2. Presentation outline
• Challenges to food and nutrition security
• Dimensions of food security and CGIAR
research context
• Impact pathways to food security and
nutrition security
• Monitoring progress from research towards
impact
• Conclusions
3. Challenges to food security
• Need for increased food production
• Diminishing availability of and competition for natural resources
• Climate change; variability and unpredictability
• Access to land and tenure
• Competing demands for food crops
• Food price fluctuations
• Loss and waste
• Malnutrition
• Changes in demographics )
4. Food security dimensions
Reference: FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2013. The State of
Food Insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple
dimensions of food security.
ACCESS
AVAILABILITY
UTILIZATIONSTABILITY
5. Food
Security
CGIAR high level impact goals
Poverty
reduction
Improved
nutrition
Environmental
sustainability
Examples of linkages:
•Calorie security is necessary for
nutrition
•Income may enhance nutritional
quality of diets
•Cognitive ability is needed for
capitalizing on empowerment
Examples of trade-offs:
•Differential effect of food prices
on incomes of producers and
consumers
•Productivity in the short term
may negatively affect resource
sustainability in the long‐term
Reference: CGIAR ISPC 2012: Strengthening
Strategy and Results Framework through
prioritization
8. Environmental change: pathways for
food security outcomes
Linkages to food
systems activities
Environmental functions
& services affected
Impacts on food
security outcomes
Changes in
agroecologies
Biodiversity
loss/genetic erosion
Water shortage,
fertility loss
Heat, pest, disease
stress
Land use change
PRODUCTIVITY
Stability
Post-harvest losses
Prices
Income
Trade
Availability:
•Production
Access:
•Affordability
Reference: Wood et al. 2012: Chapter 7 In Food
security and global environmental change (Eds.
Ingram et al.)
9. Pathways to improved nutrition
Women’s
control over
resources
Women’s own
nutrition and
health
Source of
income
Women’s time
and caring
practices
Source of
food
Food prices
Non-food
spending
Participation
in program
Technology
adoption
Household
income
Diet
Food
expenditure
Caloric,
protein
micro-
nutrient
intake
Nutritional
status
Source: Patrick Webb, think piece to
ISPC, 2012 (Masset et al. and IFPRI)
10. Targeting nutritional security
Agricultural
production
Nutrition and
health
outcomes
Food
consumption
Processing
Source: Alan Dangour, LSHTM (ISPC 5th
meeting 2012)
Climate change
& carbon
emissions
Breeding &
varietal
development
Water
availability
Land
use
Husbandry
techniques
Seeds, veterinary
& agrochemical
inputs
Labour
Soils
Bio-fortification
Advertising
&
promotion
Post-harvest
processing
Industrial
scale &
concentration
Transportation
Product
fortification
Investment & speculation
Labour
Sanitary &
phytosanitary standards
Trade & regulation
Education
Price
Access
Income
Cooking
processes
Diet composition
Waste
Consumer preferences
Hygiene
Culture
Stunting
Development
potential
Obesity
Cardiovascular
disease
Nutritional
deficiencies
Infections
Diabetes
Wasting
Cancer
11. Strategies for improve nutrition
• Biofortification
Source: Wolfgang Pfeiffer, HarvestPlus,
2014
12. Strategies for improve nutrition
• Diet diversity
Source: Robert Mwadime, USAID (ISPC 7th
meeting, 2013)
14. Measuring research progress and
effectiveness
• Monitoring for progress vs. for accountability
• Evaluation provides analytical information on
performance and likely effectiveness
Indicators for research results
(within target domains)
•Adoption of technologies
•Genetic gain, yield
•Water, fertilizer productivity
•Change in pesticide use, post-harvest
•Women’s empowerment
•Farmer income
•Consumption
Indicators for development
•Hunger index
•Poverty indicators
•Anthropometric indicators
•National consumption indicators
•Share of food waste of food
production
•Change in forested area
•Rural development indicators
15. Conclusions
• Impacts require involvement of multiple actors and
institutions; research is just a small part
• Impacts require
complementary
investments
• Impacts require
coordinated
action
16. Conclusions
• Research is inherently risky and has a protracted and
non-linear impact pathway
• Research needs impact pathways towards defined
objectives
• Impact pathways must be updated and adjusted
• Judging research performance requires evaluation, in
addition to monitoring through realistic
metrics/indicators