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Teaching Model-Driven Engineering
of Information Systems to students: could they use it?

                         Pascal Beaujeant, Jean Vanderdonckt
                       Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)
                        Louvain School of Management (IAG)
Pole of Research on Information and Services Management and Engineering (PRISME)
                        Louvain Interaction Laboratory (Lilab)
                                 Place des Doyens, 1
                         B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve - Belgium
                jean.vanderdonckt@uclouvain.be - http://www.lilab.be

   2011 LSM                EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS             1
Who are we?




                     Pascal Beaujeant                                          Jean Vanderdonckt
              pascal.beaujeant@uclouvain.be                             Jean.vanderdonckt@uclouvain.be
         http://www.uclouvain.be/pascal.beaujeant                  http://www.uclouvain.be/jean.vanderdonckt
 2011 LSM                          EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                      2
Outline
 • MDE to students: could they use it?
 • MDE of user interfaces
 • MDE of user interfaces for mobile
   platforms
 • Conclusion




 2011 LSM      EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   3
Teaching: Current situation
 • How to teach Computer Science to two
   different types of students?
        Computer Science (CS) students
        Management Sciences (MS) students
             Not just Management (of) Information Systems
              (MIS)




 2011 LSM               EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   4
Current situation
 • MS students
        Learned programming for 2 years, but experienced
         several problems
             Too much time spent on
                • language understanding, code writing and bug fixing
             Not enough time spent on
                • the real problem to solve
             Too complex for them to master
        Tend to assimilate computer science to
             Internet browsing: all ISs should be Web 2.0
             Pure programming: only hackers can make it
        Not their favorite concern, apart a few (~5%)
        Have little or no idea of what IS modeling is
 2011 LSM                     EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS        5
Current situation
 • CS students
        Learned extensively programming for years, but
              Still requiring a lot of resources for them to master

        Tend sometimes to assimilate CS to
             ‘rush-to-code’ approach: code first, test after
             Advanced programming: test sophisticated techniques first
        Is their favorite concern, apart a few (~15%)
        Have some idea of what IS modeling is, but…
             Is not systematically applied
             Never really experienced Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) on
              a real case study
             ‘I will need the same time to develop your IS than to model it’

 2011 LSM                         EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS        6
What are the skills required for students?
 • CS / MS students
        Axis #1: Acquire scientific & technical knowledge
              1.1 Identify and apply concepts, laws, and reasoning relevant to a given
               problem
              1.2 Identify and use modeling/computational software to solve a given
               problem
              1.3 Verify adequacy and confirm validity of results with respect to the type of
               given problem
        Axis #2: Acquire engineering skills
              2.1 Analyse a problem or the functional requirements to satisfy and write
               specifications accordingly
              2.2 Model a problem and conceive one or many original technical solutions in
               order to address requirements
              2.3 Evaluate and classify solutions with respect to quality criteria
              2.4 Implement and test a selected solution as a mockup, prototype or
               numerical model
              2.5 Write recommendations in order to improve operationalisation of a
 2011 LSM
               selected solution EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS
                                                                                             7
What are the skills required for students?
 • CS / MS students
        Axis #2: Acquire engineering skills
               2.1 Analyse a problem or the functional requirements to satisfy and write
                specifications accordingly
               2.2 Model a problem and conceive one or many original technical solutions in
                order to address requirements
               2.3 Evaluate and classify solutions with respect to quality criteria
               2.4 Implement and test a selected solution as a mockup, prototype or
                numerical model
               2.5 Write recommendations in order to improve operationalisation of a
                selected solution

            Axis   #3:   Acquire Research & Development skills
            Axis   #4:   Ability for Project management
            Axis   #5:   Ability for Communication
            Axis   #6:   Ethics and Professionalism
 2011 LSM                        EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                        8
Hypotheses
 • MS students
        Are able to model an entire IS by relying on MDA
        Are able to produce a real IS
        Thus, addressing most axes
 • CS students (not covered here)
        Are also able to apply MDA in a way that should be
         superior in principle
        Are able to optimize the path for acquiring some skills
        Thus, also addressing most axes



 2011 LSM              EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS          9
Method (1/4)
 • Define explicitly one modeling life cycle
   (MLC)
 • MDA
        The following definition was approved unanimously by 17 participants of the
         ORMSC plenary session meeting in Montreal on 23-26 August 2004. The stated
         purpose of these two paragraphs was to provide principles to be followed in the
         revision of the MDA guide.
        MDA is an OMG initiative that proposes to define a set of non-proprietary
         standards that will specify interoperable technologies with which to realize model-
         driven development with automated transformations. Not all of these technologies
         will directly concern the transformation involved in MDA. MDA does not
         necessarily rely on the UML, but, as a specialized kind of MDD (Model Driven
         Development), MDA necessarily involves the use of model(s) in
         development, which entails that at least one modeling language must be used.
         Any modeling language used in MDA must be described in terms of the MOF
         language to enable the metadata to be understood in a standard manner, which is
         a precondition for any activity to perform automated transformation.
 2011 LSM                       EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                       10
Method (2/4): One Modeling Life Cycle (MLC)
                  Contextualisation                                            Decontextualisation                                 Recontextualisation



  Start
                                                                                                                                                               End


      Acquirng the           First elicitation of                                Model input in            Model-driven     IS deployment Evaluation
      case study             requirements            Writing ONME models          OlivaNova           engineering (M2M, M2C)              of results




                                                      -Writing the various models
                                                      1. Object model                                                                        - Evaluation
                                                      2. Dynamic model                                                                       questionnaires
                                                      3. Functional model                             -Parametrizing of generation targets   - Focus groups
-Textual statement, scenario                                                                          -Targets possible
                                                      4. Presentation model
- Material : documents, pictures,                                                                     -1. Web application (HTML)
                                                      5. Execution model
  diagrams, interview of a real-world                                                                 -2. Web application (Java)
  representative                                                                                      -3. Local application (DotNet)




                                                                                                                              - Project reception by e-
                                                                                                                              mail or FTP
                                                                                                                              - Installing the system
                                                                                                                              -Running the system

                               - First identification of objects, services,
                                                                                - Graphical editing of models (partial /
                               and users fro material
                                                                                total)
                               - First transformation into modeling
      2011 LSM                elements
                                                                                -Detailed specifications for each model
                                                             EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                                            11
Pastor, O., Molina, J.C., Model-Driven Architecture in Practice: A

  Method (3/4)                                                 Software Production Environment Based on Conceptual
                                                               Modeling, Springer, Heidelberg, 2007.
                                                               ISBN 978-3-540-71867-3



  • Define explicitly one MLC
                                                  = one MLC




  • Apply it consistently
                              W1   W2   W3   W4     W5        W6    W7      W8    W9    W10    W11     W12    W13         Final
                                                                                                                       examination


     Face-to-face course
(theoretical and practical)
            Individual
      pedagogical path

            Collective
      pedagogical path




  2011 LSM                                  EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                              12
Method (4/4)
 • Management Information System of
   Nabaztag (MindScape)
                               Outside


                Inside




 • Why: service oriented, original, funny
 2011 LSM      EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   13
Results 2009 (similar 2010)
 • 397 MS students distributed into 60 groups
   of 6-9 members
 • 8 teaching assistants
 • Course (30h + 30h = 60h)
            Started Feb 2009 to end of May 2009
            Case study: for end of May 2009
            Examination: June 2009
            Supported by Claroline (www.claroline.net)


 2011 LSM               EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   14
90


 Results                               80

                                       70

                                       60


 • Overall score                       50

                                       40                                                                  Série1

                                       30

                                       20

                                       10

                                        0
                                            1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18


 • Per model scores
             Models                 Average score                              Standard
                                    (on 10)                                    deviation (on 10)
             Object model           7,66                                       0,47
             Dynamic model          7,20                                       1,13
             Functional model       4,83                                       1,64



 2011 LSM                   EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                                      15
Conclusion for 2009 and 2010
 • Some potential explanations
        Data-centered design is a design methodology that is
         prevalent over
             Services-centered design (dynamic model)
             Process-centered design (functional model)
             User-centered design (presentation model)
        Although MDA promotes model flexible transformation,
         MDA is understood linearly
             Object model, then
             Dynamic model, then
             Functional model, then
             Presentation model, then Execution model
             Propagation across models are understood lately
 2011 LSM                   EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   16
Conclusion for 2009 and 2010
 • Some potential explanation
        Teaching MDE in a streamlined way is too
         demanding
             A bit of everything at once, then iterate
             E.g., object + dynamics first
        Too many models at once
             Better intertwining of the approach
             "Agile modelling" approach to be tested
        Environment was too complicated
             Change it! => Leonardi

 2011 LSM                 EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   17
Modeling issues
 • Put everything                          USER SHERPA



   in the same
                                  +Email: String [30]
                                  -Password: String [10]
                                  +NameUser: String [30]

   model
                                  +FirstnameUser: String [15]
                                  +Street: String [30]
                                  +No: Integer [4]
                                  +ZipCode: Integer [4]
                                  +City: String [30]
                                  + Country: String [30]
                                  +Phone: String [14]
                                  +Mobile: String [14]
                                  +Gender: Char = {M,F}
                                  +Lanquage: String [2] = {DE, EN, FR, NL}
                                  +isInformed: Boolean
                                  +hasSeat: Boolean
                                  +SeatNumber: Integer
                                  +SeatPrice: Real


                                   +CreateUser ()
                                   +ReadUser()
                                   +UpdateUser()
                                   +DeleteUser()



 2011 LSM      EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                            18
Modeling issues
  • Dynamic model
         Common mistakes: too many states,
          irrelevant states, transition without semantics
                                                                   [Admin]: CloseEvt()          [Admin]: DeleteEvt()

                          Event                          Free                     Booking
                          Creat                          Seats                    closed
                                  [Admin]: OpenEvt()
                           ed
   [Admin]: CreateEvt()                                            [UserSherpa]: BookTicket()


                                                          Booked
                                                          Seats

                                                                   [UserSherpa]: PayTicket()


                                                         Paid
                                                         Seats




 2011 LSM                             EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                           19
Modeling issues
  • Update object model with newly identified
    services: disturbing for students
                                                                  constitue                        Place
  Utilisateur Sherpa
                        est acheté
                                           Ticket ForestNat                     est constitué de
                        par                                                                        +NoPlace: Integer[6]
                                                                     1
                              achète                                                               +CatégoriePlace : String [10]
 +LogInUtil()                              +NoTicket: Integer[6]                           1..n
 +LogOutUtil()         1          0..n     +PrixTotal : Real
                                                                                                   +CreatePlace()
                                           +ModePaiement:
                                                                                                   +ReadPlace()
                                            String [10]
                                                                                                   +UpdatePlace()
                                           +estPayé : Boolean
  Administrateur                                                                                   +DeletePlace
                                           +estRéservé : Boolean

                                           +CreateTicket()
                                           +ReadTicket()                             Caractérisation
                                           +UpdateTicket()
                                           +DeleteTicket()                           +Disponibilité : Boolean
                                                                                     +PrixUnitaire : Real
  Evenement                                +RéserverTicket()
                       est relatif à                                                 +QtéCommandée : Integer [2]
                                    1..n   +PayerTicket()
                       1
                                           +CalculerPrixTotal()
 +OuvrirEvt()             est couvert
 +ClôturerEvt()                     par



 2011 LSM                                  EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                                 20
Modeling issues
  • 7 specification sins (adapted from Meyer)
         Noise: existence of a model element that does not convey any
          information to any problem feature
              Synonyms: redundancy, remorse
         Silence: existence of a problem feature that is not covered by any
          model element
         Overspecification: existence of a model element that does not cover
          any problem feature, but to a solution feature
         Contradiction: existence of two or more model elements that cover a
          problem feature in an incompatible way
         Ambiguity: existence of two or more model elements that cover a
          problem feature in at least two different ways
              Synonyms: inconsistency, incoherence
         Forward reference: existence of a model element that refers to a
          problem feature that is later defined
         Wishful thinking: existence of a model element intended to cover a
          problem feature in an irrealistic way (that cannot be validated)
 2011 LSM                        EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS            21
Modeling issues
  • 7 specification sins (adapted from Meyer)
     Sin                 Representation                       Observed frequency

     Noise               Ø                                  High at beginning, low after
                                                              (students add unspecified elements)
     Silence                 Ø                              Moderate (usually simply forgotten)

     Overspecification                                      Very low

     Contradiction                                          Moderate (unnoticed)

     Ambiguity                                              High (no unicity, duplication)

     Forward reference       {o} …                          Low

     Wishful thinking                                       Low


 2011 LSM                EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                    22
Modeling issues
   • Which Model quality properties
Property        Definition
Completeness    Ability of a model to abstract all real world aspects of interest via appropriate concepts and
                relations                                                                                              ≈
Stylistic       Ability of a model to represent all real world aspects of interest via appropriate stylistics of the   IDE
completeness    concepts and relations
Consistency     Ability of a model to produce an abstraction in a way that reproduces the behaviour of the real
                world aspect of interest in the same way throughout the model and that preserves this                  
                behaviour throughout any manipulation of the model.
Correction      Ability of a model to produce an abstraction in a way that correctly reproduces the behaviour
                of the real world aspect of interest                                                                   ≈
Expressivenes   Ability of a model to express via an abstraction any real world aspect of interest
s                                                                                                                      
Concision       Ability of a model to produce concise, compact abstractions to abstract real world aspects of
                interest
                                                                                                                       ≈
Separability    Ability of models to univocally classify any abstraction of a real world aspect of interest into
                one single model (based on the principle of Separation of Concerns from Dijkstra [8])                  IDE

Correlability   Ability of models to univocally and unambiguously establish relationships between models to
                                                                                                                       IDE
                represent a real world aspect of interest
Integrability   Ability of models to concentrate and integrate abstractions of real world aspects of interest into
                                                                                                                       IDE
                a single model or a small list of them.
  2011 LSM                               EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                            23
Results (2011)
 • 205 MS students distributed into 34 groups
   of 6-9 members
 • 3 teaching assistants
 • Course (30h + 30h = 60h)
            Started Feb 2011 to end of May 2011
            Case study: for end of May 2011
            Examination: June 2011
            Supported by Claroline (www.claroline.net)
            Technical support from W4 (thanks a lot for
             this!)
 2011 LSM                EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   24
Why W4 Leonardi was selected?
 • Domain model is the starting point
        Important because domain is well understood
 • Dynamics are simplified
        Important because students do not need to master
         them before running an actual system
 • Full Automated generation
        Important because students need to see immediately
         the results of their model
 • Pattern-based approach
        Important because no need to master functional
         aspects

 2011 LSM             EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS      25
Repartition
 Results            80

                    70


 • Leonardi score   60

                    50

                    40

                    30

                    20

                    10

                    0
                         0   5     6      7     8     9    10      12   13   14   15   16   17

                                                          Série1




 2011 LSM      EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                           26
Results                           70

                                   60

                                   50

                                   40

 • Overall score                   30
                                                                                          Série1


                                   20

                                   10

                                    0
                                        1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19



 • Per model scores
             Models                 Average score                  Standard
                                    (on 10)                        deviation (on 10)
             Object model           7,46                           1,12
             Dynamic model          6,90                           0,70
             Functional model       6,43                           1,05


 2011 LSM                   EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                     27
Next academic year (2012)
 • 400 MS students distributed into 60 groups
   of 6-9 members
 • 4 teaching assistants
 • Course (30h + 30h = 60h)
            Started Feb 2012 to end of May 2012
            Case study: for end of May 2012
            Examination: June 2012
            Supported by Claroline (www.claroline.net)
            Technical support from W4 (thanks a lot for
             this!)
 2011 LSM                EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   28
Discussion
 • Abilities acquired?
        Ability of identification: important vs accessory
        Ability of modeling: transform problem features into
         model elements
        Ability of abstraction: transform problem features into
         abstract elements
        Ability of separation of concerns: separate problem
         features into different models
        Ability of generalisation: transform problem features
         into solution elements that are more generic
        Ability of evaluation: evaluate model qualities

 2011 LSM              EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS      29
Ongoing work
 • What are we doing to improve this?
        Multi-path learning environment (P. Beaujeant,
         UCL)
             Explicit propagation of model decisions
             Rapid prototyping: horizontal, vertical, diagonal
        Flexibility in model-driven engineering (N.
         Aquino, UPV/UCL, SENEROA, W4, UsiXML)
        Beautification of user interface



 2011 LSM                 EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS      30
Ongoing work
• Rapid prototyping with propagation
         Vertical prototype         Horizontal prototype


                User interface (presentation model)

                                                                  Complete
                Control (dynamic, execution models)              Information
                                                                   System

             Functional core (object, functional models)
                                                                                Video of UsiXML project

                                   Diagonal prototype


                         User interface

                                                                 Complete
                              Control                           Information
                                                                  System

                        Functional core

 2011 LSM                                  EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                             31
Ongoing work
 • Rapid prototyping with propagation
      (1)
                         User interface

      (2)                                                         Complete
                               Control                           Information
                                                                   System
      (3)
                         Functional core


             (1)   (2)   (3)      (4)    (5)      (6)

                         User interface

                                                                  Complete
                               Control                           Information
                                                                   System

                         Functional core



 2011 LSM                                 EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   32
Transformation Templates

 • Definition of a methodology (models, method and
   tools) in order to add flexibility to Model-Driven
   Engineering of User Interfaces (UIs)

 • Flexibility means
        For end-users: it will be possible to generate many different
         UIs
        For designers: it will be easier to customize a UI previously to
         its generation
        For developers: it will be possible to gradually implement the
         methodology and extend the set of possible UIs when
         necessary



 2011 LSM                 EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS            33
                                                                        33
Transformation Templates

 • Transformation Templates
        Specify the structure, layout and style of a UI
        Are composed of parameters with associated
         values that parameterize UI model
         transformations
        Are inputs for transformation tools
                                             TRANSFORMATION
                                                TEMPLATE




             PRESENTATION MODEL              MODEL COMPILER           USER INTERFACE CODE




 2011 LSM                        EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                         34
                                                                                            34
Transformation Templates
User Interfaces          Transformation Templates                      Context


                     Parameter
                     Type


UI Meta                                              Value
Element                                              Type

                                                                   Parameter Type definition
                                                                                       level
                                                                       Parameter definition
                                                                                      level
                     Parameter                        Value
                                                                      Context
UI Element



                  Selector                        Transformation
                                                  Template


 2011 LSM              EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                35
                                                                                         35
Transformation Templates
 • Parameter Type definition level




 2011 LSM             EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   36
                                                           36
The demand for UI development                                (Amount of interactive systems)
             (Amount of end users)
                                                                  10 to 50 systems
             10000                                                    for 1 user
                                                                                        50000
                                               2 or 3 systems
                             1 system for         for 1 user
              1000              1 user
                                                                                        5000

                100     1 system for                                                    500
                         100 users
                 10                                                                     50

                   1970        1980          1990          2000          2010        2020



   Embedded
     systems
                                                Infrastructure tools
          XML                                   Software tools
     Platforms                                  Applications
     Windows
     Platforms
         Linux
     Platforms

 2011 LSM                                  EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                   37
The offer for UI development
                                                                          Need for UI
                                                                          designers
             Amount of UI designers




                                                                          Hired UI
                                                                          designers




                                                                          Deviation




                                                     Year


 2011 LSM                            EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                 38
The UsiXML answer
 • In order to avoid proliferation of multiple parallel developments,
   UsiXML introduces model-driven engineering for UI

                     Platform #1            Platform #2                Platform #3     Platform #4

    Application 1    UI #1                  UI #2                      UI #3           UI #4

    Application 2    UI #5                  UI #6                      UI #7           UI #8

    Application 3    UI #9                  UI #10                     UI #11          UI #12


                                                         Platform model #1           Platform #1
     Application 1    UI model #1
                                                         Platform model #2           Platform #2
     Application 2    UI model #2
                                                         Platform model #3           Platform #3
     Application 3    UI model #3
                                                         Platform model #4           Platform #4



 2011 LSM                         EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                 39
Four levels of abstraction
 Example: The Google homepage

                                                                            Task & Domain (T&D)

                          AbstractIndividual
                             Container

                                                                            Abstract User Interface
                  AIC             AIC           AIC
             facet=control   facet=control facet=control                             (AUI)

                               Window
                                                                            Concrete User Interface
              textInput        button           button                              (CUI)


                                                                        Final User Interface (FUI)

 2011 LSM                          EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                 40
                                    ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
Example of MDE of Uis in UsiXML
 The Abstract User Interface has been transformed in a Concrete
   User Interface as a Windows application




 2011 LSM             EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS          41
                       ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
Example of MDE of Uis in UsiXML
     Total graphical VS predominant graphical




 2011 LSM            EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS       42
                      ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
Example of MDE of Uis in UsiXML

     Predominant vocal VS total vocal




 2011 LSM            EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS       43
                      ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
CUI rendering in VUItoolkit




 2011 LSM           EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   44
X3D generated from Alice

• It’s a real 3D UI!




   2011 LSM          EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   45
FUI included in virtual scene




 2011 LSM           EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   46
MDE of user interfaces for mobile platforms
 • Mobile platforms: everywhere and growing




 2011 LSM      EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS
                                                    47 47
MDE of user interfaces for mobile platforms
 • Mobile platforms: everywhere and growing
 • Mobile experience can be much better than non-
   mobile                              Demo of UsiXML editor

        Support context-aware adaptation
        Think about how it could be better
 • You can master mobile app development
        Support tools: sophisticated and getting better
 • You need to understand and own mobile
 • The mobile experience must be seamlessly
   integrated with non-mobile IT elements
 • Model-driven mobile development (MD)2 is coming

 2011 LSM             EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS
                                                           48 48
MDE of user interfaces for mobile platforms

 • You can apply similar designs to different
   platforms (iOS, Android, etc.) but it
   takes some work
 • Usage has increased significantly
   when adding customized mobile apps to
   web sites
        There is a reward for going mobile


 2011 LSM           EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS
                                                         49 49
50


 Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
                                    User interface pattern
                                    depending on the platform




             Textual




             Graphical


 2011 LSM               EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS        50
Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
 • Touch phones




             Night version, 2 days                                       Day version, 2 days




                                                                                      51
 2011 LSM                           EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                         51
Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
 • Tablet PC & iPad




             Night version, 4 days                                       Day version, 4 days




                                                                                      52
 2011 LSM                           EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                         52
Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
 • Desktop version




                                                    53
 2011 LSM      EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS        53
54


 Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
                                    User interface pattern
                                    depending on the platform




             Textual




             Graphical


 2011 LSM               EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS        54
Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
 • Touch phones




             Night version, 2 days                                       Day version, 2 days




                                                                                      55
 2011 LSM                           EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                         55
Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
 • Tablet PC & iPad




             Night version, 4 days                                       Day version, 4 days




                                                                                      56
 2011 LSM                           EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                         56
Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces
 • Desktop version




                                                    57
 2011 LSM      EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS        57
Conclusion
 • How to improve our MDA-based method?
        Expanding the coverage                                                                           Resource win for applications
                                                                                                          supported by MDA-compliant tools
              High ceiling
                                                                                                                               Resource win for applications
              Low threshold                                                                                                   supported by first-generation
              Wide walls
                                           100%
                           Capabilities                                                                                 Ceiling




                                                                                               MDA CASE tools
                                                                           Second generation




                                                                                                                       integrated environments
                                                       First generation




                                                                                                                       Interface builders and
                                          50%




                                                                                                                        Threshold

                                                                    Resources (time, experience,…)



 2011 LSM                                        EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                                                            58
Conclusion
 • How to improve                  Capabilities




                           100%
   our MDA-based
                                                                                                               Ceiling




                                                                                      Third generation
   method?




                                                                                                             Integrated Development Environments
                                                          Second generation
                                       First generation
                           50%




                                                                                                               Threshold

                                                                                                         Resources
                                                                                                         (time, experience,…)



                                                                              Walls

 2011 LSM     EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS                                                                                                   59
Thank you very much for your attention!

             User Interface eXtensible Markup Language
             http://www.usixml.org
             http://www.usixml.eu
             Register as a member of the UsiXML End-User Club at

             http://www.usixml.eu/end_user_club




             For more information and downloading,
             http://www.lilab.eu
 2011 LSM                       EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS   60

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W4 ucl@md day2011

  • 1. Teaching Model-Driven Engineering of Information Systems to students: could they use it? Pascal Beaujeant, Jean Vanderdonckt Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Louvain School of Management (IAG) Pole of Research on Information and Services Management and Engineering (PRISME) Louvain Interaction Laboratory (Lilab) Place des Doyens, 1 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve - Belgium jean.vanderdonckt@uclouvain.be - http://www.lilab.be  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 1
  • 2. Who are we? Pascal Beaujeant Jean Vanderdonckt pascal.beaujeant@uclouvain.be Jean.vanderdonckt@uclouvain.be http://www.uclouvain.be/pascal.beaujeant http://www.uclouvain.be/jean.vanderdonckt  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 2
  • 3. Outline • MDE to students: could they use it? • MDE of user interfaces • MDE of user interfaces for mobile platforms • Conclusion  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 3
  • 4. Teaching: Current situation • How to teach Computer Science to two different types of students?  Computer Science (CS) students  Management Sciences (MS) students Not just Management (of) Information Systems (MIS)  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 4
  • 5. Current situation • MS students  Learned programming for 2 years, but experienced several problems Too much time spent on • language understanding, code writing and bug fixing Not enough time spent on • the real problem to solve Too complex for them to master  Tend to assimilate computer science to Internet browsing: all ISs should be Web 2.0 Pure programming: only hackers can make it  Not their favorite concern, apart a few (~5%)  Have little or no idea of what IS modeling is  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 5
  • 6. Current situation • CS students  Learned extensively programming for years, but  Still requiring a lot of resources for them to master  Tend sometimes to assimilate CS to ‘rush-to-code’ approach: code first, test after Advanced programming: test sophisticated techniques first  Is their favorite concern, apart a few (~15%)  Have some idea of what IS modeling is, but… Is not systematically applied Never really experienced Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) on a real case study ‘I will need the same time to develop your IS than to model it’  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 6
  • 7. What are the skills required for students? • CS / MS students  Axis #1: Acquire scientific & technical knowledge  1.1 Identify and apply concepts, laws, and reasoning relevant to a given problem  1.2 Identify and use modeling/computational software to solve a given problem  1.3 Verify adequacy and confirm validity of results with respect to the type of given problem  Axis #2: Acquire engineering skills  2.1 Analyse a problem or the functional requirements to satisfy and write specifications accordingly  2.2 Model a problem and conceive one or many original technical solutions in order to address requirements  2.3 Evaluate and classify solutions with respect to quality criteria  2.4 Implement and test a selected solution as a mockup, prototype or numerical model  2.5 Write recommendations in order to improve operationalisation of a  2011 LSM selected solution EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 7
  • 8. What are the skills required for students? • CS / MS students  Axis #2: Acquire engineering skills  2.1 Analyse a problem or the functional requirements to satisfy and write specifications accordingly  2.2 Model a problem and conceive one or many original technical solutions in order to address requirements  2.3 Evaluate and classify solutions with respect to quality criteria  2.4 Implement and test a selected solution as a mockup, prototype or numerical model  2.5 Write recommendations in order to improve operationalisation of a selected solution  Axis #3: Acquire Research & Development skills  Axis #4: Ability for Project management  Axis #5: Ability for Communication  Axis #6: Ethics and Professionalism  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 8
  • 9. Hypotheses • MS students  Are able to model an entire IS by relying on MDA  Are able to produce a real IS  Thus, addressing most axes • CS students (not covered here)  Are also able to apply MDA in a way that should be superior in principle  Are able to optimize the path for acquiring some skills  Thus, also addressing most axes  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 9
  • 10. Method (1/4) • Define explicitly one modeling life cycle (MLC) • MDA  The following definition was approved unanimously by 17 participants of the ORMSC plenary session meeting in Montreal on 23-26 August 2004. The stated purpose of these two paragraphs was to provide principles to be followed in the revision of the MDA guide.  MDA is an OMG initiative that proposes to define a set of non-proprietary standards that will specify interoperable technologies with which to realize model- driven development with automated transformations. Not all of these technologies will directly concern the transformation involved in MDA. MDA does not necessarily rely on the UML, but, as a specialized kind of MDD (Model Driven Development), MDA necessarily involves the use of model(s) in development, which entails that at least one modeling language must be used. Any modeling language used in MDA must be described in terms of the MOF language to enable the metadata to be understood in a standard manner, which is a precondition for any activity to perform automated transformation.  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 10
  • 11. Method (2/4): One Modeling Life Cycle (MLC) Contextualisation Decontextualisation Recontextualisation Start End Acquirng the First elicitation of Model input in Model-driven IS deployment Evaluation case study requirements Writing ONME models OlivaNova engineering (M2M, M2C) of results -Writing the various models 1. Object model - Evaluation 2. Dynamic model questionnaires 3. Functional model -Parametrizing of generation targets - Focus groups -Textual statement, scenario -Targets possible 4. Presentation model - Material : documents, pictures, -1. Web application (HTML) 5. Execution model diagrams, interview of a real-world -2. Web application (Java) representative -3. Local application (DotNet) - Project reception by e- mail or FTP - Installing the system -Running the system - First identification of objects, services, - Graphical editing of models (partial / and users fro material total) - First transformation into modeling  2011 LSM elements -Detailed specifications for each model EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 11
  • 12. Pastor, O., Molina, J.C., Model-Driven Architecture in Practice: A Method (3/4) Software Production Environment Based on Conceptual Modeling, Springer, Heidelberg, 2007. ISBN 978-3-540-71867-3 • Define explicitly one MLC = one MLC • Apply it consistently W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 Final examination Face-to-face course (theoretical and practical) Individual pedagogical path Collective pedagogical path  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 12
  • 13. Method (4/4) • Management Information System of Nabaztag (MindScape) Outside Inside • Why: service oriented, original, funny  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 13
  • 14. Results 2009 (similar 2010) • 397 MS students distributed into 60 groups of 6-9 members • 8 teaching assistants • Course (30h + 30h = 60h)  Started Feb 2009 to end of May 2009  Case study: for end of May 2009  Examination: June 2009  Supported by Claroline (www.claroline.net)  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 14
  • 15. 90 Results 80 70 60 • Overall score 50 40 Série1 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 • Per model scores Models Average score Standard (on 10) deviation (on 10) Object model 7,66 0,47 Dynamic model 7,20 1,13 Functional model 4,83 1,64  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 15
  • 16. Conclusion for 2009 and 2010 • Some potential explanations  Data-centered design is a design methodology that is prevalent over Services-centered design (dynamic model) Process-centered design (functional model) User-centered design (presentation model)  Although MDA promotes model flexible transformation, MDA is understood linearly Object model, then Dynamic model, then Functional model, then Presentation model, then Execution model Propagation across models are understood lately  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 16
  • 17. Conclusion for 2009 and 2010 • Some potential explanation  Teaching MDE in a streamlined way is too demanding A bit of everything at once, then iterate E.g., object + dynamics first  Too many models at once Better intertwining of the approach "Agile modelling" approach to be tested  Environment was too complicated Change it! => Leonardi  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 17
  • 18. Modeling issues • Put everything USER SHERPA in the same +Email: String [30] -Password: String [10] +NameUser: String [30] model +FirstnameUser: String [15] +Street: String [30] +No: Integer [4] +ZipCode: Integer [4] +City: String [30] + Country: String [30] +Phone: String [14] +Mobile: String [14] +Gender: Char = {M,F} +Lanquage: String [2] = {DE, EN, FR, NL} +isInformed: Boolean +hasSeat: Boolean +SeatNumber: Integer +SeatPrice: Real +CreateUser () +ReadUser() +UpdateUser() +DeleteUser()  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 18
  • 19. Modeling issues • Dynamic model  Common mistakes: too many states, irrelevant states, transition without semantics [Admin]: CloseEvt() [Admin]: DeleteEvt() Event Free Booking Creat Seats closed [Admin]: OpenEvt() ed [Admin]: CreateEvt() [UserSherpa]: BookTicket() Booked Seats [UserSherpa]: PayTicket() Paid Seats  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 19
  • 20. Modeling issues • Update object model with newly identified services: disturbing for students constitue Place Utilisateur Sherpa est acheté Ticket ForestNat est constitué de par +NoPlace: Integer[6] 1 achète +CatégoriePlace : String [10] +LogInUtil() +NoTicket: Integer[6] 1..n +LogOutUtil() 1 0..n +PrixTotal : Real +CreatePlace() +ModePaiement: +ReadPlace() String [10] +UpdatePlace() +estPayé : Boolean Administrateur +DeletePlace +estRéservé : Boolean +CreateTicket() +ReadTicket() Caractérisation +UpdateTicket() +DeleteTicket() +Disponibilité : Boolean +PrixUnitaire : Real Evenement +RéserverTicket() est relatif à +QtéCommandée : Integer [2] 1..n +PayerTicket() 1 +CalculerPrixTotal() +OuvrirEvt() est couvert +ClôturerEvt() par  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 20
  • 21. Modeling issues • 7 specification sins (adapted from Meyer)  Noise: existence of a model element that does not convey any information to any problem feature  Synonyms: redundancy, remorse  Silence: existence of a problem feature that is not covered by any model element  Overspecification: existence of a model element that does not cover any problem feature, but to a solution feature  Contradiction: existence of two or more model elements that cover a problem feature in an incompatible way  Ambiguity: existence of two or more model elements that cover a problem feature in at least two different ways  Synonyms: inconsistency, incoherence  Forward reference: existence of a model element that refers to a problem feature that is later defined  Wishful thinking: existence of a model element intended to cover a problem feature in an irrealistic way (that cannot be validated)  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 21
  • 22. Modeling issues • 7 specification sins (adapted from Meyer) Sin Representation Observed frequency Noise Ø  High at beginning, low after (students add unspecified elements) Silence  Ø Moderate (usually simply forgotten) Overspecification  Very low Contradiction  Moderate (unnoticed) Ambiguity  High (no unicity, duplication) Forward reference  {o} … Low Wishful thinking  Low  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 22
  • 23. Modeling issues • Which Model quality properties Property Definition Completeness Ability of a model to abstract all real world aspects of interest via appropriate concepts and relations ≈ Stylistic Ability of a model to represent all real world aspects of interest via appropriate stylistics of the IDE completeness concepts and relations Consistency Ability of a model to produce an abstraction in a way that reproduces the behaviour of the real world aspect of interest in the same way throughout the model and that preserves this  behaviour throughout any manipulation of the model. Correction Ability of a model to produce an abstraction in a way that correctly reproduces the behaviour of the real world aspect of interest ≈ Expressivenes Ability of a model to express via an abstraction any real world aspect of interest s  Concision Ability of a model to produce concise, compact abstractions to abstract real world aspects of interest ≈ Separability Ability of models to univocally classify any abstraction of a real world aspect of interest into one single model (based on the principle of Separation of Concerns from Dijkstra [8]) IDE Correlability Ability of models to univocally and unambiguously establish relationships between models to IDE represent a real world aspect of interest Integrability Ability of models to concentrate and integrate abstractions of real world aspects of interest into IDE a single model or a small list of them.  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 23
  • 24. Results (2011) • 205 MS students distributed into 34 groups of 6-9 members • 3 teaching assistants • Course (30h + 30h = 60h)  Started Feb 2011 to end of May 2011  Case study: for end of May 2011  Examination: June 2011  Supported by Claroline (www.claroline.net)  Technical support from W4 (thanks a lot for this!)  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 24
  • 25. Why W4 Leonardi was selected? • Domain model is the starting point  Important because domain is well understood • Dynamics are simplified  Important because students do not need to master them before running an actual system • Full Automated generation  Important because students need to see immediately the results of their model • Pattern-based approach  Important because no need to master functional aspects  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 25
  • 26. Repartition Results 80 70 • Leonardi score 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 Série1  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 26
  • 27. Results 70 60 50 40 • Overall score 30 Série1 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 • Per model scores Models Average score Standard (on 10) deviation (on 10) Object model 7,46 1,12 Dynamic model 6,90 0,70 Functional model 6,43 1,05  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 27
  • 28. Next academic year (2012) • 400 MS students distributed into 60 groups of 6-9 members • 4 teaching assistants • Course (30h + 30h = 60h)  Started Feb 2012 to end of May 2012  Case study: for end of May 2012  Examination: June 2012  Supported by Claroline (www.claroline.net)  Technical support from W4 (thanks a lot for this!)  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 28
  • 29. Discussion • Abilities acquired?  Ability of identification: important vs accessory  Ability of modeling: transform problem features into model elements  Ability of abstraction: transform problem features into abstract elements  Ability of separation of concerns: separate problem features into different models  Ability of generalisation: transform problem features into solution elements that are more generic  Ability of evaluation: evaluate model qualities  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 29
  • 30. Ongoing work • What are we doing to improve this?  Multi-path learning environment (P. Beaujeant, UCL) Explicit propagation of model decisions Rapid prototyping: horizontal, vertical, diagonal  Flexibility in model-driven engineering (N. Aquino, UPV/UCL, SENEROA, W4, UsiXML)  Beautification of user interface  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 30
  • 31. Ongoing work • Rapid prototyping with propagation Vertical prototype Horizontal prototype User interface (presentation model) Complete Control (dynamic, execution models) Information System Functional core (object, functional models) Video of UsiXML project Diagonal prototype User interface Complete Control Information System Functional core  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 31
  • 32. Ongoing work • Rapid prototyping with propagation (1) User interface (2) Complete Control Information System (3) Functional core (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) User interface Complete Control Information System Functional core  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 32
  • 33. Transformation Templates • Definition of a methodology (models, method and tools) in order to add flexibility to Model-Driven Engineering of User Interfaces (UIs) • Flexibility means  For end-users: it will be possible to generate many different UIs  For designers: it will be easier to customize a UI previously to its generation  For developers: it will be possible to gradually implement the methodology and extend the set of possible UIs when necessary  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 33 33
  • 34. Transformation Templates • Transformation Templates  Specify the structure, layout and style of a UI  Are composed of parameters with associated values that parameterize UI model transformations  Are inputs for transformation tools TRANSFORMATION TEMPLATE PRESENTATION MODEL MODEL COMPILER USER INTERFACE CODE  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 34 34
  • 35. Transformation Templates User Interfaces Transformation Templates Context Parameter Type UI Meta Value Element Type Parameter Type definition level Parameter definition level Parameter Value Context UI Element Selector Transformation Template  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 35 35
  • 36. Transformation Templates • Parameter Type definition level  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 36 36
  • 37. The demand for UI development (Amount of interactive systems) (Amount of end users) 10 to 50 systems 10000 for 1 user 50000 2 or 3 systems 1 system for for 1 user 1000 1 user 5000 100 1 system for 500 100 users 10 50 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Embedded systems Infrastructure tools XML Software tools Platforms Applications Windows Platforms Linux Platforms  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 37
  • 38. The offer for UI development Need for UI designers Amount of UI designers Hired UI designers Deviation Year  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 38
  • 39. The UsiXML answer • In order to avoid proliferation of multiple parallel developments, UsiXML introduces model-driven engineering for UI Platform #1 Platform #2 Platform #3 Platform #4 Application 1 UI #1 UI #2 UI #3 UI #4 Application 2 UI #5 UI #6 UI #7 UI #8 Application 3 UI #9 UI #10 UI #11 UI #12 Platform model #1 Platform #1 Application 1 UI model #1 Platform model #2 Platform #2 Application 2 UI model #2 Platform model #3 Platform #3 Application 3 UI model #3 Platform model #4 Platform #4  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 39
  • 40. Four levels of abstraction Example: The Google homepage Task & Domain (T&D) AbstractIndividual Container Abstract User Interface AIC AIC AIC facet=control facet=control facet=control (AUI) Window Concrete User Interface textInput button button (CUI) Final User Interface (FUI)  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 40 ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
  • 41. Example of MDE of Uis in UsiXML The Abstract User Interface has been transformed in a Concrete User Interface as a Windows application  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 41 ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
  • 42. Example of MDE of Uis in UsiXML Total graphical VS predominant graphical  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 42 ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
  • 43. Example of MDE of Uis in UsiXML Predominant vocal VS total vocal  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 43 ITEA UsiXML project #08026, 2009-2012
  • 44. CUI rendering in VUItoolkit  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 44
  • 45. X3D generated from Alice • It’s a real 3D UI!  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 45
  • 46. FUI included in virtual scene  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 46
  • 47. MDE of user interfaces for mobile platforms • Mobile platforms: everywhere and growing  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 47 47
  • 48. MDE of user interfaces for mobile platforms • Mobile platforms: everywhere and growing • Mobile experience can be much better than non- mobile Demo of UsiXML editor  Support context-aware adaptation  Think about how it could be better • You can master mobile app development  Support tools: sophisticated and getting better • You need to understand and own mobile • The mobile experience must be seamlessly integrated with non-mobile IT elements • Model-driven mobile development (MD)2 is coming  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 48 48
  • 49. MDE of user interfaces for mobile platforms • You can apply similar designs to different platforms (iOS, Android, etc.) but it takes some work • Usage has increased significantly when adding customized mobile apps to web sites  There is a reward for going mobile  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 49 49
  • 50. 50 Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces User interface pattern depending on the platform Textual Graphical  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 50
  • 51. Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces • Touch phones Night version, 2 days Day version, 2 days 51  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 51
  • 52. Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces • Tablet PC & iPad Night version, 4 days Day version, 4 days 52  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 52
  • 53. Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces • Desktop version 53  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 53
  • 54. 54 Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces User interface pattern depending on the platform Textual Graphical  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 54
  • 55. Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces • Touch phones Night version, 2 days Day version, 2 days 55  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 55
  • 56. Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces • Tablet PC & iPad Night version, 4 days Day version, 4 days 56  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 56
  • 57. Context-aware adaptation of user interfaces • Desktop version 57  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 57
  • 58. Conclusion • How to improve our MDA-based method?  Expanding the coverage Resource win for applications supported by MDA-compliant tools  High ceiling Resource win for applications  Low threshold supported by first-generation  Wide walls 100% Capabilities Ceiling MDA CASE tools Second generation integrated environments First generation Interface builders and 50% Threshold Resources (time, experience,…)  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 58
  • 59. Conclusion • How to improve Capabilities 100% our MDA-based Ceiling Third generation method? Integrated Development Environments Second generation First generation 50% Threshold Resources (time, experience,…) Walls  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 59
  • 60. Thank you very much for your attention! User Interface eXtensible Markup Language http://www.usixml.org http://www.usixml.eu Register as a member of the UsiXML End-User Club at http://www.usixml.eu/end_user_club For more information and downloading, http://www.lilab.eu  2011 LSM EXCELLENCE AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS 60