Addresses some of the causes of destructive forces and how they cause changes in the earth's surface. Goes with slide shows shown below. http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/teach-erosion-and-deposition-copy and http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/weathering-teach

1. Constructive /Destructive Forces Student name___________________
Sponge Day 2 Teacher _______________________
Inner Structure of the Earth
Fill in the blank lines with the layers of the Earth
1. What is true about the earth’s crust? 2. What is true about the mantle of the earth?
T or F The Earth’s crust is made of T or F The mantle is a solid piece of
rock. rock.
T or F The Earth’s crust thick melted rock. T or F The mantle is thick liquid rock.
T or F The Earth’s crust is thicker than the T or F The mantle is the outside layer of
inner layers. the earth.
T or F The Earth’s land forms are found on T or F The mantle is hotter than the crust.
Earth’s crust.
Sponge Day 3
Landforms
Fill in the blank lines with T (true) or F (false)
1. Mountains can be found on the ocean floor, deep under the sea.
2. The outer layer of the earth is called the core.
3. The outer layer of the earth floats on the mantle.
4. The continental crust is thicker but of lighter rock than the oceanic crust.

2. 5. Draw lines connecting the picture with the correct definition and then to the name.
Use the mountain range as an example of how to do the rest.
A large stream of water usually A river
emptying into a lake or the ocean.
A flat area of rock with steep sides A cave
smaller than a plateau.
A long narrow valley with steep A valley
sides.
A large mass of ice that flows over A volcano
land.
A very large hole or open space A glacier
underground or in the side of a cliff
An opening in the Earth’s surface
through which melted rock, ash and
gases can flow out of the inside of A Canyon
the Earth.
A group of mountains close to one A mountain range
another.
ICE
A long lowland between mountains A mesa
or hills.

3. Sponge Day 4
More Landforms
1. As in your sand box landscape, this drawing shows many of the landforms we are
learning about. From the word bank, write the name of each landform by the arrow that
points to it.
WORD BANK
Hills
Mountains Valley
Glacier Delta
Canyon Island
Ocean River

4. Sponge Day 5
Earth’s crust
1. What does this map show about the Earth’s crust?
a. that the Earth’ s surface is flat c. that the Earth’s crust is made up of big pieces of rock called plates
b. that the Earth’s crust is a solid d. how the ocean currents move
2. The arrows show
a. the direction the plates move c. the direction the ocean currents move
b. the direction the winds blow d. lines of longitude on a map of the Earth
3. Which of these drawings of plates shows them pushing into each other? (circle the correct choice)
a.
b. c.

5. Sponge Day 6
More Earth’s crust
1. Mark true or false
T or F The Earth’s crust is made up of huge solid rock pieces called plates.
T or F The Earth’s crust is made of molten (melted ) rock called magma.
T or F The plates of the Earth’s crust float on molten (melted) rock called magma.
T or F The plates of the Earth’s crust move around slowly.
T or F The plates of the Earth’s crust never move.
T or F The plates of the Earth’s crust sometimes very slowly push together.
T or F The plates of the Earth’s crust sometimes move away from one another.
T or F The molten rock in the mantle can never break though the crust.
T or F When there is a hole or crack in the crust of the Earth the molten rock in the mantle
comes to the surface and hardens into solid rock.
T or F When magma flows onto the surface of the Earth, it is called lava.
2. The plates of the Earth’s crust move in three ways. Label the diagrams below that show the
ways that places can move.
.
Two plates can Two plates can Two plates can
3.. Plate movement can cause
a. volcanos, mountains and earthquakes c. deltas and glaciers
b. floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes d. mesas, canyons, and plains

6. Sponge Day 7
Earth’s Plates
1.. The red hot, thick oozy material that lies just under the Earth’s crust is called:
a. liquid iron c. magma
b. batter d. mantle
n 2. When two oceanic plates pull apart as shown in the diagram, what would you expect to
happen?
a. The ocean water would get cooler c. a deep trench would form between the two plates
b. magma would ooze out d. nothing, the plates are too big to pull apart
3. What would be the result of oceanic plates pulling apart?
a. The escaping magma would pile up c. Over a very long time mountains will build up
b. The magma would cool and turn into rock d. all of the above are correct
Sponge Day 8
Earth’s Plates
1. What is happening in this diagram?
a. Two continental plates are colliding.
b. The plate with lighter crust is being
forced down.
c. An oceanic plate is being forced under
a continental plate
d. Two oceanic plates are moving apart.
2. This ia a diagram showing two continental plates
pushing together. Which of the following would not
occur as a result.
a. A chain of mountains will form
b. A deep trench will form
c. Earthquakes will occur
d. The land on both plate is lifted.

7. Sponge Day 9
Review
Yesterday we learned that the hands could bu used
to represent the plates of the earth’s surface. A.
1. Drawing “A” on the right is how we represented:
a. Oceanic plates pulling apart.
b. Two plates sliding past one another.
c. A continental plate going under an oceanic plate.
d. Mountains being formed as plates push together.
2. Drawing “B” on the right is how we represented:
a. Oceanic plates pulling apart.
b. Two plates sliding past one another.
c. A continental plate going under an oceanic plate. B.
d. Mountains being formed as plates push together.
3.. What do the raised thumbs in drawing “B” represent?
a. Magma pushing up between the plates.
b. Nothing, they are just part of the hands.
c. They show the force that is separating the plates.
d. Large rocks that are keeping the plates apart.
4... In drawing “C” we represent two plates sliding past one
another that get hung up on something that does not let them
move (our thumbs).. By continuing to push harder, we can cause C.
the thumbs to break free. If this happened between two of
Earths plates, what would likely happen?
a. Volcanos.
b. Tornados.
c. Hurricanes.
d. Earthquakes.
5. Drawing “D” on the right represents:
a. A continental plate sliding under an oceanic plate.
b. Two continental plates pushing together making mountains.
c. Two oceanic plates separating causing Earthquakes.
d. An oceanic plate sliding under a continental plate. D.
6. In drawing “D”, the finger sticking out from the left hand represents:
a. Volcanos
b. Earthquakes.
c. High plateaus.
d. Deep canyons.
.

8. Sponge Day 10
More review
1. What is created when magma pushes through the crust and lava
flows onto the land?
a. a glacier is formed
b. a trench is formed
c. a continental plate is formed
d. new land is formed.
2.. New mountains can be created when:
a. When a volcano erupts at a hot spot.
b. When two continents collide
c. When two oceanic plates move apart and the magma oozes out or erupts
from a volcano.
d. All of the above.
Sponge Day 11
Weathering and Erosion
1 Over time, millions or even thousands, of years, the earth’s surface is constantly changing.
(True) (False)
2 New land can be created by lava flowing onto the land. Likewise, landforms can be
broken down by the process of:
a. Deposition
b. Volcano eruptions
c. Landform uplifting
d. Weathering:
3. Newly formed mountains generally have sharp pointed peaks like the one shown in diagram “A”.
After millions of years, these sharp peaked mountain become rounded and look more like the
mountains in diagram “B”. What causes mountains as they age to become smaller and more rounded?
a. earthquakes and volcanos c. magma cooling on the earth surface.
b. weathering and erosion d. ultraviolet rays from the Sun and Moon
A. B.
4. The breaking of rocks into smaller and smaller pieces, is the definition of:
a. Deposition
b. Volcano eruptions
c. Landform uplifting
d. Weathering:

9. Sponge Day 12
Weathering and Erosion
1. Water trapped inside cracks in rocks may freeze. Frozen water expands and can cause:
a. the rocks to become harder c. earthquakes to occur
b. the pressure of the magma under the crust to increase. d. rocks to break apart
2. Plants are growing in this rock. When
plants, particularly trees, grow in rocks
their roots cause
a. the rock to break into smaller pieces
b. the rocks to expand and grow bigger
c. the rock to become smoother
d. the rock to explode
3. At one time the land shown in the diagram was flat as in diagram A.. What has
caused the change shown in diagram B?
a. earthquakes occurring c. a river flowing over the rock
b. volcanos erupting d. glaciers moving over the rock
Diagram A Diagram B
4. What landform results in diagram B?
a. Desert c. Mountain
b. Delta d. Canyon

10. Sponge Day 13
Erosion
1. This diagram shows a deep canyon like the
Grand Canyon. What caused the Grand
Canyon to form?
a. weathering and erosion by water and
wind
b. earthquakes
c. two of Earth’s plates separating
d. deposition
2 How long did it take take for the Grand
Canyon to form?
a less than 100 years
b. hundreds of years
c. thousands of years
d. millions of years
Sponge Day 14
To weathering and erosion,
add deposition
1. Match the word with its definition:
______ 1. weathering a. rock, soil or shell pieces carried by wind, water or ice and later deposited.
______ 2. eroding b. moving rock pieces or soil by water, wind or ice
______ 3. deposition c. the breaking down of rock into smaller pieces by wind, water or ice.
______ 4. sediment d. when broken up rock or soil is dropped in a new place
2 The mouth of the Mississippi River looks something like this. Sand and soil
from up stream is carried in the fast moving water, but when the water slows
down, these sediments are dropped out causing a delta to form What is the
name given to this process?
a Deposition
b. Weathering
c. Erosion
d. Watering
Sea

11. Sponge Day 15
soil
1 Soil is made up of::
a. Weathered rock
b. Humus (remains of dead plants and animals)
c. Water and air
d. All of the above.
2. What are the four main types of soil?
a. sand, silt, clay & humus c. pebbles, gravel, sand, clay
b. topsoil, subsoil, weathered rock, bedrock d. weathered rocks, mineral, water , air
3 On the line, arrange these 5 kinds of weathered rock from the biggest to smallest
particles: clay, gravel, sand, boulders, silt
1. 2.
* Then circle the pieces of weathered rock that are types of soil.
3. 4. 5.
LARGEST smallest
SIZED sized
PARTICLES particles
Sponge Day 16
observe sand, dry clay, wet clay and humus.
clay humus
40 mL of water
15 mL of water
50 mL of water was added to each funnel
1. . The results of the experiment above comparing clay and sand show that :
a. humus retained more water than clay c. clay retained more water than humus
b. sand dissolved in water d. clay dissolved in water
2. Which soil would be best for growing plants?
a. Sand
b. Humus
c. Clay
d. A mixture of sand, clay and humus