1. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y‡h©vM I Szwu K ‡gvKv‡ejvq
MYgva¨‡gi mswk-óZv
‡gvnv¤§` Avãyj gvbvb
1

2. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y‡h©vM I Szwu K ‡gvKv‡ejvq
MYgva¨‡gi mswk-óZv
‡jLK: †gvnv¤§` Avãyj gvbvb
cÖKvk Kvj: b‡f¤^i 2008
cÖKvkbv ¯^Ë:
¡
cÖ”Q`:
gy`ªY:
g~j¨:
ISBN:
2

3. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
DrmM©
cÖjqKix mvB‡K¬vY wmWi Gi AvNv‡Z
ÿwZMÖ¯Í mKj bvix I wkï‡`i cÖwZ|
3

4. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
m~PxcÎ
cUf~wg---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y‡h©vM e„w× welqK †g wjK avibv------------------------------------
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I KwZcq ev¯—eZv------------------------------------------------------
evsjv‡`‡k Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve I †¶Îmg~n------------------------------------------
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Suwy K cÖkg‡b Awf‡hvRb †K kj-------------------------------------
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y‡h©vM welqK Z_¨ m¤cÖmviY cÖwµqv--------------------------------
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µ‡g e¨eüZ Uzjmmg~n--------------------
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y‡h©vM I Suwy K †gvKv‡ejvq MYgva¨g---------------------------------
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y‡h©vM I Suwy K †gvKv‡ejvq ‡jvKRgva¨g-----------------------------
Z_¨cywÄ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4

5. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
gyLeÜ:
5

6. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
jLK cwiwPwZ:
MÖn ’wUi †jLK †gvnv¤§` Avãyj gvbvb eZ©gv‡b Av —R©vwZK Dbqb ms¯’v †mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb-
BDGmG KZ©„K ev¯—evqbvaxb gv I wkï ¯^v¯’¨ welqK GK‡mm
cÖK‡íi †WcywU ‡cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi-WKz‡g‡›Ukb c‡` wm‡j‡U Kg©iZ
Av‡Qb| B‡Zvc~‡e© wZwb Rvbyqvix 2004 †_‡K b‡f¤^i 2006 mvj
ch© — Av —R©vwZK Dbqb ms¯’v †Kqvi evsjv‡`k Gi Rjevqy
cwieZ©bRwbZ SuywK cÖkgb µK‡íi cÖKí Dbqb Kg©KZ©v (wgwWqv
GÛ KwgDwb‡Kkb) c‡` Lyjbv‡Z Ges GKB ms¯’vi †m nv`©¨
cÖMv‡gi WKz‡g‡›Ukb †¯úkvwj÷ c‡` XvKv `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb|
Ö
wZwb 2001 mvj †_‡K Rvbyqvix 2004 ch© — MYgva¨g welqK Dbqb ms¯’v g¨vm-jvBb wgwWqv
†m›Uvi (GgGgwm) Gi M‡elYv mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Qb| G mgq wZwb ms¯’vwUi c‡¶
MYgva¨g I Dbqb welqK †ek K‡qKwU M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib| hvi g‡a¨
D‡j-L‡hvM¨ ÓDcK’jxq grm¨Rxwe‡`i wbivcËvq evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii f~wgKvÓ †fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qv‡M bvixi f~wgKvÓ ÓMÖvgxb `vwi`ª¨ `~wiKi‡Y ¶z`ª F‡bi f~wgKvÓ Ó Avgv‡`i MÖvg G Kvj
†mKvjÓ ÓK…wl Dbq‡b MYgva¨‡gi f’wgKvÓ Ó¸RivU cwiw¯’wZ I Avgv‡`i MYgva¨gÓ Ges
ÓgvbZv m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rweb RxweKvi gvb Dbq‡b Kvh©Ki c vÓ cÖfw„ Z| †jL‡Ki K…Z mKj
’
M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`bB GgGgwm eB AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| GQvovI wZwb evsjv‡`k †cÖm
Bbw÷wUDU KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ bxwi¶v cwµKvq MYgva¨g I Dbqb welqK A‡bK¸‡jv cÖeÜ I
wbeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| MYgva¨g I †hvMv‡hvM welqK cov‡jLv Avi ¯’vbxq I RvZxq cÎcwÎKvq
wewfb Dbqb welqK †jLv‡jwL Zuvi ‰`bw›`b Af¨v‡mi Ask|
15 †m‡Þ¤^i 1977 mv‡j ivRevox †Rjvi evwjqvKvw›` Dc‡Rjvi cvUwKqvevox‡Z
Rb¥MÖnYKvix GB †jLK 1992 mv‡j XvKv wkÿv †ev‡W© Aax‡b wjqvKZ Avjx ¯§„wZ D”P
we`¨vjq n‡Z GGmwm Ges 1994 mv‡j miKvix iv‡R›`ª wek¦we`¨vjq K‡jR, dwi`cyi ‡_‡K
GBPGmwm Dfq cix¶vq ÷vigvK©m AR©bmn cÖ_g wefv‡M DËxY© nb| c‡i wZwb XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM †_‡K K…wZ‡Z¡ mv‡_ weG (m¤§vb) wWMªx Ges
GgG †kªYx‡Z cÖ_g †kªYx AR©b K‡ib|
†m bvbvfv‡e Dbqb ms¯’v GgGgwm Gi GKRb k~fvKvsLx wn‡m‡e Gi Kg©Kv‡Û mv‡_
wbweofv‡e `xN©¨ w`b hveZ RwoZ †_‡K mn‡hvMxi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Qb|
wbe©vnx cwiPvjK
GgGgwm, XvKv
6

7. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
Aa¨vq -1
cUf~wg
fqven cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡M me mgqB cÖPzi Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i ¶q¶wZ n‡q _v‡K| `~‡h©v‡Mi1
Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i bvbv †`‡k cÖvK…wZK I cwi‡ekMZ wech©q N‡U _v‡K| cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡M
Avµv Í †`k¸‡jvi †UKmB Dbq‡bi MwZ‡K me mgqB AZ¨ Í †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ
K‡i| we‡kl K‡i `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi wewfb †`‡k G ai‡Yi NUbvi bwRi ‡ekx ‡`Lv hvq|
KviY †h †Kvb ai‡bi `~‡h©v‡M A‡c¶vK…Z `ye©j, m¶gZvnxb I Afvwe †jvKRbB ‡ekx gvÎvq
Avµv Í n‡q _v‡Kb| †mB mv‡_ AeKvVv‡gvMZ m¤ú`vw` I cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek wech©¯Í
n‡q c‡o| ZvB †h †Kvb ai‡bi `~‡h©v‡Mi SuywK Gwo‡q Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i ¶q¶wZi cwigvY
Kwg‡q ivLvi cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hvIqvi †Kvb weKí bvB| G‡¶‡Î NywY©So, mvB‡K¬vb, eb¨v, Lov,
cÖ`vn, f~wga m, f~wgK¤ú Ges mybvgxi gZ SzuwKc~Y© `y‡h©v‡Mi fqvenZv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Kvh©Ki
D‡`¨vM †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î `~‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK n«vm Ki‡Z I `~‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvq mK‡ji
Av ÍwiK I mwµq AskMÖnY cÖ‡qvRb| miKv‡ii wewfb wefvMmg~n, weÁvbwfwËK ms¯’v,
M‡elYv cÖwZôvb, GbwRI, Av ÍR©vwZK wewfb `vZv ms¯’v, cªvB‡fU mKj cÖwZôvb‡K G wel‡q
GwM‡q Avmv cÖ‡qvRb| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv I SuywK cÖkgb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ SuywKc~Y©
KwgDwbwU¸‡jvi m¤ú„³Zv †ek ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I Kvh©Ki| Avi G KvR¸‡jv mnRZi Ki‡Z
cÖ‡qvRb Kvh©Ki I eûgvwÎK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi| G KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡NvU‡Ki f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i wewfb ch©v‡qi MYgva¨gmg~n|
`~‡h©v‡Mi SuywK n«vmKiY cÖwµqvq †h welq¸‡jv Rvbv Ri“ix e‡j g‡b Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨
SuywKc~Y© Rb‡Mvwôi wec‡`i gvÎv, SuywKi aib wbi cb, SuywKi gvÎv I cÖfve we‡k-lY,
ch©vqµwgK SuywK wbimb Kvh©µg wPwýZKiY, mgvav‡bi Dcvq ev c_ †eo Kiv Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb| †Kvb SuywK wbimb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î wewfb
†÷K‡nvìvi‡`i fvebv-wP Ív I Av`k©MZ wfbZv _vK‡Z cv‡i, †m Rb¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i bvbv
D‡`¨vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †K kjMZ ecwiZ¨| ZvB M„wnZ D‡`¨vMmg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î wfbZv
_vKvq A‡bK mgq wec`MÖ¯Í KwgDwbwUi gvby‡li Zv eyS‡Z I ‡mev MÖnY Ki‡Z A_ev
ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqvq AskMÖn‡b AwbðqZvi m„wó n‡q _v‡K| G iKg †¶‡Î KwgDwbwU,
†÷K‡nvìvi mK‡ji g‡a¨ GKB ai‡bi wP Ív I †evSvi †¶Î Zix Ki‡Z cª‡qvRb nq
kw³kvjx †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq Z_¨ m¤cÖmviY e¨e¯’vi| hv‡Z K‡i G‡K Ac‡ii m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
1
AvKw¯§K cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM – eb¨v, f’wgK¤ú, U‡Y©‡Wv, NywY©So, mvB‡K¬vY| `xN©¯v’ qx cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM –
Liv, gnvgvwi,| gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM – hy×, M„nhy×| `yNUbvRwbZ `y‡h©vM – hvbevnb `yNUbv, wk‡í `yNUbv|
© © ©
source: United Nation institute for training & research.
7

8. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
cv‡i, eyS‡Z cv‡ib Ges †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i M„wnZ Kvh©µg mK‡ji wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q DV‡Z
cv‡i| ZvQvov `~‡h©v‡Mi SuywK n«vmKiY Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î SuywKc~Y© KwgDwbwUi GB
Kvh©µ‡gi c×wZi g‡a¨ AwaKgvÎvq AskMÖnY Ges Zv‡`i mwµq f~wgKv cvj‡bi my‡hvM
_vK‡j Zv BwZevPK I dj`vqK nq| Gi evB‡i KwgDwbwUi AskMÖnY e¨wZ‡i‡K hw` †Kvb
Kvh©µg ev¯ÍevwqZ nq Zv‡Z SuywKc~Y© mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v gvwdK, †UKmB I `xN©‡gqvw` mgvavb
Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Gwkqvi `~‡h©vMcÖeb ‡`k¸‡jvi ev¯Íe AwfÁZvq †`Lv hvq †h, `y‡h©vM cÖeb
I Avµv Í †jvKR‡bi wb‡R‡`iB A‡bK kw³ I AwfÁZv I mvg_© i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv Kv‡R
jvwM‡q Zviv `y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ jovB K‡i wU‡K _v‡K| †m‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i Rxeb Nwbó AwfÁZv I
Ávb¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z ¯’vbxqfv‡eB `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv
Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges fqven †h †Kvb `y‡h©v‡Mi nvZ †_‡K ¶q¶wZi cwigvY A‡bK Kwg‡q ivLv
hvq| Avi GLv‡bB Aby‡NvUK wn‡m‡e MYgva¨‡gi eûgvwÎK f~wgKvi cÖvmw½KZv I ¸i“‡Z¡i
RvqMvwU wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e|
`y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK n«vmKiY, Rxeb I m¤ú` i¶vq MYgva¨g †ek BwZevPK f’wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †m mnvq‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i wewfb †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU mvaviY I
kw³kvjx †hvMv‡hvM ‡bUIqvK© †hgb M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb cv‡i SuywKc~Y© KwgDwbwUi
gvby‡li gv‡S Kvh©Ki m‡PZbZv M‡o Zzj‡Z| HwZnvwmK we‡k-l‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, hy‡M hy‡M
‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨gmg~n `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq, `~‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M I `y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I AwaKZi
Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| hLbB GKwU `y‡h©vM AvNvZ nv‡b ZLbB MYgva¨gmg~n H
`y‡h©v‡Mi ¶q¶wZi wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i RvZxq miKvi I Av ÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZvi
Av‡e`b Rvwb‡q| ZvQvov MYgva¨‡g A‡bK mgq `y‡h©v‡Mi c~‡e©B c~e©vfvm w`‡q miKvi‡K,
miKv‡ii mswk-ó wefvM GgbwK RbMY‡KI mZK© K‡i †`Iqvi KvR K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gvb
wek¦e¨e¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U `y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv I ¶q¶wZi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ MYgva¨‡gi cÖwZ
gvby‡li wbf©iZv †hgb †e‡o‡Q †Zgwb `y‡h©v‡Mi †Kvej †_‡K Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i ¶q¶wZ
Kwg‡q ivL‡Z MYgva¨‡gi ivóªxq I mvgvwRK `vqe×ZvI ‡e‡o‡Q| eZ©gv‡b miKvimg~n,
`vZvms¯’vmg~n, Dbqbms¯’v, GbwRI, gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvbmn mK‡jB GK ev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ib
Ges wek¦vm K‡ib †h, MYgva¨g mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK n«vmKiY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvq
Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i - `y‡h©v‡Mi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i, e¨vL¨v we‡k-lY K‡i, SuywKi
gvÎv wbi cb K‡i, wewfb †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i gv‡S †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m~Pbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, SuywK
wbim‡b `xN©¨‡gqv`x Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡¶ cÖPvibv Pvwj‡q, Suwy Kc~Y© KwgDwbwU¸‡jv‡Z
emevmiZ gvby‡li gv‡S `y‡h©vM wel‡q m‡PZbZv Zix K‡i|
MYgva¨‡gi GmKj Kvh©µ‡gi welq¸‡jv 2005 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi †Kv‡e‡Z AbywôZ `y‡h©vM
n«vmKiY wek¦ m‡¤§jb (WCDR) G †ek cÖksmv Kiv nq| †mB mv‡_ `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi †`k
K‡¤^vwWqv, c~e© wZgyi, B‡›`v‡bwkqv Ges wf‡qZbv‡g `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK n«vmKi‡Y MYgva¨‡gi
8

9. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
mswk-óZv I Kvh©µg‡K †Rvo`vi Kivi wm×v Í M„wnZ nq| g~jZ: `y‡h©vM cÖeY mKj
GjvKv‡ZB wgwWqv¸‡jv hv‡Z Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv
Kvh©µg‡K mnRZi K‡i †m wel‡q ïay †hvMv‡hvM †ev×vMYB `„wó wbe× K‡ibwb, Dbqb
we‡klÁ, mgvR we‡k-lKMYmn mswk-ó mKj gnj welqwU ¸i“Z¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Qb|
`y‡h©vM cÖeY GjvKvi K_v ej‡Z †M‡jB evsjv‡`k‡K ev` w`‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq bv|
HwZnvwmKfv‡e evsjv‡`k NywY©So cÖeY A‡ji AvIZvf~³| weMZ 200 eQ‡i G‡`‡k cÖvq
180wUi †ekx †QvU eo N~wYSo AvNvZ nvbvi Ges wecyj msL¨K Rxeb I e¨vcK m¤ú‡`i
¶q¶wZi cwimsL¨vb cvIqv hvq| f~-cÖK…wZ I AvenvIqv G‡`‡ki cÖZ¨q Í A‡ji
Awaevwm‡`i Dci Mfxi cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| eb¨v, Liv, So- SÄv, R‡jv”Q¡vm mn bvbv
ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ jovB K‡i G‡`i †eu‡P _vK‡Z nq| †f ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi
Kvi‡Y G‡`‡ki DcK’jxq A‡j Kvj‰ekvLx, NywY©So, mvB‡K¬vb I R‡jv”Q¡vm cÖvqB cÖjqsKix
c avib K‡i| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki †f ‡MvwjK cwigÛ‡j cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM GKwU wbˉbwgwËK
NUbv| g„Zy¨i fqven Dcje×xi gv‡S †_‡KB G A‡ji gvbyl Zv‡`i †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i, jovB msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i wUwK‡q iv‡L|
evsjv‡`‡ki ‡f ‡MvwjK wefvRb¸‡jv we‡k-lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, ¯^í cwim‡ii G †`‡k hZ
†ekx msL¨K b`-b`x I Lvj - we‡ji mgv‡ek i‡q‡Q Zv c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vqI †`Lv hvq bv|
Kwe wecÖ`v‡mi iPbvq cvIqv hvq, ÓM½v Avi ¯^i¯^wZ, hgybv wekvj AwZÓ| Kwe Aveyj dR‡ji
eY©bvq,Ó evsjv‡`k †Rvqvi fvUvi †`k, el©vKv‡j eb¨v Avi So GLvbKvi cÖvK…wZK GKwU
ewkó¨|Ó Be‡b eZ©yZv †`kwU‡K †`vRL-B-cyi wbqvgZÓ e‡j D‡j-L K‡i‡Qb| AvBbB
AvKeix‡Z D‡j-L i‡q‡Q,Ó A great storm in 1584 which affected the
district Barisal . NywY©S‡oi fqvenZvi BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq †h, A great storm in
October 1876 which affected three coastal districts of Barisal,
Noakhali and Chittagong, about 200000 people died during this
storm .
evsjv‡`k AvenvIqv Awa`߇ii GK Z_¨ g‡Z, MZ 200 eQ‡i G‡`‡k cÖvq 97wU N~wY©So
wewfb mgq AvNvZ †n‡b‡Q hvi g‡a¨ 64 wU fqvenfv‡e e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ mvab K‡i| 3 Ryb
1795 mv‡j cÖPÛ mvB‡K¬vb PUªMÖv‡gi mgy`ª e›`i GjvKvq AvNvZ nv‡b| BwZnv‡mi fqvenZg
NywY©So wQj 1797 mv‡ji †g gv‡m PUªMÖv‡gi Dci w`‡q e‡q hvIqv NywY©SowU| G S‡o `ywU
mgy`ª RvnvR Wywei NUbv N‡UwQj| Gi c 1822, 1869, 1876, mv‡ji fqven NywY©S‡oi
AvNv‡Zi wPý e½ Rbc‡` AvRI BwZnvm n‡q Av‡Q| 1919 mv‡j `ywU NywY©S‡oi D‡j-L cvIqv
hvq wVK Gfv‡e, ÓTwo great cyclone of 1919 also deserves mention if
9

10. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
originated in two pacific about 6000 km away and it took 20 days
to reach to the coast of Bangladesh . 1941, 1942 Ges 1960 mv‡jI fqven
N~wY©S‡oi ZvÛe gvby‡li ü`q‡K cÖPÛfv‡e bvov †`q| Gi ci †_‡K 1963, 1964, 1965,
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1983, 1984,
1985, 1988, 1991 Ges 1997 mv‡ji NywY©S‡oi fqvenZv GLbI A‡b‡KB ¯§„wZPviY
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| me©‡kl 2004 mv‡ji fqven eb¨v, 2006 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m DcK~jxq
mvgyw`ªK R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi wbg©g ZvÛ‡ei wPÎ meviB ‡hgb Rvbv i‡q‡Q †Zgwb 2007 mv‡ji
†`ke¨vcx fqven eb¨vi ¶q¶wZ I †fvMvw —i wPý KvwU‡q DV‡Z bv DV‡ZB GKB eQ‡i
wmW‡ii gZ cÖjqsKix mvB‡K¬v‡Yi AvNv‡Z me©k¦ LyB‡q‡Q G †`‡ki cÖv R‡biv|
—
Kv‡RB B‡›`v‡bwkqv, c~e-wZgyi, K‡¤^vwWqv ev wf‡qZbv‡gi gZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M
©
¶q¶wZi gvÎv Kgv‡Z wgwWqvi msw&k-óZvi Dci Av ÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi welqwU
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi BwZnvm we‡k-l‡Y cÖvß wPÎ †_‡K wew”Qb K‡i fvevi my‡hvM
G‡Kev‡iB _v‡Kbv| eZ©gvb ewk¦K ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Kvi‡Y, Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡Mi †¶‡Î bZzb bZzb Szwu K I fqvenZvi gvÎv e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges †h mKj AÂj Gi Øviv
Avµv Í n‡”Q Zvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg SuywKc~Y© Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov G‡`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, NbemwZc~Y© RbmsL¨v Ges AbybZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y SuywKi gvÎv
Av‡iv evwo‡q Zz‡j‡Q| G‡¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi nvZ †_‡K G‡`‡ki SuywKc~Y© Rb‡Mvwô I
m¤ú‡`i ¶q¶wZi gvÎv Kwg‡q wKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q gvbyl †eu‡P
_vK‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q mwVK mg‡q w`K wb‡Ï©kbv cÖ`vb, m‡PZbZv Zix I c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
RbMY‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv G‡`‡ki MYgva¨‡gi mvgvwRK I ivóªxq `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ c‡o|
Avi †m Rb¨B Avgv‡`i MYgva¨g I MYgva¨g mswk-ó e¨w³ I cÖwZôvbmgyn `y‡h©vM c~e©,
`y‡h©vMKvjxY Ges `y‡h©v‡MvËi mg‡q KwgDwbwUi gvby‡li Rb¨ wewfbfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
10

11. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
Aa¨vq -2
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y h©vM ew× welqK KwZcq wjK aviYv
we‡k¦i Rjevqy AZx‡Z cwieZwZ©Z n‡q‡Q, eZ©gv‡b n‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI n‡e| g~jZ: Rjevq~
wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj| Z‡e Av‡M Rjevqy cwieZ©b NU‡Zv GKv ÍB cªvK…wZKfv‡e| wK ‘
eZ©gv‡b cÖK…wZi cvkvcvwk †hvM n‡q‡Q gvby‡li cwi‡ek ‰eix Kvh©µg| Rjevqyi Dcv`vb¸wj
†hgb ci¯úi A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ, †Zgwb G¸wj AZ¨ — AwbwðZ| evqygÛ‡j Aew¯’Z wewfb
Dcv`vb Ges cÖK…wZi bvbvgyLx wµqvKjvc gvby‡li emev‡mi Rb¨ mnvqK eZ©gvb Rjevqy‡Z
GK myMfxi cwieZ©b †W‡K Avb‡Q| G wel‡q mvaviY gvby‡li Ávb I Z‡_¨i mxgveäZv
_vK‡jI Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ welqwU `xN©w`b hveZ Av —R©vwZK wbix¶v I Avjvc
Av‡jvPbvi welq wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V‡Q| welqwUi fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx, bxwZ
wba©viK, cwi‡ek we‡k-lK, A_©bxwZwe` I we‡klÁ‡`i w`b w`b fvwe‡q Zzj‡Q|
wMÖbnvDm M¨vm wbtmiY Ges Gi gvÎv e„w×i cÖwZwµqvi avivevwnKZvB Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi MwZ
Z¡ivw ^Z Ki‡Q| Avi ZvB Rjevqy cwieZ©b wMÖbnvDm M¨vm wbtmiY I ewk¦K cÖwZwµqvi g‡Zv
we¯—Z welq¸wj ci¯úi wbweo fv‡e m¤úwK©Z| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y D™¢Z cwiw¯’wZ
… ~
gvbe cÖRvwZi R‡b¨ me‡P‡q cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’vi m„w÷ K‡i‡Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖavb av°v
G‡m co‡Q K…wl, cvwbm¤ú` I ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Zi g‡Zv cÖavb †¶Î¸wj‡Z| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi
cÖwZwµqvq mgy`ª c„‡ói D”PZv e„w× cv‡”Q, K…wli Ae¶q NU‡Q, cvwb cÖevn n«vm cv‡”Q, ¯^v¯’¨
mgm¨v e„w× cv‡”Q, AvenvIqvi Lvg‡Lqvwj AvPiY Ges mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv e„w× cv‡”Q| Z…Zxq
we‡k¦i †`k¸wji RbMY †h me mgm¨v wb‡q GLbI w`bvwZcvZ Ki‡Qb, Rjevqy cwieZ©b †mB
me mgm¨v¸wji †¶Î‡K AviI cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Q| d‡j Zv wek¦Rbxb mgm¨vq cwiYZ n‡”Q|
Rjevqy cwieZ©b AvaywbK h ¿mf¨Zvq DbZ †`k¸wji mvaviY Kg©dj| Avi ZvB Ab¨
†`k¸wji Zzjbvq wMÖbnvDm M¨vm wbtmi‡Y evsjv‡`k A‡bK wcwQ‡q _vK‡jI G †`k‡K
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi eûgyLx cÖwZwµqvi2 gy‡L c‡o mxgvnxb `y`©kv †fvM Ki‡Z n‡”Q| ZvB G
msµv Í †g wjK aviYv¸‡jv ‡hgb Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb avibv¸‡jv Rbgvb‡mi g‡a¨
fvMvfvwM K‡i †bqvi h_vm¤¢e cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bvi `iKvi|
AvenvIqv : AvenvIqv n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b wbw`©ó mg‡q (m‡ev©”P mvZ w`‡bi) evqygÛ‡ji
weivRgvb Ae¯’vi cÖKvwkZ ev mnR‡eva¨ i“c| hv mvaviYZ Mig ev VvÛv, †fRv A_ev ﮋ,
kv — A_ev we¶z× Ae¯’v, †gNnxb ev †gNv”Qb BZ¨vw` w`‡q mn‡RB ‡evSv hvq| D`vniY
2
bvbv ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM (eb¨v, Liv, NywY©So, mvB‡K¬vb) †ivMe¨vwai msµvgb, Rjve×Zv, Rxe
ewPΨ n«vm, b`xfvOb, cÖfw„ Z|
11

12. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
wn‡m‡e ejv hvq- AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm cÖwZw`b cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq Ges †Uwjwfkb I
†iwWIÕi msev‡`I Zv cÖPvwiZ nq| wbqwgZ AvenvIqv ey‡jwU‡b w`‡bi Mo ZvcgvÎv, m‡e©v”P
I me©wbg ZvcgvÎv, †gNv”QbZv, †Kvb we‡kl ¯’v‡b e„wócvZ ev S‡oi m¤¢vebvi K_v D‡j-L
Kivi cvkvcvwk m~‡h©v`q I m~h©v‡¯—i mgq BZ¨vw` A‡bK wel‡qi D‡j-L _v‡K| AvenvIqvi
cÖavb cÖavb Dcv`vb¸wji g‡a¨ c‡o evqyi ZvcgvÎv, evqyi Pvc, evqyi cÖevn Ges MwZ‡eM,
†g‡Ni NbZ¡ Ges †g‡Ni cÖK…wZ Ges e„wócvZ| †Kvb GK RvqMvq evqygÛ‡ji cÖavb cÖavb
Dcv`vb¸wji msw¶ß i“c ev †NvwlZ Ae¯’v‡KB AvenvIqv ejv nq| GUv evqygÛ‡ji `bw›`b
Ae¯’v‡K cÖKvk K‡i| AvenvIqv ¯’vb I mgq Abymv‡i cwiewZ©Z nq|
Rjevqy : Rjevqy n‡”Q †Kvb A‡ji ev ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqvi Mo Ae¯’v| †Kvb ¯’vb ev A‡ji
wewfb FZz‡f‡` Kgc‡¶ 30 eQ‡ii Mo Ae¯’v‡K Rjevqy ejv n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb we‡kl ¯’v‡bi
AvenvIqvi wewfb Ae¯’v‡K cwimsL¨v‡bi wfwˇZ cÖKvkB Rjevqy| mvaviYZ †Kvb ¯’v‡bi 30
eQ‡ii AvenvIqvi wbqvgK¸wji Mo Ae¯’v‡K Rjevqy wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GUv
mvaviYZ AvenvIqvi cÖavb cÖavb wbqvgK †hgb-ZvcgvÎv, e„wócvZ, Av`ª©Zv, w`‡bi `N©¨ I
evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM cÖf„wZi Mo wnmv‡ei wfwˇZ AbywgZ n‡q _v‡K| Rjevqy ¯’vb‡f‡` wfb wfb
n‡q _v‡K| GUv wbf©i K‡i A¶vs‡ki Dci, mgy`ª †_‡K `~iZ¡, e„¶ivRxi Ae¯’vb, cvnv‡oi
Dcw¯’wZ ev Abycw¯’wZ cÖfw„ Zi Dci| Rjevqy cwieZ©b ej‡Z †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó A‡ji
A_ev mvgwMÖK A‡_© mviv we‡k¦i MocoZv AvenvIqvi `xN©‡gqvw` ¯’vqx cwieZ©b‡K eySvq|
AvenvIqv m¤úwK©Z Dcv`vbmg~n †hgb-ZvcgvÎv, e„wócvZ, evqycÖevn cÖf„wZ ai‡bi cwieZ©b
Øviv GB Rjevqy cwieZ©b cwigvc Kiv nq| Rievqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖZ¨¶ cÖfv‡e3 mgy`ªcÖ‡ôi
D”PZv e„w×, jeYv³Zv, Liv, eb¨v, NywY©So, f~wgi Aebgb, f~wgK¤ú, cÖwZ‡ek, b`-b`x
e¨e¯’vq cÖfve †d‡j `y‡h©vM I SzuwKi m„wó K‡i| Avi c‡iv¶ cÖfv‡e Lv‡`¨i AwbðqZv,
gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v, Rjve×Zv cÖf„wZ mgm¨v Zix K‡i|
wMÖbnvDm M¨vm : evqygÛ‡j Dcw¯’Z †h me M¨vm Zvc †kvlY K‡i c„w_exi DòZv evwo‡q
†Zv‡j Zv‡`i‡K wMÖbnvDm M¨vm ejv nq| wKQy wMÖbnvDm M¨vm cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB weivRgvb ev
cÖvK…wZK fv‡e m„ó; †hgb-Rjxq ev®ú, I‡Rvb, Kve©b WvB A·vBW, wg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW
3
wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqv : wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡jB c„w_exi DòZv evo‡Q| c„w_exi evqygÛ‡j Ggb wKQy
M¨v‡mi Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q hviv m~hiwk¥ †kvl‡Yi gva¨‡g c„w_exi DËvc evwo‡q †Zv‡j| GB M¨vm¸wj
©
wMÖbnvDm M¨vm bv‡g cwiwPZ| evqygÛ‡j wMÖbnvDm M¨vm m¤ú~Y© Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi Mo
ZvcgvÎv 150 †mjwmqv‡mi cwie‡Z© gvBbvm 180 †mjwmqvm nZ| d‡j AwZwi³ VvÛvq c„w_exi
RxeK‚‡ji †eu‡P _vKv m¤¢e nZ bv|
12

13. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
n‡jvKve©b (wmGdwm) BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv evqy gÛ‡j MÖxYnvDm cÖwZwµqv NUv‡bvi me‡P‡q †ekx
f~wgKv iv‡L| kxZ cÖavb †`k¸wj‡Z m&ewR Pv‡li Rb¨ Kuv‡Pi Ni Zix K‡i †hfv‡e evB‡i
†_‡K Avmv Zvc‡K AvU‡K ivLv nq wVK †mfv‡eB evqygÛ‡ji wMÖbnvDm M¨vm¸wj m~‡h©i Zvc‡K
AvU‡K iv‡L| evqygÛ‡ji wMÖbnvDm M¨vmmg~n I †gN, f~c„ô †_‡K wewKwiZ Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥
Lye mn‡RB †kvlY K‡i †bq| Gi d‡j evqygÛj DËß n‡q I‡V Ges evqygÛj †_‡K Zvc
Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j evqygÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq|
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW: wMÖbnvDm M¨vm mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kve©b WvB-A·vBW me†P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I
Kvh©Kvix †Uªm M¨vm| MZ K‡qK kZK Ges mv¤cÖwZK `kK¸wj Ry‡o evqygÛ‡j GB Kve©b
WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY Avk¼vRbK gvÎvq e„w× cv‡”Q| 1958 mv‡j evqygÛ‡j †hLv‡b Kve©b
WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY wQj cÖwZ `k jvL (wgwjqb) fv‡Mi g‡a¨ gvÎ 315 fvM (ppmv),
†mLv‡b 1990 mvj bvMv` GB cwigvY `uvovq cÖwZ `k jvL (wgwjqb) fv‡Mi 350 fv‡M
(ppmv)| MZ `k‡Ki cÖwZ eQ‡i k~b¨ `kwgK cuvP kZvsk nv‡i e„w× †c‡q 1993 mv‡j CO2
Gi cwigvY `uvovq cÖwZ `k jvL (wgwjqb) fv‡Mi 358 fv‡M| AZx‡Zi evqygÛ‡j CO2 Gi
cwigvY †Kgb wQj Zv Rvb‡Z M‡el‡Kiv c‡iv¶ c×wZ †e‡Q †bb| G c×wZ‡Z 1750 mv‡ji
c~‡e© evqygÛ‡j CO2 Gi cwigvY cÖwZ `k jvL (wgwjqb) fv‡M 280 fvM (ppmv) wQj e‡j
Rvbv hvq| MZ `yB kZvãx‡Z evqygÛ‡j CO2 mn Ab¨vb¨ M¨v‡mi cwigvY cÖvq 28kZvsk e„w×
†c‡q‡Q| e¨vcK wkívq‡bi Kvi‡Y MZ `yB kZvãx‡Z Kqjv-†Zj-M¨vm Ges R¡vjvwb Kv‡Vi
e¨envi eû¸Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j evqygÛ‡j CO2 Gi cwigvYI e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Kve©b Pµ
†_‡K Kve©‡bi wZbwU cÖavb Drm †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq; G¸‡jv nj mgy`ª, f~-c„‡ôi cÖvYxRMr Ges
evqygÛj| mgy`ª Ges evqygÛ‡ji g‡a¨ Kve©b wewbg‡qi nvi eQ‡i cÖvq 90 wMMvU‡bi mgvb|
c„w_exi cÖvYxRM‡Zi †gvU Kve©b gRy‡`i GK eo Ask i‡q‡Q MÖx®§gÛjxq I bvwZkx‡Zvò
ebv‡ji cÖwZ‡ek e¨e¯’vi wfZ‡i| gvby‡li †h `ywU Kvh©Kjv‡ci d‡j evqygÛ‡j CO2 Ges
mxmvi cwigvY e„w× cvq †m `ywU nj-LwbR ev Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi D‡Ëvjb I e¨envi e„w× Ges
f~wg e¨env‡i cwieZ©b|
MZ kZ‡Ki †kl `yB `kK a‡i Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb †_‡K Kve©b wbtmi‡Yi cwigvY eQ‡i cÖvq GK
`kwgK bq kZvsk nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G †¶‡Î D‡j-L Kiv hvq †h, Dbqbkxj †`k¸wj‡Z
we‡k¦i †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq wZb-PZz_©vsk emevm K‡i| wK ‘ wecyj RbmsL¨v _vK‡jI Gme
†`k we‡k¦i †gvU Kve©b wbtmi‡Yi gvÎ GK PZz_vs‡ki Rb¨ `vqx| Ab¨w`‡K DbZ †`k¸wj‡Z
©
wek¦ RbmsL¨vi gvÎ c‡bi kZvsk emevm Ki‡jI Zviv we‡k¦i ‡gvU Kve©b wbtmi‡Yi cÖvq 44
kZvsk NwU‡q _v‡K| GKKfv‡e gvwK©b hy³ivóªB we‡k¦i †gvU Kve©b wbtmi‡Yi cÖvq 23
kZvs‡ki Rb¨ `vqx| we‡k¦i †gvU Kve©b wbtmi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Ae`vb AwZ mvgvb¨, gvÎ ïb¨
13

14. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
`kwgK ïb¨ Qq fvM4 | f~wg e¨env‡i cwieZ©b ev eb DRvo, we‡kl K‡i ga¨ A¶vsk I
MÖx®§gÛjxq GjvKvq ebvÂj a s‡mi mv¤cÖwZK cÖeYZv evqygÛ‡j CO2 Gi cwigvY e„w×
K‡i‡Q|
wg _b : wkí wec-e Gi Av‡Mi Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b evqygÛ‡j wg‡_b M¨v‡mi cwigvY cÖvq wØ-¸Y
e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gi †ewkifvMB N‡U‡Q 1900 mv‡ji ci †_‡K| MZ 1960 ci †_‡K GB
e„w×i cwigvY wQj cÖvq wÎk kZvsk| Aek¨ eZ©gvb eQi¸wj‡Z GB e„w×i cwigvY cÖwZ GK‡kv
†KvwU fv‡M (wewjq‡b) 10-13 fvM (ppbv) K‡g hvIqvi cÖgvY †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| wg‡_b
cÖKw… ZMZfv‡e Rjvf~wg, cÖvYx‡`i gi‡`‡ni cPb, KxU-cZ½, mgy`ª Ges †Lvjv cvwb †_‡K
Drcb n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gvb mg‡q wg‡_b M¨v‡mi gvÎv e„w×i KviY¸wji †fZ‡i gvby‡li cÖPwjZ
K…wlKvR, cï cvjb, Rjvkq I bxPzRwg fivUKiY BZ¨vw` Kvh©Kjv‡ci f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
GQvovI Zz›`ªv A‡ji Zzlvi M‡j hvIqv, MvQcvjv-jZvcvZv ev Re `ªe¨ cyov‡bv, cÖvK…wZK
M¨v‡mi cvBcjvB‡bi wQ`ª w`‡q M¨vm wbM©Z nIqv Ges cïi Rvei KvUv BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g
wg‡_b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY N‡U _v‡K| mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Dbqbkxj †`k¸wj
e¨vcKfv‡e K…wl wbf©i nIqvq Gme‡`k wg‡_b wbtmi‡Yi eo Drm| evsjv‡`‡k we‡k¦i †gvU
wg‡_b wbtmi‡Yi 1 †_‡K 2 kZvsk N‡U _v‡K| wg‡_b M¨v‡mi Avqy®‹vj CO2 Gi †P‡q Kg
Ges Zv Ab¨vb¨ M¨v‡mi ms‡k-‡li Ici wbf©i K‡i| wg‡_‡bi Avqy¯‹vj Kg nIqvq (Avqy gvÎ
8 †_‡K 12 eQi) we‡k¦ eZ©gv‡b †h cwigv‡Y wg‡_b M¨vm Drcb n‡”Q †mB gvÎv‡K gvÎ 15
kZvsk Kwg‡q Avb‡Z cvi‡j AvMvgx kZvãxi Rb¨ wg‡_‡bi e„wׇK mwVK gvÎvq w¯’i ivLv
m¤¢e n‡e|
bvBUªvm A·vBW: Ab¨vb¨ wMÖbnvDm M¨vm¸wji g‡ZvB evqygÛ‡j bvBUªvm A·vB‡Wi cwigvYI
µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q| AvBwcwmwm5 wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx 1990 mvj bvMv` evqygÛ‡j NO2 Gi
cwigvY wQj cÖwZ 100 †KvwU fv‡Mi (wewjq‡b) 310 (ppbv) fvM| A_P wkí wec-e c~e©eZx©
mg‡q GB cwigvY wQj cÖwZ 100 ‡KvwU (wewjqb) fv‡Mi g‡a¨ gvÎ 288 fvM| MZ `yB
kZ‡K evqygÛ‡j NO2 Gi cwigvY 8 †_‡K 19 kZvsk e„w× †c‡q‡Q| evqygÛ‡j NO2
M¨v‡mi RxebKvj GK‡kv cÂvk eQi| NO2 Drcv`‡b gvby‡li †Kvb †Kvb Kvh©Kjvc `vqx
Zv wb‡q `xN© weZK© i‡q‡Q| mgy`ª, gvwU, jeY, K…wl‡Z e¨eüZ G¨v‡gvwbqv mvi BZ¨vw` n‡”Q
cÖvK…wZK I gvbexq Kvh©Kjv‡ci Kvi‡Y Drcb bvBUªvm A·vB‡Wi Drm|
4
(WRI-1990 Gi wfwË Z)
5
IPCC (IqvUmb et.al 1992)
14

15. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
jvKve©b: gvby‡li wewfb Kvh©Kjv‡ci Kvi‡Y evqygÛ‡j n¨v‡jvKve©b6 wbM©gb n‡”Q|
wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvq ‡n‡jvKveb©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †K¬v‡ivd¬‡iv Kve©b me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡cY© f~wgKv
z ~
cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GB wmGdwm M¨vm mvaviYZt †iwd«Rv‡iUi Zix I e¨envi, ‡dvg
cwiï×KiY cÖf„wZ Kv‡R e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| c„w_ex‡Z Drcvw`Z †gvU wmGdwm
M¨vmmg~‡ni 90 kZvs‡kiI †ewk DbZ wkívwqZ †`k¸wj‡Z Drcb n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`k
evqygÛ‡j LyeB mvgvb¨ cwigvY wmGdwm M¨vm wbtmiY K‡i _v‡K| 1990 mvj bvMv` evqygÛ‡j
wmGdwm M¨v‡mi Dcw¯’wZ wQj cÖwZ GK nvRvi fv‡Mi g‡a¨ 484 fvM| wmGdwm Gi wbtmiY
cÖwZ eQi e„w× cv‡”Q Ges evqygÛ‡j GB M¨v‡mi Dcw¯’wZi eZ©gvb nvi eRvq ivL‡Z n‡j GB
M¨vm`ywUi wbtmiY h_vµ‡g 70 kZvsk I 80 kZvsk nv‡i Kgv‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b D‡j-L¨ †h,
gw›Uªj ‡cÖv‡UvK‡j IRb ¯—i ¶‡qi Rb¨ `vqx wmGdwm M¨vm¸wji wbtmiY 1998 mvj bvMv`
Kwg‡q 1986 mv‡j Drcvw`Z gvÎvi A‡a©‡K G‡b `uvo Kiv‡bvi j‡¶¨ GB M¨v‡mi Drcv`b
wbq ¿Y Kiv nq| gw›Uªj cÖ‡UvK‡ji j¶¨ ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ 1990 mv‡ji jÛb Pzw³‡Z 2001
mvj bvMv` wmGdwmÔi Drcv`b 1990 mv‡ji Drcv`‡bi h_vµ‡g GK- Z…Zxqvsk Ges A‡a©K
cwigvY Kwg‡q Avbvi wm×v — †bqv nq|
Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb : Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡`‡ni GKwU cÖavb Dcv`vb nj Kve©b, we‡klZ nvB‡WªvKve©b|
Avi GB Kve©b mg„× Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi Rxevk¥ ev †`nve‡kl †_‡K Drcb Kqjv, †Zj I
cÖvK„wZK M¨vm‡K Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb ejv nq| cÖvYx ev Dw™¢‡`i †`nve‡kl Zjvwb AvKv‡i f~-M‡f©
¯—‡i ¯—‡i mwÂZ nq| jvL jvL eQi a‡i Gfv‡e mwÂZ Zjvwb f~-Mf©¯’ Zvc I Pv‡c ax‡i ax‡i
Ggb GK i“c aviY K‡i hv‡K R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e mn‡RB e¨envi Kiv hvq| gvbyl Gme Rxevk¥
Zjvwb‡K hvw K c×wZ‡Z AvniY K‡i Ges R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| Gme Rxevk¥
¿
Zjvwb‡K BÜb kw³ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z G¸‡jv‡K cyov‡bv nq Ges Gi d‡j G¸wji †`n-
mwÂZ Kve©b WvB-A·vBW †ei n‡q evZv‡m Qwo‡q c‡o, hv evqygÛ‡ji wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvq
eo ai‡bi f~wgKv iv‡L|
ewk¦K Dòvqb : gvbyl eûhyM a‡i ¯’vbxq cwi‡ek‡K cªfvweZ K‡i Avm‡Q| wK ‘ gvÎ MZ
kZ‡KB gvby‡li Kvh©Kjvc mgMÖ wek¦e¨e¯’v‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi gZ Ae¯’vq DbxZ n‡q‡Q|
gvby‡li Aeva Kvh©Kjv‡ci d‡j B‡Zvg‡a¨B wek¦ cwi‡e‡ki MVb web¨vm e`‡j †M‡Q| e¨vcK
wkívqb,eb DRvo I Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi e¨envi eû¸Y e„w×i Kvi‡Y evqygÛ‡j wMÖbnvDm
M¨vm¸wji cwigvY eû¸Y e„w× cvIqvq wek¦ AenvIqvgÛ‡j DËvc e„w× cv‡”Q| kxZ cÖavb
†`k¸wj‡Z m&ewR Pv‡li Rb¨ Kuv‡Pi Ni Zix K‡i †hfv‡e evB‡i †_‡K Avmv Zvc‡K AvU‡K
ivLv nq, wVK †mfv‡eB evqygÛ‡ji wMÖbnvDm M¨vm¸wj m~‡h©i Zvc‡K AvU‡K iv‡L| evqygÛ‡j
6
G¨v‡ivmj, †iwd«Rv‡iUi, †dvg e¨envi
15

16. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
wMÖbnvDm M¨v‡mi cwigvY hZ e„w× cv‡e m~h© ZvcI evqygÛ‡j ZZ‡ewk K‡i AvU‡K _vK‡e|
Gi d‡j Ab¨ me Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡jI evqygÛ‡ji Mo ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡q f~-gÛj‡K
DËß— K‡i Zzj‡e| f~-gÛ‡ji GB DËß nIqvi cÖwµqv‡KB ejv n‡”Q ewk¦K Dòvqb|
gvby li Kg©KvÛ Ges wMÖbnvDm M¨vm: gvby‡li bvbvgyLx Kvh©Kjv‡ci Kvi‡Y wek¦e¨vcx wMÖbnvDm
M¨vm wbM©gb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Av‡V‡iv kZ‡K wkí wec-‡ei c‡i KjKviLvbvi msL¨v e¨vcKfv‡e
e„w× cvIqv Ges f~wg e¨env‡i cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y wMÖbnvDm M¨v‡mi wbM©gb eû¸Y e„w×
†c‡q‡Q| wMÖbnvDm M¨vm e„w×i R‡b¨ †h me KviY `vqx (†hgb-Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb e¨envi)
†m¸‡jv GLb AvaywbK mf¨Zv I A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ A½v½xfv‡e Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q| G¸wj
Qvov AvaywbK Rxebhvcb AvR Avi KíbvI Kiv hvq bv| wK ‘ Gme Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ Avevi
wMÖbnvDm M¨v‡mi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| †hgb- Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb `n‡bi Kvi‡Y, eb DRvo Kivi
d‡j, K…wl Drcv`b Gi Øviv Ges wkí KviLvbv I Ab¨vb¨ M¨v‡mi e¨envi Kivq| I‡Rvb ¯—i
s‡mi Rb¨ `vqx wmGdwm M¨v‡mi cwie‡Z© Ab¨vb¨ I‡Rvb-wbivc` nvB‡WªvKve©b ‡hgb,
nvB‡Wªvd¬z‡ivKve©b Ges cvi-d¬z‡ivKve©b e¨eüZ n‡”Q| GB CFC-Gi Drcv`b‡K 1997
mv‡ji wK‡q‡Uv Pzw³‡Z wbq ¿Y Kivi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq| H Pzw³‡Z e`y¨wZK Bbmy‡jUi, Zvc
cwievnx Ges kxZjxKi‡Y e¨eüZ mvjdvi †n·v †d¬vivBW Gi Drcv`b wbq ¿‡Yi cÖ¯—veI ivLv
nq| GB mvjdvi †n·v †d¬vivBW we‡k¦i ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mvg‡_¨©i †¶‡Î Kve©b WvB-A·vBW
AYyi †P‡q 23900 ¸Y †ewk kw³kvjx|
16

17. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
Aa¨vq -3
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I KwZcq ev¯eZv
Rjevqy cwieZ©b ej‡Z †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó A‡ji, A_ev mviv we‡k¦i Mo AvenvIqvi
`xN©‡gqvw` ¯’vqx cwieZ©b Ges AvenvIqvi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi cwie‡Z© Pigfvevcb AvenvIqvi
we¯—vi‡K eySvq| AvenvIqvi Dcv`vbmg~n †hgb, ZvcgvÎv, e„wócvZ, evqycÖevn cÖf„wZi ai‡bi
cwieZ©b Øviv GB Rjevqy cwieZ©b cwigvc Kiv nq| Rjevqy cwieZ©b msµv — Av —tivóªxq
cwil` (AvBwcwmwm)Õi Z…Zxq mgx¶v wi‡cvU© †_‡K Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi wek¦e¨vcx cÖfve7 wK
iKg Zv bx‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:-
K) ewk¦K Dòvqb: Rjevqy g‡Wjmg~n Abyhvqx AZ¨waK RbmsL¨vi Pvc Ges KvwiMwi
cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y 1990 mvj †_‡K 2100 mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i ZvcgvÎv 1.40 †mjwmqvm
†_‡K 5.80 †mjwmqvm ch© — e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i| GB wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ wmGdwmÕi ¶wZKviK cÖfve
I mgy‡`ªi axij‡qi cwieZ©b‡KI A —f©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI AÂj I FZz‡f‡` ZvcgvÎv
KZUv e„w× cv‡e Zv AviI †ewk AwbwðZ| kxZj DËivÂjxq GjvKvq kxZKv‡j ZvcgvÎv
†ewk e„w× cv‡e e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q| G‡¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ Abygvb n‡”Q †h-2100 mvj bvMv`
we‡k¦i ZvcgvÎvi 4 wWwMÖ ‡_‡K 7 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm cwigvY e„w× NU‡Z cv‡i| wK ‘ GKB mg‡q
DËiv‡ji KvbvWv, wMÖbj¨vÛ I DËi Gwkqvi kxZKvjxb ZvcgvÎv 40 kZvs†kiI †ewk e„w×
cv‡e| mgy`ª †_‡K `~‡i Aew¯’Z ev gnv‡`‡ki Af¨ ifv‡M `ª“Z ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡e| †mB
—
Zzjbvq DcK‚jeZx© A‡j ZvcgvÎv †`wi‡Z ev axi MwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡e| gvwU ev f~-Z¡‡Ki
Zzjbvq mgy`ªc„ô ev mgy‡`ªi cvwb axi MwZ‡Z Dò nq| Zvc ev m~h©v‡jvK mgy‡`ªi cvwbi KZUv
Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡Q Zvi Ici wbf©i K‡i mgy‡`ªi cvwbi Dò n‡q IVvi MwZ| G
Kvi‡Y wMÖbj¨v‡Ûi `w¶‡Y Aew¯’Z AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi Ges G›UvwU©Kvi cv‡k Aew¯’Z `w¶Y
mvMi †`wi‡Z Dò n‡e| †Kbbv, f~-Dcwifv‡Mi ZvcgvÎvi mgch©v‡q †h‡Z Gme mvM‡i AviI
†ewk cwigvY cvwb‡K Dò n‡Z n‡e|
L) mgy`ª c ôi D PZv ew× : Rjevqy g‡Wj¸wj‡Z 2100 mvj bvMv` mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv M‡o
9 †mt wgt †_‡K 88 †mt wgt ch© — evo‡e e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q| mgy‡`ªi DcwiZ‡ji
ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡q cvwbi cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ Ges wngev‡ni eidMjv cvwb mgy‡`ª G‡m wg‡k mgy`ª
c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× Ki‡e| wek¦ MVb cÖwµqvq GLb cÖPi AwP bxq NUbv NU‡Q, †hgb- †mªv‡Zi
z —
¯^fve e`jv‡”Q, ¯’vbxq f~-Av‡jvob I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y ¯’vbxq I AvÂwjK mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv
7
‰ewk¦K Eòvqb, mgy`ª cÖ‡ôi D”PZv e„w×, f~wgi A‡avMgb, e„wócvZ I f~-Z¡‡Ki Ae¯’v, Pigfvevcb
AvenvIqvi we¯Ívi Ges `y‡h©vM, Gj wb‡bv-`wLbv Av‡jvob|
17

18. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
¯^vfvweK nv‡ii PvB‡Z †ewk cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q ev K‡g hv‡”Q| wMÖbj¨vÛ I G›UvwU©Kvi
ZzlvicvZ †ewk nIqvi cÖwZwµqvq ev wecix‡Z Zzlvi Ave„Z GB `yB A‡j eo eo eid
UzK‡iv M‡j hvIqvi nvi wKQyUv †e‡o‡Q| hw` m~hv‡jvK mgy‡`ªi cvwbi AviI wb‡Pi ¯—‡i cÖ‡ek
©
K‡i mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡K Dò K‡i †Zv‡j Ges eid M‡j hvIqvi nvi hw` eRvq _v‡K Zvn‡j f~-
Z¡‡Ki ZvcgvÎv AcwieZ©bxq _vK‡jI mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× cv‡e|
M) f~wgi A avMgb : f~cô nVvr a ‡m ‡M‡j ev ax‡i ax‡i Lvov ev cÖvq Lvovfv‡e e‡m †M‡j
„
Zv‡K f~wgi A‡avMgb ejv nq| f~wgi A‡avMg‡bi R‡b¨ f~wgK¤ú, f~-¯—‡ii ¯’vb cwieZ©b, f~-
Mf© †_‡K cvwb D‡Ëvjb Ges Kv`vgvwU I Rxev‡k¥i wgkªb cÖf„wZ‡K `vqx Kiv hvq| mgy`ª c„ô
†_‡K †Kvb ¯’v‡bi D”PZv K‡g hvIqv ev †ewk nIqvi †cQ‡b H ¯’v‡b cwj Ae‡¶cY I f~wg
A‡avMg‡bi wgwjZ wµqvi nvi KvR K‡i _v‡K| cwj Ae‡¶c‡Yi Kvi‡Y †Kvb GjvKvi
mgybwZ (mgy`ª c„ô †_‡K D”PZv) e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|
N) ewócvZ Ges f~-Z¡ Ki Ae¯v : Rjevqy g‡Wj¸wj†Z wek¦e¨vcx †gvU e„wócvZ e„w× cv‡e e‡j
aviYv Kiv n‡”Q; wK ‘ ‡mB m‡½ ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q e„wócvZ K‡g hvIqvi cÖej m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
GKzk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© DËi ga¨vÂj †_‡K D”P A¶vs‡ki †`k¸wjI G›UvwU©Kv‡Z kxZKvjxb
e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY e„w× cv‡e| Rjevqy g‡Wj¸wj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wKQy GjvKvq e„wócv‡Zi
cwigvY e„w× cv‡e, Avi wKQy GjKvq e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY K‡g hv‡e| A‡÷ªwjqv, ga¨ Av‡gwiKv
I `w¶Y Avwd«Kvq kxZKvjxb e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY K‡g hv‡e| †ewk e„wó I Zzlvicv‡Zi Kvi‡Y
D”P A¶vsk, A_©vr DËi †Mvjv‡a©i †`k¸wj‡Z kxZKv‡j †fRv AvenvIqv _vK‡e| wK ‘
ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvIqvi Kvi‡Y MÖx®§Kv‡j gvwU ïK‡bv n‡q hv‡e| ¯’vbxq f~wgi ‡ci †¶‡Î gvwUi
Av`ªZv ev Rjxqev®ú aviY ¶gZv K…wli Rb¨ AZ¨ — cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU welq| wK ‘ GL‡bv
©
ch© — Rjevqy g‡Wj¸wji mvnv‡h¨ gvwUi GB Av`ª©Zv‡K mwVKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv k³| G Kvi‡Y
GL‡bv ch© — mwVK K‡i ejv hv‡”Q bv †h, Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j gvwUi MÖx®§Kvjxb Av`ª©Zv
evo‡e bvwK Kg‡e|
O) Pigfvevcb AvenvIqvi we¯vi Ges `y h©vM : Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j AvenvIqvi
Pigfvevcb cÖeYZv¸wji we¯—vi NU‡e| we‡k¦i ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j Mig w`‡bi cwiwa I Zvc
cÖevn evo‡e| Av`ª© w`‡bi msL¨v Kg‡e, K‡g hv‡e kxZKv‡ji cwiwa| Rjevqy g‡Wjmg~n
Abyhvqx †ek wKQy A‡j Nb Nb AwZel©Y †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| Avi Ab¨w`‡K Av —tgnv‡`kxq
A‡j MÖx®§Kv‡j Livi cÖ‡Kvc e„w× cv‡e| GQvovI Ggb wKQy Z_¨ cÖgvY cvIqv †M‡Q hv †_‡K
Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q †h, wKQy GjvKvq cªej So-SvcUv I fvix e„wócv‡Zi m‡½ m‡½ mvB‡K¬vb ev
N~wY©S‡oi cÖ‡Kvc Av‡iv e„w× cv‡e|
18

19. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
P) Kwl e¨e¯v I Lv`¨ wbivcËv: we‡k¦i me RvqMvq Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZwµqv GKB iKg
n‡e bv| D”P A¶vsk A‡j kxZ FZzi cwiwa K‡g Avmv, K…wl Drcv`‡bi mgqmxgv e„w× Ges
km¨ Drcv`b e„w×i g‡Zv BwZevPK cÖwZwµqv †`L‡Z cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K †ewki fvM
K…wl AÂjmg~‡n mxwgZ Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b eRvq ivLvi †¶‡Î bvbvwea cÖwZK‚j cÖwZwµqvi
Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ mieiv‡n NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| K…wl †¶‡Î Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi m¤¢ve¨
cÖwZwµqvi wPÎ wb‡P Zz‡j aiv nj-
1. myweavcÖvß Ges Avk¼vRbK Kwl AÂj: MÖx®§gÛj Ges Gi cvk¦eZx© A‡j ZvccÖevn
e„w×, †g mygx evqyi aiY cwieZ©b Ges Abve„wó ev Livi Kvi‡Y K…wl Drcv`b K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K DËi KvbvWv I BD‡iv‡ci gZ kxZcÖavb A‡j MÖx®§ FZzi `xN©¯’vwqZ¡ G A‡ji
K…wl Drcv`b evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| D”P A¶vs‡ki Rjevqy AÂj¸wj‡Z cwieZ©b †ewk n‡Z
cv‡i| †Kbbv DËi I `w¶Y †gi“i wbKUeZx© AÂj¸wji Mo ZvcgvÎv wbi¶‡iLvi KvQvKvwQ
AÂj¸wji †P‡q †ewk n‡e e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q| ga¨8 A¶vs‡ki Rjevqy AÂj KZK¸wj
we‡kl dmj Drcv`‡bi AbyKzj| ZvB G A‡ji Rjevqy cv‡ë †M‡j Zv K…wl I Mevw` cïi
Drcv`b‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— Ki‡e|
2. ewócvZ I ZvcgvÎvi ai b cwieZ©b : AvenvIqv g‡Wj Abyhvqx cieZx© GK‡kv eQ‡ii
g‡a¨ wek¦ DòZv cÖvq 3 `kwgK 50 †mt e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ ev®úxfeb Ges evwife‡b cwieZ©b
NU‡e| B‡Zvg‡a¨B Liv cÖeY wKQy GjvKvq cÖPÛ ï®‹Zvi `xN© cvjv ïi“ n‡q †M‡Q| wKQy
GjvKv nq‡Zv Avevi Rjve×Zvq Avµv — n‡e, wKQy GjvKv gvwUi Av`ªZv nviv‡e| FZz
©
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ga¨ A¶vs‡ki gnv‡`kxq A‡j MÖx‡®§ gvwUi Av`ª©Zv K‡g hv‡e, Avevi D”P
A¶vsk A‡j kx‡Z †ewk K‡i e„wó Ges Zzlvi co‡e| Zv‡ci AvwaK¨ K…wl Drcv`‡b Mfxi
cÖfve †dj‡e| †hgb kxZKv‡ji `N¨© K‡g hvIqvq wKQy dmj DcK…Z n‡e, Avevi wKQy dmj
cvwb ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y D”P Zv‡c ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| GQvovI KxU cZ½ Ges †iv‡Mi we¯—v‡ii Kvi‡Y
km¨nvbxi Avk¼v e„w× cv‡e|
3. Gkxq Kwl ewk ó¨ cÖwZwµqv: Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y †bcvj, Pxb Ges f~Uv‡bi DPzu
gvjf~wg GjvKvi gZ Zzlviv”Qb GjvKvq MÖx®§ FZyi ¯’vwqZ¡ e„w× K…lK‡`i Rb¨ Avk©xev` e‡q
Avb‡e| wVK GB mg‡q km¨ Drcv`‡b ‰ewP‡Î¨i Afve Aí wKQy dm‡ji Dci †ewk Pvc Zix
Ki‡e| we‡klK‡i †hme AÂj GKwU gvÎ dm‡ji wbweo Pv‡li Ici †ewk wbf©ikxj †mme
A‡j SzwK †ewk e„w× cv‡e| ZvcgvÎvq cwieZ©b, cvwbP‡µ cwieZ©b, wngcv‡Zi ïi“ I
†k‡li mg‡q cwieZ©b cÖfw„ Z Kvi‡Y ‡ivM msµgY I KxU cZ‡½i we¯—vi NU‡e|
8
450 †_‡K 600 A¶vsk
19

20. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
mgy`-c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i d‡j evsjv‡`k, wgki, B‡›`v‡bwkqv Ges gvjØx‡ci gZ wbPz A‡ji
ª
†`k¸wj‡Z DcK‚jxq c-veb, jeY cvwbi AbycÖ‡ek Ges cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’vq RwUjZv e„w×
cv‡e|
4. Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨v mi wbtmiY ew× Ges ewa©Z Drcv`b: Kve©b WvB A·vB‡Wi
D”PgvÎv C3 type Dw™¢‡`i mv‡jvKms‡k-lY evwo‡q †`q Ges cÖ‡k¦`b NUvq| we‡k¦i
†ewkifvM `vbvkm¨ cÖRvwZ GB †kªYxi A f³| GB C3 type Dw™¢` †kªYx wek¦e¨vcx we‡kl
— ~
K‡i Av`ª© Ges kxZj cwi‡e‡ki we‡kl Dc‡hvMx| †ewkifvM dmj †hgb-Mg, avb, he,
K¨vkfv9 Ges Avjy‡K G †kªYxi ZvwjKvf~³ Kiv hvq| M‡elYv Øviv cÖgvwYZ †h Kve©b WvB-
A·vB‡Wi NbZ¡ wظY n‡j wm-3 UvBc dm‡ji djb 30 kZvsk ch© — e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|
Aek¨ ZvcgvÎv, e„wócvZ, gnvgvix, KxUcZ½ Ges cywói †hvMvb BZ¨vw`‡Z cwieZ©b GB djb
e„w×i nvi‡K Kgv‡Z ev evov‡Z cv‡i| fyÆv, AvL, †Rvqvi Ges eRivi gZ dmj‡K wm-4
UvB‡ci (C4 type) ‡kªYxf~³ Kiv nq, hv A‡bK Dbqbkxj †`‡ki AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨
Drcv`‡b Ges cï cvj‡bi Rb¨ LyeB ¸i“Z¡cY| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y PviYf~wgi
~ ©
Drcv`b K‡g hvIqvi d‡j Mevw` cïi `vg †e‡o hv‡e Ges G‡jv‡g‡jv K…wl e¨e¯’vi my‡hv‡M
k‡m¨i `vgI †e‡o hv‡e|
5. `wi`ª-f~wgnxb `i Lv`¨ wbivcËvi Ici cÖej Pvc: Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ LvcLvB‡q
†bqvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kivi ciI A‡bK †`k NvUwZ Drcv`b AwfÁZvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z cv‡i|
Liv cÖeYZv e„w× ev ﮋ eQ‡ii we¯—vi ¯’vbxq `wi`ª I wew”Qb f~wgnxb‡`i Lv`¨ wbivcËv‡K
bvbvfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— Ki‡e| evwYR¨ †¶‡Î wcwQ‡q _vKv, `~e©j AeKvVv‡gv, Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ ewÂZ
Ges ¯^k¯¿ msNvZ KewjZ `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi c‡¶ Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j K…wl‡Z m„ó
cÖwZwµqvi m‡½ Gu‡U DV‡Z cviv m¤¢e n‡&”Q bv| we‡k¦i `wi`ªZg GjvKv¸wj K…wl e¨e¯’vi Ici
wbf©ikxj _vKvi Kvi‡Y Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi gvivZ¥K Suwy Ki gy‡L i‡q‡Q|
Q) mgy`ªmgZj, gnvmvMi Ges DcKjxq GjvKv: DcK‚j †iLvi ewkó¨, mgy`ª †mªv‡Zi
cwieZ©b, †Rvqv‡ii cwieZ©b I f~wgi D”PZvi iKg‡d‡ii Kvi‡Y Ges ¯’vbxq I AvÂwjK
ewk‡ó¨i Ici mgy`ª c„‡ôi cwieZ©‡bi gvÎv, we¯—…wZ I MwZc_ wbf©i Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î gvby‡li
Kvh©KjvcI ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e| DcK‚jxq A‡j iv¯—vNvU, evwo-Ni, euva I Ab¨vb¨
AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i gy‡L DcK‚jxq A‡ji cÖwZ‡ekxK e¨e¯’vi
¯^vfvweK mvov`v‡bi ¶gZv‡K mxgve× ev cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9
MÖx®§ cÖavb †`‡ki we‡kl ai‡Yi Dw™¢`
20

21. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
1. mgy`-c ôi D PZv ew×: MZ GK‡kv eQ‡i wek¦e¨vcx mgy`-c„‡ôi D”PZv M‡o 10 †_‡K 25
ª ª
†mw›UwgUvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Rjevqy g‡Wjmg~‡n Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q 2001 mvj bvMv` mgy`ª-
c„‡ôi D”PZv Av‡iv 15 †_‡K 95 †mw›UwgUvi ch© — e„w× cv‡e| mgy‡`ªi cvwbùxwZi Rb¨
mgy‡`ªi cvwbi Zvcxq cÖmviY Ges wngevn I eidMjv cvwbi AwZ AvMgbB `vqx| MZ GK‡kv
eQ‡ii Zzjbvq mgy‡`ªi cvwbi `yB †_‡K cuvP¸Y †ewk e„w× NU‡e e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q| hv
AvMvgx cÖvq GK‡kv eQi a‡i mgy`ª-c„‡ôi D”PZv e„wׇK cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| mgy`ª-c„‡ôi D”PZv
e„w×i †cQ‡b ZvcgvÎv e„w×, cvwbi Zvcxq cÖmviY,mgy`ª †mªv‡Zi cwieZ©b, cwj Ae‡¶cY
BZ¨vw` A‡bK¸wj cÖvK…wZK kw³i f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| DcK‚jxq A‡j MwZkxj e¨e¯’v weivRgvb|
eb¨v, Pigfvevcb AvenvIqv, cwj fivU cÖwµqv, KvVv‡gvMZ I cÖvYxR cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v Ges
Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq cÖvK…wZK e¨e¯’vi m‡½ mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i wg_w¯ qv NU‡e|
2. DcKjxq AÂj I Øxcmg~ ni Ici cÖej Pvc: eZ©gvb mg‡q DcK‚jxq A‡j wbweo
Dbqb Kg©KvÛ MÖnY Kiv n‡jI mgy`ùxwZi Kvi‡Y DcK‚jxq AÂj I †QvU †QvU Øxc¸wj
ª
gvivZ¥K SuywKi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| mgy`ªùxwZi Kvi‡Y `~e©j A_©bxwZ I cwiKvVv‡gv m¤úb
Dbqbkxj †`k¸wj †hgb myMfxi SzwKi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb DbZ †`k¸wji DcK‚jeZx© wbPz
GjvKv¸wjI GB mgy`ª ùxwZi Kvi‡Y gvivZ¥K SzwKi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| mgy`ª-c„‡ôi eZ©gvb D”PZvi
gvÎ GK wgUvi cwigvY e„w× NU‡jB Di“¸‡qi cÖvq ïb¨ `kwgK cvuP kZvsk, †b`vij¨v‡Ûi cÖvq
6 kZvsk, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 17 `kwgK cvuP kZvsk Ges cÖevj MwVZ gvk©vj Øx‡ci cÖvq 80
kZvsk mgy‡`ª Wy‡e hv‡e| GQvov jeY cvwbi AvMÖvm‡b wgwó cvwbi ¸Y I gvb nvwi‡q hv‡e|
D”PgvÎvi mgy`ªùxwZ-R‡jv”Q¡vm, f~-K¤úb, N~wY©So cÖf„wZ Pigfvevcb cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv
e„w× Ki‡e| mvgyw`ªK R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi Ke‡j B‡Zvg‡a¨B cÖvq 4 †KvwU 60 jvL †jvK ¶wZMÖ¯—
n‡q‡Q, hv‡`i AwaKvskB Avevi Dbqbkxj †`‡ki Awaevmx| M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv
†M‡Q, mgy‡`ªi cvwbi ¯—i gvÎ 50 †mtwgt evo‡j AviI cÖvq 9 †KvwU 20 jvL gvbyl ¶wZMÖ¯—
n‡e, Avi GK wgUvi mgy`ªùxwZ NU‡j cÖvq GK‡kv AvVv‡iv ‡KvwU gvbyl ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e|
DcK‚jxq A‡j we‡k¦i cwieZ©bkxj I ewPΨgq cÖwZ‡ekxK e¨e¯’v †hgb,g¨vb‡MÖvf
ebvÂj,cÖevj cÖvPxi cÖfw„ Z i‡q‡Q| DcK‚jxq A‡ji ms‡e`bkxj wbPz e-Øxc mgf~wg, cÖevj
Øxc I cÖevj cÖvPximg~n e„wócvZ I So-SÅvi gvÎv e„w×i Kvi‡Y ¶wZMÖ¯— nIqvi m¤¢vebv
i‡q‡Q| mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i m‡½ Zvjwgwj‡q cÖevj mÂq `ª“ZZi n‡jI ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
Kvi‡Y cÖev‡ji e„w× I mÂq ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡Z cv‡i|
3. cÖavb A_© bwZK ¶Îmg~ n bwZevPK cÖwZwµqv : cÖavb cÖavb A_©‰bwZK †¶Îmg~n
mgy`ªùxwZi d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| DcK‚jxq AÂj K…wl,grm¨, RjR Rxe I Lv`¨ k‡m¨i GK eo
Avavi hv mgy`ªùxwZi d‡j SuywKi m¤§yLxb| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ †¶Î †hgb-ch©Ub, gvbe emwZ
Ges exgv e¨e¯’v ¶wZi Ke‡j co‡e| Avmb GB mgy`ª ùxwZ we‡k¦i wbgf~wg I c-veb
mgf~wgmg~n‡K c-vweZ Kivi cvkvcvwk Avwaevmx‡`i‡K DcK‚jxq AÂj I Øxcmg~‡ni emwZ
21

22. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
†_‡K m‡i †h‡Z eva¨ Ki‡e| Awfevmx‡`i ¯’vbv —‡ii d‡j mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i AwaKvix
†`k¸wj‡Z Lv`¨-evm¯’vb-Kg©ms¯’vbmn AeKvV‡gvMZ Ges gvbweK I ¯^v¯’¨MZ bvbv m¼‡Ui
m‡½ eû bZzb ai‡bi m¼‡Ui Rb¥ †`‡e|
4. mgy`ª Ges Gi B Kvwm ÷g: Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j mvM‡ii cÖwZ‡ekxK e¨e¯’vI
(B‡Kvwm‡÷g) cÖfvweZ n‡e| ZvQvov Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y ‡h‡Z mvM‡i R‡g _vKv eid
AveiY ¶‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| MZ wek eQ‡ii g‡a¨ AvK©wU‡K 14 kZvsk Ges 1950 †_‡K 1970
mv‡ji g‡a¨ G›UvK©wUKvi 25 kZvsk eid AveiY ¶q cÖvß n‡q‡Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y
mgy`ª‡mªv‡Zi aib, cvwbi Dj¤^ wgkªY Ges Zi‡½i aibI cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| GB
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Re Drcv`bkxjZv, cÖwZ‡ek KvVv‡gvq cywói ch©vß †hvMvb I mvgyw`&ªK
cÖwZ‡ek e¨e¯’vi Kvh©KvixZvI cÖfvweZ n‡e e‡j g‡b nq| ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y †Kvb
A‡ji cÖPwjZ Rxe-‰ewPΨ †f ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb cv‡ë Ab¨ †Kv_vI ¯’vbv —i n‡Z cv‡i|
we‡kl K‡i D”P-A¶vsk GjvKv¸wj †hLv‡b cÖRvwZ¸wji †e‡o IVvi mgq e„w× cv‡e (Av‡jv I
cywói †RvMvb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e a‡i wb‡q) e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q †mLv‡b Rxe cÖRvwZi
‡f ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| mgy‡`ªi cÖwZ‡ek e¨e¯’vq c-v¼U‡bi ¸i“Z¡
Acwimxg| mgy‡`ª mwÂZ Kve©b‡K mgy‡`ªi Dcwifv‡Mi cvwbi mv‡jvK-ms‡k-lx c-v¼Ub I
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †L‡q †d‡j| ZvB ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Kvi‡Y mvgyw`ªK c-v¼U‡bi Kv‡R †Kvb cwieZ©b
NU‡j Zv Kve©b we‡kvab I m‡q cÖwZwµqv Zix Ki‡e| Gi cÖfve Rjevqy e¨e¯’vq cybt
cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Rjevqy cwieZ©b‡K cÖkwgZ ev MwZkxj †h †KvbwU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wgwó cvwbi A —tcÖevn I cvwbi Avav‡ii AvKv‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj DcK‚jxq A‡ji wgwó cvwb
mieivn Kg-†ewk SuywKi gy‡L co‡e| cwj Ae‡¶c‡Yi nvi ¯’vbxq mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i
†P‡q Kg n‡e, bv †ewk n‡e Zvi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Q †jvbv Rjvf~wg I g¨vb‡MÖvf ebv‡ji wU‡K
_vKv| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI cwj mÂqb mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i nv‡ii †P‡q †ewk n‡e| cwj
mg„× AÂj¸wj‡Z †hgb-A‡÷ªwjqvq, GgbwU NU‡e| Avi †Kv_vI kw³kvjx mvgyw`ªK †mªvZ
Ae‡¶wcZ cwj‡K Qwo‡q wQwU‡q †`‡e| d‡j Gme A‡j kw³kvjx mvgyw`ªK †mªv‡Zi Kvi‡Y
cwj mÂq Kg n‡e| K¨vwiweq A‡j GgbwU †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|
R) Rb¯^v¯¨ I RbemwZ: Rjevqy cwieZ©b gvbe ¯^v¯’¨ I RbemwZmg~‡ni Ici `xN©‡gqv`x
cÖfve †djvi Avk¼v i‡q‡Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v e„w× cv‡e| Rb¯^v¯’¨ g~jZ
wbf©i K‡i chv©ß Lv`¨, wbivc` cvwb, wbivc` evm¯’vb, fvj mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, h‡_vchy³
cwi‡ek Ges msµvgK †ivM wbq ¿‡Y DbZ mvgvwRK web¨vm ev m‡PZbZvi Ici| ZvB
Pigfvevcb AvenvIqvi ZxeªZv e„w× ev `xN© ¯’vwqZ¡ gvbe ¯^v‡¯’¨i cÖwZ eo ai‡bi ûgwK Zix
Ki‡e| Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ cÖwZwµqv, †hgb-ZvccÖevn, eb¨v, So I Livi g‡Zv
`y‡h©vM¸wji Kvi‡Y g„Zz¨, Amy¯’Zv, `~wf©¶, †`kv —imn †iv‡Mi e¨vcK cÖv`yf©ve I mvgvwRK
Aw¯’iZv Zix n‡Z cv‡i| weÁvbxiv Abygvb Ki‡Qb †h, wKQy wKQy GjvKv AwZ eb¨v ev Livq
22

23. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
Avµv — n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov DcK‚jxq GjvKvi myi¶v e¨e¯’vi h_vh_ Dbqb Kiv bv n‡j mgy`ª
mgZ‡ji D”PZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y mvgyw`ªK c-veb gvivZ¥K ch©v‡q †c Q‡e|
u y
1. iv Mi cÖv`~fve: Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ cÖwZwµqv, †hgb-Zvc cÖevn, eb¨v, So Ges Livi
©
g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M¸wji Kvi‡Y g„Zz¨, Amy¯’Zv, `ywf©¶, †`kv —ix nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ wewfb
†iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve Ges mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv ‰Zwi n‡Z cv‡i| weÁvbxiv Abygvb Ki‡Qb †h, wKQy
wKQy GjvKv AwZeb¨v ev AwZ Livi Ke‡j co‡e| KxUcZ½ Ges wewfb †iv‡Mi evnK bZzb
bZzb GjvKvq Qwo‡q co‡e| GQvov KxUcZ½ I Ab¨vb¨ gva¨‡g evwnZ n‡q bZzb bZzb
GjvKvq †iv‡Mi we¯—vi NU‡Z cv‡i|
2. cvwb m¤ú` I cqtwb® vkb e¨e¯vi Dci cvwb mieiv n NvUwZi cÖfve: cqtwb®‹vkb,†mPmn
wewfb Kv‡R cÖ‡qvRbxq I cv‡bvc‡hvMx cvwbi mieivn evavMÖ¯— n‡e-hv AvÂwjK cvwb
e¨e¯’vcbvi m¶gZv Kwg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| Avevi mivmwi D‡ËvwjZ I mieivnK…Z cvwb‡Z
e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ gvB‡µv-AM©vwbRg Gi cwigvY e„w× ‡c‡Z cv‡i| weï× cvwbi NvUwZ
gvbyl‡K b`xi cvwbi gZ `~wlZ cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i _v‡K| hvi d‡j Wvqwiqv RvZxq
cvwbevwnZ †iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv e„w× cv‡e| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Liv cÖeYZv e„w×, cvwb
NvUwZ I cqtwb®‹vkb e¨e¯’vi Av‡iv AebwZ NU‡e| GQvov Lv`¨ NvUwZi d‡j Acywó I ¶zavi
gZ ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v `xN©vwqZ n‡e| cqtwb®‹vkb AwZwi³ cvwbi wb®‹vkb I AveR©bv wb®‹vkb
e¨e¯’v¸wji mg qnxbZv ¯^v¯’¨MZ mgm¨v e„w× Ki‡e|
^
3. MvwjK wefvRb Ges iv Mi we¯vi: D”P A¶vsk Ges `ªvwNgvsk GjvKv¸wj‡Z gkv,
ciRxex KxU Ges Bu`yi RvZxq (Zx¶è `uvZ wewkó ¶z`ª cÖvYx) Rx‡ei we¯—vi NU‡e| eZ©gv‡b wek¦
RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 45 kZvsk gvbyl g¨v‡jwiqv cÖeY A‡j emevm K‡i _v‡Kb| Rjevqy g‡Wj
Abyhvqx A¶vsk Ges `ªvwNgv‡iLvi cÖv xq GjvKv¸wj‡Z †ivM cÖev‡ni ai‡b weivU cwieZ©b
—
Avm‡e| GB AÂj¸wj eZ©gv‡b g¨v‡jwiqv Avk¼vMÖ¯— AÂj| Avi GB cÖv —eZ©x A‡j DbZ
†ivM cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’vI M‡o I‡Vwb| ‡g mygx Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †g mygx ‡ivMe¨vaxmn
Ab¨vb¨ †ivMmsµgY Ges gkvevwnZ (†W½y, njy` R¡i cÖf„wZ) I ciRxex KxU evwnZ (†jBg
wWwRR BZ¨vw`) eû ai‡bi †iv‡Mi we¯—vi NU‡e| Rjevqy cwieZ©b Øviv cÖ‡ivwPZ m¤¢ve¨ ¯^v¯’¨
mgm¨vi (†hgb- GjvR©x Ges k¦vm msµv — †ivMe¨vax cÖfw„ Z) ZvwjKv Av‡iv j¤^v n‡e| GKB
mg‡q `~lYKvix wewfb c`v‡_©i cÖfv‡e mvgyw`ªK Lv`¨I gvivZ¥K Suwy Ki g‡a¨ co‡e|
4. SuywKc~Y© gvbe emwZ: †h me gvbe emwZ evwYwR¨K grm¨ AvniY, cÖPwjZ K…wl e¨e¯’v I
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dr‡mi Ici †ewk wbf©ikxj †m me emwZ Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ
cÖwZwµqvq †ewk SuywKi gy‡L i‡q‡Q| GQvovI wbPy AÂj I e-Øxcmg~n, DcK‚jeZx© eo
kni¸wj, eb¨v c-veb f~wg‡Z M‡o IVv ¶z`ª ¶z`ª emwZ, cvnvwo GjvKv, ebv‡j M‡o IVv gvbe
23

24. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
emwZ (hv wKbv `vevb‡ji ûgwK‡Z co‡Z cv‡i) Ges cwi‡ek Ae¶‡q Avµv — gvbe
emwZmg~n Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Suwy Ki gy‡L i‡q‡Q| Avi Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ
cÖwZwµqv¸wji me©‡¶‡ÎB `wi`ªZg Rb‡Mvôx me‡P‡q †ewk gvÎvq ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e|
mgy`ª DcK‚jeZx© A‡bK A‡j eûwea Dbqb N‡U‡Q | Gme DcK‚jeZx© A‡j RbmewZ,
wkí-e›`i I eûgyLx AeKvVv‡gv M‡o ‡Zvjv n‡q‡Q| wK ‘ mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×, N~wY©So,
eb¨v cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi gy‡L c‡o NbemwZc~Y© A‡bK DcK‚jxq GjvKv, Dbqbkxj
†`k¸wji mgy`ªZxieZx© AÂj I ¶z`ª Øxc¸wj †_‡K gvbyl †`‡ki wfZ‡ii w`‡K m‡i †h‡Z
cv‡i-hv H me †`‡ki AeKvVv‡gvi Ici evowZ Pvc Zix Ki‡e|
S) RjevqyRwbZ `y h©vM Ges AvenvIqvi PigfvevcbZv
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y ZvccÖevn, ZzlvicvZ, eb¨v, Liv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Pigfvevcb
cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i| gvbe Rxeb I we‡k¦i cÖwZ‡ek e¨e¯’vi Ici Rjevqyi cÖfve‡K
MÖvn¨ bv K‡iB ¯^vfvweK ev c~eeZx© Ae¯’v †_‡K Rjevqyi e¨vcK I my¯úó cwieZ©b‡KB
©
Rjevqyi Pigfvevcb Ae¯’v ejv n‡q _v‡K| Avi Rjevqyi Pigfvevcb Ae¯’v hLb gvby‡li
¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvÎvq gvivZ¥K cÖfve †d‡j ZLb Zv‡K RjevqyRwbZ `y‡h©vM ejv nq|
evqygÛ‡ji evB‡ii kw³, †hgb-Av‡MqwMwii AM~rcvZ ev m~h© kw³i ZviZ‡g¨i m‡½ m‡½
Rjevqyi Dcv`vbmn mgy`ª, RxegÛj, eid AveiY, f~-Z¡K cÖf„wZiI cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i|
Gj wb‡bv `wLYv Av‡jvob Gi cÖfv‡e Gme GjvKvq Af¨ ixb wg_w¯qvi MwZI e„w× cv‡e|
—
1. Aiw¶Z gvbeRxeb Ges Pigfvevcb Rjevqy I `~ h©vM: we‡k¦i wKQy As‡k Rjevqyi
AvKw®§K `yNUbv GZ Nb Nb N‡U †h G¸‡jv GKUv ¯^vfvweK wbqg e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Avi
©
wMÖbnvDm M¨vm GB Rjevqy cwieZ©b‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i-hv Rjevqyi PigfvevcbZv I `y‡h©vM G
`y‡UviB ZxeªZv, cÖmviZv I PwiÎ cv‡ë †`q| we‡k¦i en As‡ki RbMY cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Aiw¶Z
I cÖvw —K A‡j emevm Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb| GQvovI †ewk SuywKcÖeY Rjevqy A‡j g~j¨evb
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Avavi M‡o D‡V‡Q-hv Rjevqyi Lvg‡Lqvwjcbvq evievi ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡q
Avm‡Q| 1995 mv‡ji MÖx‡®§ hy³iv‡óªi ga¨-cwðgv‡j Ges fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k `ve`vn
AvNvZ nv‡b| Ryb gv‡mi ZvcgvÎv 500 †mjwmqv‡miI †ewk n‡q DËi fvi‡Z cuvP‡kvi †ewk
Ges hy³iv‡óª mvZ‡kvi †ewk gvby‡li g„Zz¨i KviY nq| DËi Avwd«Kvi ‡mvnvBj A‡j 1970
n‡Z bq eQie¨vcx evwl©K e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY GB kZvãxi cÖ_g mvZ `kK A‡c¶v cÖvq 20
kZvsk K‡g †h‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| hv H A‡ji ¯^vfvweK cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Avavi¸wj‡K
gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— K‡i|
2. Pigfvevcb Rjevqyi we¯vi Ges `y h©v Mi MwZew×: Rjevqyi Mo ev ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi
†Kvb i`e`j NU‡j Zv Aek¤¢vexi ‡c `y‡h©v‡Mi Pigve¯’vi ZxeªZv‡K e„w× Ki‡e| mvaviYfv‡e
24

25. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
ejv hvq †h, Zvc cÖevn e„w×i d‡j wngKYvi cZb ev ZzlvicvZ K‡g hv‡e Ges AwZwi³
e„wócv‡Zi d‡j wKQy wKQy GjvKv eb¨vq c-vweZ n‡e| MÖx®§gÛjxq A‡j mgy‡`ªi ZvcgvÎv
e„w×i d‡j MÖx®§Kvjxb N~wY©So (mvB‡K¬vb) Gi gvÎv I ZxeªZv e„w× cvIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
GQvovI Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Ab¨vb¨ welq †hgb-evqy cÖevn I S‡oi MwZc‡_ cwieZ©b
Avm‡e| Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y Avmb Gme AwbwðZ cwiw¯’wZ h‡_ó gb‡hv‡Mi `vex
iv‡L|
T) Rxe- ewPΨ Ges cÖwZ ek e¨e¯v: Rjevqyi `ª“Z cwieZ©‡bi d‡j cÖvK…wZK-A_©‰bwZK
Ges mvgvwRK m¤ú`mg~n ûgwKMÖ¯— n‡q c‡o‡Q| `ª“Z Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j cÖwZ‡ekxK
e¨e¯’vi †f ‡MvwjK wefvRb I mg ^q cv‡ë †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-‡Kvb ‡Kvb we‡kl cÖRvwZi
Dw™¢` ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb ‡f ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡k P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| GKB mg‡q Rjevqy
cwieZ©b, e„¶wbab Ges Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡ekMZ Pv‡ci mwb¥wjZ cÖfv‡e wewfb A‡ji Awaevmxiv
wew”Qb Ges cÖvw —K Rb‡Mvôx‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| GB cwiewZ©Z Rjevqy cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ AwZ `ª“Z
Lvc LvIqv‡Z bv †c‡i wewfb cÖRvwZ wecb, GgbwK wejyßI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
1. ebvÂj I gi f~wgi cÖwZ ek e¨e¯v: ebvÂj Ges gi“f~wgi cÖwZ‡ek KvVv‡gv Rjevqy
e¨e¯’vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| GUv Kve©‡bi GK eo Avavi| we‡k¦i mg¯— Kve©‡bi 80 kZvsk
Rgv n‡q Av‡Q MvQ-cvjvi g‡a¨ Ges Avi GB Kve©‡bi cÖvq 40 kZvsk gvwUi ¯’vqx Avav‡i
_v‡K| f~-ZvcgvÎv, ev¯úxfeb, fywgi eÜziZv, †gN MVb Ges ¯’vbxq, AvÂwjK I gnv‡`kxq
e„wócv‡Zi wcQ‡b ebvÂj ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L _v‡K| ch©‡e¶Y, cix¶v-wbix¶v I Rjevqy
g‡Wj¸wj †_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q †h, we‡k¦i Mo ZvcgvÎv gvÎ GK wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm e„w×i d‡j
ebv‡ji Kvh©KvixZv I mg ^q e¨nZ n‡e| Dòvq‡bi d‡j Ab¨vb¨ `y‡f©vM †hgb-KxU-cZ½
evwnZ †ivM msµgY Ges `vevb‡ji cÖ‡Kvc e„w× cv‡e| wbi¶xq A‡ji †P‡q D”P A¶vs‡k
ZvcgvÎvi e„w× †ewk nIqvq MÖx®§gÛjxq I bvwZkx‡ZvògÛ‡ji ebv‡ji †P‡q ‡evwiqvj
AiY¨mg~n †ewk SuywKi g‡a¨ co‡e| GQvovI we`¨gvb ebv‡j wewfb cÖRvwZi mg ^q KvVv‡gv
cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j cÖRvwZ¸wji byZb mg q NU‡e Ges bZzb cÖwZ‡ekxK e¨e¯’v
^
cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖRvwZ¸wji g‡a¨ Ges B‡Kvwm‡÷‡g wek¦ Dòvq‡bi cÖwZwµqv
cÖKvwkZ n‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| gi“f~wg Ges ﮋ I cÖvq ﮋ A‡ji cÖwZ‡ek e¨e¯’v m¤¢eZ Av‡iv
Pi‡g †cu Qv‡e| wKQy e¨wZµg Qvov gi“f~wg cÖPÛ Mig n‡e, wK ‘ Av`ª©Zv _vK‡e bv| eZ©gv‡b
Zvc mn¨mxgvq we`¨gvb AY~Rxe¸wj D”P Zv‡ci d‡j ûgwKMÖ¯— n‡q co‡e|
2. Rjvf~wgi cÖwZ ek e¨e¯v: c-veb f~wg, b`x ev n«‡`i †h Ask eQ‡i wKQyKvj cvwb‡Z Wy‡e
_v‡K †m¸wj Ges m¨uvZ‡mu‡Z RjKv`vgq wbPy f~wg I mgy‡`ªi wbqwgZ †Rvqv‡i Wy‡e hvIqv
DcK‚jxq GjvKvi Ask we‡kl- Gme wKQyB Rjvf~wgi A —M©Z| c„w_exi †gvU f~-fv‡Mi cÖvq
`k kZvsk Ry‡o i‡q‡Q Rjvf~wg, hvi g‡a¨ 2 kZvsk n‡”Q n«`, 30 kZvsk n‡”Q K`©gv³
25

26. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
m¨vZ‡m‡Z Rjvf~wg, 26 kZvsk n‡”Q wej, 20 kZvsk n‡”Q RjgM wbPz Rwg, Ges 15 kZvsk
n‡”Q c-veb f~wg| GQvovI cÖvq `yB †KvwU 40 jvL †n±i Ry‡o i‡q‡Q jeYv³ Dw™¢‡`i
g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂj Ges cÖvq 6 †KvwU †n±i Ry‡o i‡q‡Q cÖevj cÖvPxi| Rjvf~wgi cwiwa g~jZ
cvwbi ¯—‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| ZvB cvwb mieiv‡ni †¶‡Î Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve co‡j
Rjvf~wgi cÖKw… Z I Kvh©KvixZv m‡e©v”P gvÎvq cÖfvweZ n‡e| Gi d‡j Rjvf~wgi Dw™¢` I Rxe
cÖRvwZmg~n ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| GgbwK wek¦e¨vcx Rjvf~wgi †f ‡MvwjK eÈbI cv‡ë †h‡Z cv‡i|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ZvcgvÎv e„w×i cÖwZwµqvmn e„wócv‡Zi aiY e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i I
mgy`ª c„‡ôi ùxwZ NU‡Z cv‡i| Gi mewKQyB Rjvf~wgi Ae¯’vb I Kvh©KvixZv‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡e| Ab¨fv‡e, A_©vr cvwbP‡µi cÖKw…Z‡Z e`j n‡jI Rjvf~wg ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡Z cv‡i|
cvwbP‡µi cªwµqv¸wji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q evwifeb, ev®úxfeb, cwiPjb, cvwb k~b¨Zv, f~-Mf©¯’
cvwbi ¶qc~iY I cvwb cÖevn cÖf„wZ| GB cwieZ©b GKB m‡½ f~-Mf©¯’ I f~-Dcwiw¯’Z cvwb
e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwµqv Zix Ki‡e Ges Af¨ —ifv‡Mi cvwb mieivn, †mP, Rjwe`y¨r Drcv`b,
wkí KviLvbvq e¨envi, †b ‡hvMv‡hvM, cvwb wfwËK ch©Ub cªf„wZ‡Z cÖfve †dj‡e| cvwb
Mwo‡q hvIqvi ai‡b ev cvwb cÖev‡n (run off) I cvwb ¯—‡i cwieZ©b NU‡j Zv Af¨ —
ifv‡Mi Rjvf~wg‡Z eo ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡e| e„wócvZ K‡g hvIqvq ﮋ I Aa©-ﮋ
GjvKv¸wj †ewk SuywKc~Y© n‡e| e„wócv‡Z NvUwZ RjvGjvKvq A¯^vfvweK cwieZ©b †W‡K
Avb‡e|
‰ewk¦K Dòvqb n«` I b`xi cvwbi ZvcgvÎv‡KI e„w× Ki‡e| Gi d‡j †ek wKQy eo ai‡bi
cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i, †hgb-D”P A¶vsk (†gi“ cÖ‡`‡ki wbKUeZ©x) GjvKvq RweK Drcv`b
e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i Ges wbg A¶vsk GjvKvq kxZj I kxZj cvwbi cÖRvwZi cÖvYx‡`i wePiY
f~wgi m‡e©v”P we¯—vi NU‡e| `yjf I ûgwKMÖ¯— Dw™¢` I cÖvYx cÖRvwZ¸wj weKí Avevm¯’‡ji
©
Afv‡e AvenvIqvi mvgvb¨ cwieZ©‡bB ms‡e`bkxj n‡q co‡e| DòZve„w× QvovI So-SÂvi
cÖ‡Kvce„w× cvIqvq wewfb ¯—‡ii Rjvk‡qi cvi¯úwiK wgkªY e„w× cv‡e| GQvovI N~wY©So ev
mvB‡K¬vb grm¨ cÖRvwZ¸wji eo ai‡Yi a sm †W‡K Avb‡e| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Abylm½
wn‡m‡e mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi Kvi‡Y †ejvf~wg I gv‡Qi Avevm¯’j µ‡g a sm
n‡q hv‡e| b`xi †gvnbv I wgwó cvwb cÖev‡n jeYv³Zv e„w× cv‡e, b`x I mvM‡i †Rvqv‡ii
mxgv cv‡ë hv‡e, cwj Ae‡¶cY I Re cywó mieiv‡n cwieZ©b Avm‡e, DcK‚jxq c-veb e„w×
cv‡e Ges Gme wKQy wgwjZfv‡e DcK‚jxq Rjvf~wgi Aw¯—Z¡‡K wecb K‡i Zzj‡e|
3. PviYf~wgi Drcv`b n«vm: Z…bf~wg¸wj we‡k¦i M„ncvwjZ cïi cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`¨i cÖvq 50
kZvs‡ki †RvMvb †`q | eb¨cÖvYxivI Z…Yf~wg †_‡K Lv`¨ AvniY K‡i euv‡P| ZvcgvÎv Ges
evwicv‡Zi aib e`‡j Livi Kvi‡Y Z…Yf~wg, ¸j¥-‡Svc Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡ekxK KvVv‡gvi
AvKvi e`‡j hv‡e ev G¸wj bZzb i“c aviY Ki‡e| Gi d‡j K…wl, ch©Ub, cvwbkw³, KvV
26

27. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
AvniY Ges Ab¨vb¨ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvcmg~nI ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| A‡bK Dbqbkxj †`‡ki
Avw`evmx‡`i Lv`¨ Ges R¡vjvwb e¨e¯’vq a m bvg‡e| Dò A‡j ev¯úxq wbM©gb P‡µ
cwieZ©b wewfb cÖRvwZi cÖRbb Ges wgkª‡Yi Dci Mfxi cÖfve †dj‡e|
4. gi AÂ ji m ¼vPb: we‡k¦i ‡gvU my‡cq cvwbi cÖvq 80 kZvs‡ki g‡Zv i‡q‡Q DËi I
`w¶Y †gi“ cÖ‡`k `ywU‡Z| GB †gi“ AÂj‡K wN‡i Av‡Q we‡k¦i mgMÖ Zzlvi, eid, Ges f~-
Mf©¯’ wPiwngvwqZ AÂj| wngvwqZ cvwb Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi †¶‡Î LyeB ms‡e`bkxj| Rjevqy
g‡Wj¸wji g‡Z cieZ©x GK‡kv eQ‡i cvnvox wngev‡ni cwiwa GK-Z…Zxqvsk †_‡K A‡a©K
cwigvY K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| GUv cvjvµ‡g cvk¦eZ©x cÖwZ‡ek KvVv‡gv Ges Rb‡Mvôx‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡e| GQvovI b`xi †g mygx cÖevn Ges cvwb mieiv‡ni Dci cÖwZwµqv Zix n‡e, hv
ch©vqµ‡g cvwbkw³ Ges K…wl‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| A‡bK DuPz cvnvox AÂj Ges †gi“ A‡ji
gvbwP‡Î bvUKxq cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i| Zzlvi ¯—yc M‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡Y we`¨gvb AeKvVv‡gv
e¨e¯’v G‡jv‡g‡jv n‡q co‡Z cv‡i Ges `ªexf~Z AwZwi³ Kve©b I wg‡_b evqygÛ‡j Aegy³
n‡q co‡e|
U) AeKvVv gv, wkí-KviLvbv I e¯MZ m¤ú`
Rjevqy cwieZ©b gvbe emwZ Ges gvby‡li †f Z e¯‘MZ m¤ú‡`i Dci eo ai‡bi cÖfve
†dj‡e| wKQy ¸i“Z¡cY© AeKvVv‡gvi Ici GB cÖfve †ewk n‡e| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wkí
~
c-v›U, kw³ Drcv`b I eȇbi miÄvg, iv¯—v NvU, e›`i Ges Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM myweavmn
AvevwmK I evwYwR¨K m¤úwË Ges DcK‚jxq euva BZ¨vw`|
1. wkí Lv Z cÖfve: Rjevqyi PigfvevcbZv †hgb - S‡oi AvNvZ, eb¨v, ¯’vbxqfv‡e cÖPÛ
e„wócv‡Zi `i“Y f~wga m, `ª“Z Zzlvi weMjb, DògÛjxq N~wY©So Ges n¨vwi‡Kb A_ev GgbwK
Livi Kvi‡Y ebvÂj ev †SvcSv‡oi cy‡o hvIqv eZ©gvb Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi Dci Mfxi cÖfve
‡dj‡e| Gi d‡j wkí, kw³ Ges †hvMv‡hvM AeKvVv‡gv¸wj `ye©j n‡q co‡e| cÖej Ges Nb
Nb evwicv‡Zi ZxeªZv kû‡i eb¨v †W‡K Avb‡e| K…wl-wkí Ges Rjwe`y¨r Zix, ev‡qvgvm
Drcv`b Ges †hvMv‡hvM m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©KjvcI `ye©j n‡q co‡e| GB Ae¯’v
DcK‚jxq A‡j Av‡iv Zxeªfv‡e †`Lv †`‡e|
2. wkí I A_©bxwZi Ici c iv¶ cÖfve: A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖwZwU †¶Î ci¯úi Av —
tm¤úwK©Z nIqvq GKwU ‡¶‡Î cÖfve co‡j Zv mgMÖ A_©bxwZ, wkí, kw³ Ges †hvMv‡hvM
e¨e¯’v‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| K…wl, wkí Ges ev‡qvgvm Drcv`‡bi †¶Î¸wj Rjevqy
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j A_©‰bwZK Ab¨vb¨ †¶Î¸wj Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡e| Gi d‡j †gvUvgywU A‡bK¸wj
wfb wfb cÖfv‡ei mg ^q NU‡e Ges G¸wj Ab¨vb¨ A_©‰bwZK †¶Î‡KI `ye©j Ki‡Z cv‡i| G
QvovI MÖvgv‡j cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Drmmg~n µgvMZ ¶qcÖvß nIqvi Kvi‡Y MÖvg †_‡K kn‡i
27

28. Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete
Awfevmb eû¸Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Dbqbkxj †`k¸wj‡Z GB Awfevm‡bi nvi A‡bK
†ewk| cÖwZ eQi km¨nvbx, ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q eb¨v Ges Livq me©¯^v — n‡q Kv‡Ri †Luv‡R gvbyl `‡j
`‡j kn‡ii w`‡K Qy‡U hv‡”Q| GB bZzb DØv¯‘iv kn‡ii evm¯’vb,cvbxq Rj,Lv`¨ I ¯^v¯’¨
e¨e¯’vi Ici evowZ Pvc ‰Zwi Ki‡Q|
V) cvwb m¤ú`: Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j evwifeb I ev®úxfeb `y‡UvB e„w× cv‡e| e„wócv‡Zi
ai‡b GB cwieZ©b B‡Zvg‡a¨B cvwb mieivn‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| DËi †Mvjv‡a©i D”P I ga¨
A¶‡iLv A‡j e„wó I ZzlvicvZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Dfq †Mvjv‡a©i wbi¶xq I Dc-
wbi¶xq AÂj¸wj‡Z e„wócvZ K‡g †M‡Q|
1. evwife b cÖwZwµqv Ges ky® Rjevqy: evwicv‡Z cwieZ©b NU‡j g„wËKv ﮋ n‡q hvq| hvi
d‡j Dw™¢` RM‡Z cÖwZwµqv N‡U-hv cÖ‡¯^`b I ev®úxq cÖwZdjb Ges †gN m„wó‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i| GwU Avevi evwife‡b cÖwZwµqv ‰Zix K‡i| Rjevqy ev e„wócv‡Zi cwieZ©b QvovI cvwb
P‡µi e¨e¯’vcbv gvby‡li Kvh©Kjv‡ci (†hgb-eb DRvo, bMivqb I cvwbi AwZ e¨envi
BZ¨vw`) Kvi‡YI cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| evwife‡b cwieZ©b NU‡j Zv me©‡gvU Rjw¯’wZi Ici
cÖfve †dj‡e| †ewki fvM Rjevqy g‡W‡j mvaviYfv‡e AwZ el©‡Yi cÖeYZv e„w×i m¤¢vebv‡KB
cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j eb¨v e„w× cv‡e, wK ‘ gvwU PuB‡q cvwbi
z
f~M‡f© cÖ‡e‡ki m¶gZv K‡g hv‡e| FZz cwieZ©‡bi aib cv‡ë hvIqvi d‡j f~-M‡f© I f~-
Dcwiw¯’Z Dfq cÖKvi cvwb mieivn e¨e¯’vi AvÂwjK wefvR‡b cÖwZwµqv NU‡e| GKKfv‡e
ZvcgvÎv I evwife‡b mvgvb¨ cwieZ©bI RjcÖev‡n eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i| e„wócvZ
K‡g hvIqvi d‡j ﮋ I Aav-ﮋ AÂj¸wji Ae¯’v Av‡iv bvRyK n‡q co‡e Ges ev¯úxfeb
I Dw™¢‡`i cÖ‡k¦`b e„w× cv‡e| GQvovI ZzlvicvZ K‡g hvIqv Ges RgvU Zzlvi I wngev‡ni
eid M‡j hvIqvi NUbv cvwb cÖev‡n cÖwZwµqv m„wó Ki‡e| we‡kl K‡i em — I MÖx‡®§ hLb
wPivPwiZfv‡e Rjwe`y¨r I K…wl †m‡Pi Rb¨ cvwb cÖev‡ni †ewk cÖ‡qvRb nq †mB mgq cvwb
cÖevn K‡g hvIqvi NUbv eo ai‡bi cÖwZwµqv Zix Ki‡e| Rjevqy g‡W‡ji me¸wj †_‡K
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, DËi ‡Mvjv‡a©i D”P A¶vsk GjvKvq gvwUi Av`ª©Zv kxZKv‡j †ewk e„w× cv‡e
Ges ga¨ A¶vsk GjvKvq MÖx®§Kv‡j gvwUi Av`ª©Zv n«vm cv‡e| GB Abygvb DËi Av‡gwiKvi
†P‡q BD‡iv‡ci m‡½ †ewk m½wZc~Y© n‡e|
2. cvwb cÖevn ew×i cÖwZwµqv: RjcÖevn I ev®úxfe‡bi cwiewZ©Z aib cÖvK…wZK Re Pµ‡K
¶wZMÖ¯— Ki‡e| cvwbi ¯—i e„w× I eb¨v‡ji cwieZ©‡bi d‡j wgwó cvwbi cÖwZ‡ekxK KvVv‡gv
cÖfvweZ n‡e| cvwbi ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©b Ges wgwó cvwbi Zvcxq KvVv‡gvq cwieZ©‡bi d‡j
A‡bK cÖvYx¯^Z¡vi e„w× I Aw¯—Z¡ ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e| GQvovI we`¨gvb cÖwZ‡ek e¨e¯’vi
Drcv`b¶gZv I Rxe-‰ewPΨ ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| f~-Mf©¯’ cvwb Mwo‡q hvIqvi aib I cvwb
cÖevnmn e„wócv‡Z cwieZ©b mivmwi n«` I RjcÖev‡ni cywó gv‡b cÖfve †dj‡e Ges Aw·‡Rb
28