurs in the mesenchyme that has formed a membranous sheath. The mesenchyme condense and become highly vascular, some cells differentiate into OSTEOBLAST and begins to deposit intercellular substances – osteoid tissue or prebone. Calcium-phosphate is then deposited and the osteoblast are trapped in the matrix and become OSTEOCYTES , in contact by long cytoplasmic processes. The bone is developed around bloodvessels forming osteons, haversian sys. Some osteoblast remains on the surface to continue to lay down layers. Between the plates the bone remains spongy. In the spongy bone OSTEOCLASTS remove bone.
  • 52. INTRACARTILAGINOUS OSSIFICATION This type of bone formation occurs in the preexisting cartilaginous models. In a long bone the primary center of ossification occurs in the diaphysis. Here the cartilage cells increase in size, the matrix becomes calcified and the cells die. Pericondrium ---- Periosteum. Invasion of vascular connective tissue from the periosteum breaks up the cartilage. Some invading cells differentiate into hemiopoietic cells other cells differentiate into OSTEOBLASTS. About the time of birth, a secondary ossification center appears,(epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center. The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate , and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 21 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line.
  • 53.  
  • 54. diaphysis transversally (staining after Schmorl)

Notas do Editor

  1. FUNCTION: Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat , although it also cushions and insulates the body + Adipose tissue also serves as an important endocrine organ [1] by producing hormones such as leptin , resistin , and the cytokine TNFα
  2. Resiliens betyder ordagrant förmågan att återhämta sig eller motstå olika störningar.