Gramatica inglesa

PRESENTE SIMPLE
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I go I don't go Do I go ?
You go You don't go Do you go ?
He goes He doesn't go Does he go ?
She goes She doesn't go Does she go ?
It goes It doesn't go Does it go ?
We go We don't go Do we go ?
You go You don't go Do you go ?
They go They don't go Do they go ?

Affirmative subject + 1 > "s" (he, she, it)
I go to New York - Voy a New York
He goes to New York - El va a New York
Negative subject + don't / doesn't + 1
I don't go to New York - No voy a New York
He doesn't go to New York - El no va a New York
Interrogative Do / Does + subject + 1 ?
Do I go to New York ? - ¿Voy a New York ?
Does he go to New York ? - ¿Va él a New York ?

usos del presente simple

Acciones habituales (estilos de vida, hábitos, rutina diaria).

Lucas gets up at 9:00 am. Lucas se levanta a las nueve.
Paul and I do a lot of things every day. Paul y yo hacemos muchas cosas a diario.

Hechos o verdades generales.

The sun sets in the west. El sol se pone por el oeste.
The Earth goes around the sun. La Tierra gira alrededor del sol.

Situaciones permanentes.

Maria lives in Buenos Aires. María vive en Buenos Aires.
It costs a lot of money to stay at the Hilton. Cuesta mucho dinero alojarse en el Hilton.

Primer Condicional.

If you heat butter, it melts. Si calientas manteca, ésta se derrite.
Contact me if you need any help. Ponte en contacto conmigo si necesitas ayuda.

expresiones usuales del presente simple

often - generally - usually - always - never
every day - every week - every month - every year - sometimes

PRESENTE CONTINUO

...ing (...ando, ...endo)

I am going I am not going Am I going ?
You are going You are not going Are you going ?
He is going He is not going Is he going ?
She is going She is not going Is she going ?
It is going It is not going Is it going ?
We are going We are not going Are we going ?
You are going You are not going Are you going ?
They are going They are not going Are they going ?

Affirmative subject + am/is/are + 1 > "ing"
I am going to New York - Estoy yendo a New York
He is going to New York - El está yendo a New York
Negative subject + am/is/are + not + 1 > "ing"
I am not going to New York - No estoy yendo a New York
He is not going to New York - El no está yendo a New York
Interrogative Am/Is/Are + subject + 1 > "ing" ?
Am I going to New York ? - ¿Estoy yendo a New York ?
Is he going to New York ? - ¿Está él yendo a New York ?

usos del presente continuo

Acciones que ocurren en el momento de hablar.

Lucas is getting up now. Lucas se está levantando ahora.
My wife is having lunch now. Mi esposa está almorzando ahora.

Planes futuros que han sido confirmados.

The manager is meeting me tonight. El gerente se va a reunir conmigo esta noche.
They are arriving tomorrow morning. Van a llegar mañana por la mañana.

Acciones que tendrán lugar en un futuro próximo y sobre las que se ha tomado una
resolución firme.

I am going to visit their office in Caracas next week.
Voy a visitar su oficina de Caracas la próxima semana.

Acciones habituales con sentido negativo que llevan always.

Mike is always talking nonsense. Mike siempre está hablando estupideces.
He is always annoying his friends. Siempre está molestando a sus amigos.

verbos que no suelen utilizarse en presente continuo

know - like - want - love - hate - need

expresiones usuales del presente continuo

the next - at moment - now - in this week
on Sunday - this evening - tomorrow

PASADO SIMPLE

I went I didn't go Did I go ?
You went You didn't go Did you go ?
He went He didn't go Did he go ?
She went She didn't go Did she go ?
It went It didn't go Did it go ?
We went We didn't go Did we go ?
You went You didn't go Did you go ?
They went They didn't go Did they go ?

Affirmative subject + 2
I went to New York - Fui a New York
He went to New York - El fue a New York
Negative subject + didn't + 1
I didn't go to New York - No fui a New York
He didn't go to New York - El no fue a New York
Interrogative Did + subject + 1 ?
Did I go to New York? - ¿Fui a New York ?
Did he go to New York? - ¿Fue él a New York?

usos del pasado simple

Acciones pasadas que tuvieron lugar en determinado momento
y que ya han finalizado.

My parents didn't work last week. Mis padres no trabajaron la semana pasada.
Lina worked in a bank from 1995 to 2002. Lina trabajó en un banco desde 1995 a 2002.

Hechos pasados expresados en secuencia.

Sheila got up at 7 am, had breakfast, took a shower and went to work at 9 am.
Sheila se levantó a las 7, desayunó, se duchó y fue a trabajar a las 9.

expresiones usuales del pasado simple

yesterday - last night - before - ago - in 2002
on their vacation - last weekend - last month - last year

PASADO CONTINUO


I was going I was not going Was I going ?
You were going You were not going Were you going ?
He was going He was not going Was he going ?
She was going She was not going Was she going ?
It was going It was not going Was it going ?
We were going We were not going Were we going ?
You were going You were not going Were you going ?
They were going They were not going Were they going ?

Affirmative subject + was/were + 1 > "ing"
I was going to New York - Estaba (estuve) yendo a New York
You were going to New York - Ud. estaba (estuvo) yendo a New York
Negative subject + was/were + not + 1 > "ing"
I was not going to New York - No estaba (estuve) yendo a New York
You were not going to New York - Ud. no estaba (estuvo) yendo a New York
Interrogative Was/Were + subject + 1 > "ing" ?
Was I going to New York ? - ¿Estaba (estuve) yendo a New York ?
Were you going to New York ? - ¿Estaba (estuvo) Ud. yendo a New York ?

usos del pasado continuo

Actividades que ocurrían en determinado momento del pasado y que continuaron
después.

At 11 am I was preparing our lunch. A las 11 estaba preparando nuestro almuerzo.

Actividades interrumpidas por acciones más cortas.

When my friend was taking a shower, the telephone rang.
Cuando mi amiga estaba duchándose, sonó el teléfono.
While Martha was listening to music, her brother did his homework.
Mientras Martha escuchaba música, su hermano hizo sus deberes

Acciones simultáneas (ambas en presente continuo).

The kids were running and their grandfather was reading an old paper.
Los niños estaban corriendo y su abuelo estaba leyendo un antiguo periódico.

PRESENTE PERFECTO

I have gone I haven't gone Have I gone ?
You have gone You haven't gone Have you gone ?
He has gone He hasn't gone Has he gone ?
She has gone She hasn't gone Has she gone ?
It has gone It hasn't gone Has it gone ?
We have gone We haven't gone Have we gone ?
You have gone You haven't gone Have you gone ?
They have gone They haven't gone Have they gone ?

Affirmative subject + have / has + 3
I have gone to New York - He ido a New York
He has gone to New York - El ha ido a New York
Negative subject + haven't / hasn't + 3
I haven't gone to New York - No he ido a New York
He hasn't gone to New York - El no ha ido a New York
Interrogative Have / Has + subject + 3 ?
Have I gone to New York? - ¿He ido a New York ?
Has he gone to New York? - ¿Ha ido él a New York?

usos del presente perfecto simple
Por regla general, se lo utiliza para describir acciones que empezaron en el pasado
y que aún no han finalizado o que guardan alguna relación con el presente.

Con el adverbio just: acciones que acaban de ocurrir.

The President has just arrived from the US. El Presidente acaba de llegar desde EEUU.
They both have just left for Bogota. Ambos acaban de partir para Bogotá.

Con las preposiciones for y since.

We have lived in Italy for three years. Hemos vivido en Italia durante tres años.
I haven't heard from you since 1990!! ¡¡No he tenido noticias tuyas desde 1990!!

Con los adverbios yet y already.

They haven't taken the Basic Exam yet. No han rendido el Examen Básico aún.
I have already taken the Intermediate Exam. Ya he rendido el Examen Intermedio.

Con el grado superlativo de un adjetivo.

OM Smiles is one of the funniest section in OM Personal.
OM Smiles es una de las secciones más divertidas de OM Personal.

Con las expresiones: It's the first, It's the second, etc.

It's the first time I have flown United. Es la primera vez que vuelo por United.
It's the second time she has had lunch today. Es la segunda vez que almuerza hoy.

expresiones usuales del presente perfecto simple

since - for - just - ago - lately

yet - already - never - ever - recently

PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO

I have been going I haven't been going Have I been going ?
You have been going You haven't been going Have you been going ?
He has been going He hasn't been going Has he been going ?
She has been going She hasn't been going Has she been going ?
It has been going It hasn't been going Has it been going ?
We have been going We haven't been going Have we been going ?
You have been going You haven't been going Have you been going ?
They have been going They haven't been going Have they been going ?

Affirmative subject + have/has + been + 1 > "ing"
I have been going to New York - He estado yendo a New York
He has been going to New York - El ha estado yendo a New York
Negative subject + haven't / hasn't + been + 1 > "ing"
I haven't been going to New York - No he estado yendo a New York
He hasn't been going to New York - El no ha estado yendo a New York
Interrogative Have / Has + subject + been + 1 > "ing" ?
Have I been going to New York? - ¿He estado yendo a New York ?
Has he been going to New York? - ¿Ha estado él yendo a New York?

usos del presente perfecto continuo

Actividades que comenzaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente y resaltan la
duración del proceso.

Monica and her husband have been living in Barcelona for ten years.
Mónica y su esposo llevan viviendo en Barcelona diez años.

Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y pueden o no haber finalizado recientemente y
resaltan la duración del proceso.

The weather is really bad. It has been raining all night.
El tiempo está realmente malo. Ha estado lloviendo toda la noche.

Acciones del pasado que acaban de concluir y cuyo estado es evidente.

Hmm. Nice smelling!! Have you been cooking your birthday cake?
Hmm. ¡¡Qué lindo aroma!! ¿Has estado cocinando tu torta de cumpleaños?

PAST PERFECT


I had gone I hadn't gone Had I gone ?
You had gone You hadn't gone Had you gone ?
He had gone He hadn't gone Had he gone ?
She had gone She hadn't gone Had she gone ?
It had gone It hadn't gone Had it gone ?
We had gone We hadn't gone Had we gone ?
You had gone You hadn't gone Had you gone ?
They had gone They hadn't gone Had they gone ?

Affirmative subject + had + 3
I had gone to New York - Yo había ido a New York
He had gone to New York - El había a New York
Negative subject + hadn't + 3
I hadn't gone to New York - Yo no había ido a New York
He hadn't gone to New York - El no había ido a New York
Interrogative Had + subject + 3 ?
Had I gone to New York? - ¿Había ido yo a New York ?
Had he gone to New York? - ¿Había ido él a New York?

usos del pasado perfecto simple

Acción del pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra.

Her plane had already left when Thelma arrived at the airport.
Su vuelo ya había partido cuando Thelma llegó al aeropuerto.

Con el adverbio just para expresar una acción que acaba de ocurrir.

When Oliver phoned, the kids had just gone to bed.
Cuando Oliver llamó por teléfono, los niños acababan de acostarse.

Tercer Condicional.

If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you.
Si hubiese sabido que estabas enfermo, te habría ido a ver.

PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO

I had been going I hadn't been going Had I been going ?
You had been going You hadn't been going Had you been going ?
He had been going He hadn't been going Had he been going ?
She had been going She hadn't been going Had she been going ?
It had been going It hadn't been going Had it been going ?
We had been going We hadn't been going Had we been going ?
You had been going You hadn't been going Had you been going ?

They had been going They hadn't been going Had they been going ?

Affirmative subject + had + been + 1 > "ing"
I had been going to New York - Había estado yendo a New York
He had been going to New York - El había estado yendo a New York
Negative subject + hadn't + been + 1 > "ing"
I hadn't been going to New York - No había estado yendo a New York
He hadn't been going to New York - El no había estado yendo a New York
Interrogative Had + subject + been + 1 > "ing" ?
Had I been going to New York? - ¿Había estado yo yendo a New York ?
Had he been going to New York? - ¿Había estado él yendo a New York?

usos del pasado perfecto continuo

Resalta la duración de una acción que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra.

I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day.
Estaba muy cansado cuando llegué a casa. Había estado trabajando mucho todo el día.

Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.
Ken había estado fumando durante treinta años cuando finalmente dejó de fumar.

The soccer game had to be stopped. They had been playing for half an hour when a terrible
storm began.
El partido de fútbol tuvo que ser detenido. Habían estado jugando durante media hora cuando
empezó una espantosa tormenta.

FUTURO SIMPLE

I will go I won't go Will I go ?
You will go You won't go Will you go ?
He will go He won't go Will he go ?
She will go She won't go Will she go ?
It will go It won't go Will it go ?
We will go We won't go Will we go ?
You will go You won't go Will you go ?
They will go They won't go Will they go ?

Affirmative subject + will + 1
I will go to New York - Iré a New York
He will go to New York - El irá a New York
Negative subject + won't (will not) + 1
I won't go to New York - No iré a New York
He won't go to New York - El no irá a New York
Interrogative Will + subject + 1 ?

Will I go to New York ? - ¿Iré a New York ?
Will he go to New York ? - ¿Irá él a New York ?

usos del futuro simple

Acciones que se van a desarrollar con certeza en el futuro.

I will play tennis tomorrow. Jugaré tenis mañana.
OM Personal will be six in 2005. OM Personal cumplirá seis años en el 2005.

Predicción en el futuro.

It will snow tomorrow. Nevará mañana.

Promesas.

"Every Argentinian will have a job in this blessed country." (Carlos Menem)
"Todo Argentino tendrá un puesto de trabajo en este bendito país." (Carlos Menem)

Ofrecimientos.

I will stay with you all night if you really need it.
Me quedaré contigo toda la noche si realmente lo necesitas.

Suele utilizarse el auxiliar shall (o su contracción 'll) para el futuro de la primera
persona del singular y del plural.

We shall go to the movies = We will go to the movies
We'll go to the movies. Iremos al cine.

expresiones usuales del futuro simple

tomorrow - the day after tomorrow - in 2010
next Monday - next week - next month - next year

FUTURO CONTINUO


I will be going I will not be going Will I be going ?
You will be going You will not be going Will you be going ?
He will be going He will not be going Will he be going ?
She will be going She will not be going Will she be going ?
It will be going It will not be going Will it be going ?
We will be going We will not be going Will we be going ?
You will be going You will not be going Will you be going ?
They will be going They will not be going Will they be going ?

Affirmative subject + will be + 1 > "ing"
I will be going to New York - Estaré yendo a New York
He will be going to New York - El estará yendo a New York
Negative subject + won't (will not) be + 1 > "ing"
I won't be going to New York - No estaré yendo a New York
He won't be going to New York - El no estará yendo a New York
Interrogative Will + subject + be + 1 > "ing" ?
Will I be going to New York ? - ¿Estaré yendo a New York ?
Will he be going to New York ? - ¿Estará él yendo a New York ?

usos del futuro continuo

Acciones que van a tener lugar en el futuro y que, al momento
del tiempo al que nos referimos, seguirán desarrollándose. No siempre se menciona
en la oración el momento del futuro.

We will be watching TV. Estaremos viendo televisión.
Tonight we will be watching TV. Esta noche estaremos viendo televisión.
She will be visiting me. Me estará visitando.
She will be visiting me on Sunday. Me estará visitando el domingo.

expresiones usuales del futuro continuo

tomorrow - the day after tomorrow - in 2010
next Monday - next week - next month - next year

FUTURO PERFECTO

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION: WILL NOT = WON'T
I will have gone I will not have gone Will I have gone ?
Affirmativegone
You will have You will not have gone
subjectWillwill havegone ?
+ you have + 3
I willwill have gone to New York - Habré ido a New York he have gone ?
He have gone He will not have gone Will
He will have gone to New York -not have gone a New York have gone ?
She will have gone She will El habrá ido Will she

Negative gone
It will have It will not have gonesubject + won't have +?3
Will it have gone

I won't have gone to New York not have gone a New York
We will have gone We will - No habré ido Will we have gone ?
You will have gone You will not have gone Will you have gone ?
He won't have gone to New York - El no habrá ido a New York
They will have gone They will not have gone Will they have gone ?
Interrogative Will + subject + have + 3 ?
Will I have gone to New York? - ¿Habré ido a New York ?
Will he have gone to New York? - ¿Habrá ido él a New York?

usos del futuro perfecto

Acciones que ya se están desarrollando o que se van a desarrollar en el futuro, pero
que cuando llegue ese momento futuro que se menciona la acción ya habrá finalizado.

By tomorrow I will have finished my book.
Para mañana, habré terminado este libro.
Before winter, you will have sold your old car.
Antes del invierno, habrás vendido tu antiguo automóvil.
Before we arrive home, Mom will have prepared our breakfast.
Antes de que lleguemos a casa, mamá habrá preparado nuestro desayuno.
We will not have finished these reports by 7 pm!!
¡¡No habremos finalizado estos informes para las 7 de la tarde!!

expresiones usuales del futuro perfecto

by 10 pm - by Monday - by tomorrow - by 2010
by next week - by next month - by next year

FUTURO PERFECTO CONTINUO


I will have been going I will not have been going Will I have been going ?
You will have been going You will not have been going Will you have been going ?
He will have been going He will not have been going Will he have been going ?
She will have been going She will not have been going Will she have been going ?
It will have been going It will not have been going Will it have been going ?
We will have been going We will not have been going Will we have been going ?
You will have been going You will not have been going Will you have been going ?
They will have been going They will not have been going Will they have been going ?

Affirmative subject + will have been + 1 > "ing"
I will have been going to New York - Habré estado yendo a New York
He will have been going to New York - El habrá estado yendo a New York
Negative subject + won't (will not) have beeen + 1 > "ing"
I won't have been going to New York - No habré estado yendo a New York
He won't have been going to New York - El no habrá estado yendo a New York
Interrogative Will + subject + have been + 1 > "ing" ?
Will I have been going to New York ? - ¿Habré estado yendo a New York ?
Will he have been going to New York ? - ¿Habrá él estado yendo a New York ?

usos del futuro perfecto continuo

Acontecimientos o acciones pertenecientes a un período de tiempo entre ahora y
algún momento del futuro, que puede ser incompleto.

I will have been waiting here for five hours by 10 pm.
Habré estado esperando aquí durante cinco horas cuando sean las 10 de la noche.

By the time you finish our OM Basic Course, you will have been learning American
English for six months.
Para cuando finalices nuestro OM Curso Básico, habrás estado aprediendo Ingñés Americano
durante seis meses.

By 2100 OM Personal will have been teaching on the Internet for a century.
Para el 2100 OM Personal habrá estado enseñando en Internet durante un siglo.

expresiones usuales del futuro perfecto continuo

By the time you ... - By 2020 ... - By 8:00 am tomorrow ...

CONDICIONAL

I would go I wouldn't go Would I go ?
You would go You wouldn't go Would you go ?
He would go He wouldn't go Would he go ?
She would go She wouldn't go Would she go ?
It would go It wouldn't go Would it go ?
We would go We wouldn't go Would we go ?
You would go You wouldn't go Would you go ?
They would go They wouldn't go Would they go ?

Affirmative subject + would + 1
I would go to New York - Yo iría a New York
He would go to New York - El iría a New York
Negative subject + wouldn't + 1
I wouldn't go to New York - Yo no iría a New York
He wouldn't go to New York - El no iría a New York
Interrogative Would + subject + 1 ?
Would I go to New York ? - ¿Iría yo a New York ?
Would he go to New York ? - ¿Iría él a New York ?

usos del condicional simple

Comentarios acerca de algo que no es real en el presente pero
que puede ser posible.

I would visit her if I had time. (I haven't got time but I might have some time)
Yo la visitaría si tuviese tiempo. (Realmente no tengo tiempo pero podría tenerlo)

Comentarios acerca de una situación que no es real en estos momentos y que nunca

podría serlo.

If I were you, I would give up smoking. (but I could never be you).
Si estuviera en tu lugar, dejaría el cigarrillo. (pero nunca podría estar en tu lugar)

Segundo Condicional (Condicional tipo II).

If I were a plant, I would love the rain.
Si fuera un árbol, me encantaría la lluvia.
If you really loved me, you would buy me a Mercedes XL600.
Si realmente me amaras, me comprarías un Mercedes XL600.
Would your father go to see the match if I gave him a free ticket?
¿Iría tu padre a ver el partido si le diese una entrada gratis?

expresiones usuales del condicional simple

If I were ... - If she were ...

CONDICIONAL CONTINUO


I would be going I would not be going Would I be going ?
You would be going You would not be going Would you be going ?
He would be going He would not be going Would he be going ?
She would be going She would not be going Would she be going ?
It would be going It would not be going Would it be going ?
We would be going We would not be going Would we be going ?
You would be going You would not be going Would you be going ?
They would be going They would not be going Would they be going ?

Affirmative subject + would be + 1 > "ing"
I would be going to New York - Yo estaría yendo a New York
He would be going to New York - El estaría yendo a New York
Negative subject + wouldn't (would not) be + 1 > "ing"
I wouldn't be going to New York - Yo no estaría yendo a New York
He wouldn't be going to New York - El no estaría yendo a New York
Interrogative Would + subject + be + 1 > "ing" ?
Would I be going to New York ? - ¿Estaría yo yendo a New York ?
Would he be going to New York ? - ¿Estaría él yendo a New York ?

usos del condicional continuo

Hechos o situaciones incompletas o contínuas, probablemente como resultado de una
condición irreal.

I would be working in New York by now if I spoke American English.
(but I don't speak American English at all, so I am not working in New York).
Estaría trabajando en Nueva York en estos momentos si hablara Inglés Americano. (pero no
hablo Inglés Americano, por lo tanto no estoy trabajando en Nueva York).

Mabel would be living with Fernando if she wasn't living with her parents.
(but Mabel is living with her parents, so she's not living with him).
Mabel estaría viviendo con Fernando si ella no estuviese viviendo con sus padres. (pero Mabel
está viviendo con sus padres, por lo tanto no está viviendo con él).

I wouldn't be eating this horrible cake if I wasn't extremely hungry.
(but I'm starvng now, so I'm eating it).
No estaría comiendo esta espantosa torta si no tuviese tanto apetito.
(pero me estoy muriendo de hambre, por lo tanto la estoy comiendo).

expresiones usuales del condicional continuo

If I had... I would... - I wouldn't... if I had...

CONDICIONAL PERFECTO SIMPLE

I would have gone I wouldn't have gone Would I have gone ?
You would have gone You wouldn't have gone Would you have gone ?
He would have gone He wouldn't have gone Would he have gone ?
She would have gone She wouldn't have gone Would she have gone ?
It would have gone It wouldn't have gone Would it have gone ?
We would have gone We wouldn't have gone Would we have gone ?
You would have gone You wouldn't have gone Would you have gone ?
They would have gone They wouldn't have gone Would they have gone ?

Affirmative subject + would have + 3
I would have gone to New York - Yo habría ido a New York
He would have gone to New York - El habría ido a New York
Negative subject + wouldn't have + 3
I wouldn't have gone to New York - Yo no habría ido a New York
He wouldn't have gone to New York - El no habría ido a New York
Interrogative Would + subject + have 3 ?
Would I have gone to New York? - ¿Habría ido yo a New York ?
Would he have gone to New York? - ¿Habría ido él a New York?

usos del condicional perfecto simple

Tercer Condicional o Condicional Tipo III.

If she had studied at OM Personal, she would have passed her FCE examination.

Si hubiese estudiado en OM Personal, habría aprobado su examen de First Certificate.
If I had known that Buenos Aires was so cheap, I would have gone there.
Si hubiese sabido que Buenos Aires es tan barato, habría ido allí.

expresiones usuales del condicional perfecto simple

if I had ... - if I were ... - if he were ...

CONDICIONAL PERFECTO CONTINUO


I would have been going I would not have been going Would I have been going ?
You would have been going You would not have been going Would you have been going ?
He would have been going He would not have been going Would he have been going ?
She would have been going She would not have been going Would she have been going ?
It would have been going It would not have been going Would it have been going ?
We would have been going We would not have been going Would we have been going ?
You would have been going You would not have been going Would you have been going ?
They would have been going They would not have been going Would they have been going ?

Affirmative subject + would have been + 1 > "ing"
I would have been going to New York - Yo habría estado yendo a N.Y.
He would have been going to New York - El habría estado yendo a N.Y.
Negative subject + wouldn't (would not) have been + 1 > "ing"
I wouldn't have been going to New York - No habría estado yendo a N.Y.
He wouldn't have been going to New York - El no habría estado yendo a N.Y.
Interrogative Would + subject + have been + 1 > "ing" ?
Would I have been going to New York ? - ¿Habría yo estado yendo a N.Y. ?
Would he have been going to New York ? - ¿Habría él estado yendo a N.Y. ?

usos del condicional perfecto continuo
Este tiempo verbal hace referencia al resultado incompleto de la acción de la cláusula if y
expresa este resultado como una acción continua o no finalizada.

Tercer Condicional o Condicional Tipo III.

If the weather had been better (but it wasn't), my sister-in-law would have been
sitting in the garden when I arrived (but she wasn't and so I didn't see her).
Si el tiempo hubiese estado mejor (pero no fue así), mi cuñada habría estado sentada en el
jardín cuando yo llegué (pero no lo estaba y, por lo tanto, no la ví).

If the youngsters had known it was dangerous, they would not have been climbing
such a mountain.
Si los jóvenes hubiesen sabido que era peligroso, no habrían estado escalando semejante

montaña.

If I had had more money, I would have been travelling all around Europe with my
friends that summer.
Si hubiese tenido más dinero, habría estado recorriendo toda Europa con mis amigos ese
verano.

expresiones usuales del condicional perfecto continuo

if I had had ... - if he had known ...

MODALES SIMPLES

I can go I can't go Can I go ?
I could go I couldn't go Could I go ?
I may go I may not go May I go ?
I might go I might not go Might I go ?
I must go I mustn't go Must I go ?
I should go I shouldn't go Should I go ?

Affirmative subject + modal + 1
I can go to New York - Puedo ir a New York (posibilidad física, conocimiento)
I could go to New York - Podría ir a New York (alternativa)
I may go to New York - Puedo ir a New York (permiso)
I might go to New York - Podría ir a New York (posibilidad)
I must go to New York - Debo ir a New York (obligación)
I should go to New York - Debería ir a New York (obligación moral, consejo)
Negative subject + modal + not + 1
I can't go to New York - No puedo ir a New York
I couldn't go to New York - No podría ir a New York
I may not go to New York - No puedo ir a New York
I might not go to New York - No podría ir a New York
I mustn't go to New York - No debo ir a New York
I shouldn't go to New York - No debería ir a New York
Interrogative modal + subject + 1 ?
Can I go to New York ? - ¿Puedo ir a New York ?
Could I go to New York ? - ¿Podría ir a New York ?
May I go to New York ? - ¿Puedo ir a New York ?
Might I go to New York ? - ¿Podría ir a New York ?
Must I go to New York ? - ¿Debo ir a New York ?
Should I go to New York ? - ¿Debería ir a New York ?

MODALES CONTINUOS

I can be going I can't be going Can I be going ?
I could be going I couldn't be going Could I be going ?
I may be going I may not be going May I be going ?
I might be going I might not be going Might I be going ?
I must be going I mustn't be going Must I be going ?
I should be going I shouldn't be going Should I be going ?

Affirmative subject + modal + be + 1 > "ing"
I can be going to New York - Puedo estar yendo a NY (posib. física, conocimiento)
I could be going to New York - Podría estar yendo a NY (alternativa)
I may be going to New York - Puedo estar yendo a NY (permiso)
I might be going to New York - Podría estar yendo a NY (posibilidad)
I must be going to New York - Debo estar yendo a NY (obligación)
I should be going to New York - Debería estar yendo a NY (oblig. moral, consejo)
Negative subject + modal + not be + 1 > "ing"
I can't be going to New York - No puedo estar yendo a NY
I couldn't be going to New York - No podría estar yendo a NY
I may not be going to New York - No puedo estar yendo a NY
I might not be going to New York - No podría estar yendo a NY
I mustn't be going to New York - No debo estar yendo a NY
I shouldn't be going to New York - No debería estar yendo a NY
Interrogative modal + subject + be + 1 > "ing" ?
Can I be going to New York ? - ¿Puedo estar yendo a NY ?
Could I be going to New York ? - ¿Podría estar yendo a NY ?
May I be going to New York ? - ¿Puedo estar yendo a NY?
Might I be going to New York ? - ¿Podría estar yendo a NY ?
Must I be going to New York ? - ¿Debo estar yendo a NY ?
Should I be going to New York ? - ¿Debería estar yendo a NY ?

CONDICIONALES : 4TIPOS

conditional type 0 >> ZERO CONDITIONAL

IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE PRESENT

Used for scientific facts or general truths (usado para expresar verdades científicas, hechos que nunca
cambian o situaciones que siempre ocurren). Algunos gramáticos incluyen este tipo de condicional dentro de
FIRST CONDITIONAL o Conditional Type I.

If you heat butter, it melts.
Si calientas manteca, ésta se derrite.
If you put water in a cooler, it freezes.
Si colocas agua en el congelador, ésta se congela.
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Si calientas agua a 100 grados, ésta hierve.
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Si cruzas una línea de tiempo internacional, la hora cambia.
If you drop ice in water, it floats.
Si tiras hielo al agua, éste flota.
If iron gets wet, it rusts.
Si el hierro se moja, se oxida.

conditional type I >> FIRST CONDITIONAL

Used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future. It is generally used for things
which may happen (utilizado para cosas que pueden ocurrir en presente o futuro).

a) IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE

If you study hard, you will pass your exams.
Si estudias intensamente aprobarás tus exámenes.

If we do not protect the panda bears, they will soon become extinct.
Si no protegemos a los osos panda, pronto se extinguirán.

b) IMPERATIVE + OR / AND + SIMPLE FUTURE
Used for threats and promises (usado para expresar amenazas y promesas)

Don't say a word about this, or I will kill you.
No cuentes una palabra de esto o te mato.

Finish your job, and you will have a bonus.
Termina tu tarea y tendrás una gratificación.

c) IMPERATIVO + IF / IN CASE + SIMPLE PRESENT

Contact me if you need any help.
Ponte en contacto conmigo si necesitas ayuda.
Call them in case you need help.
Llámalos en caso de necesitar ayuda.
NOTE: In cases b and d above, you can replace IF (si) by UNLESS (a menos que)

conditional type II >> SECOND CONDITIONAL

Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future. It is
generally used for things which don't or won't happen. It is generally used for things which may happen
(utilizado en presente o futuro para expresar situaciones hipotéticas, que normalmente son irreales o
imposibles).

IF + SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.

(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oración es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas)

If I were rich, I would buy a castle.
Si fuera rico, compraría un castillo.
If I were him, I would go and see a doctor.
Si fuera él -en su lugar- consultaría con un médico.
If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly.
Si los elefantes tuvieran alas, podrían volar.
NOTE: You can replace IF (si) by UNLESS (a menos que) in the examples above.

conditional type III >> THIRD CONDITIONAL

Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, things which did not happen in the past.
(utilizado para expresar situaciones irreales – que nunca sucedieron – en el pasado y, en general, dentro de
un contexto de crítica, queja o remordimiento). En español tienes una construcción similar por lo cual este
condicional no debería resultar complicado.

IF + PAST PERFECT + CONDITIONAL PERFECT
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oración es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas)

The real situation was that I didn't know you were sick. So I say If I had known... When you are talking about
the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.

If you had saved your money, you could have bought a laptop.
Si hubieses ahorrado tu dinero, podrías haberte comprado una computadora.
The real situation was that you didn't save your money. So they say If you had saved... When you are talking
about the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.

If you hadn't been late for work so often, they wouldn't have fired you.
Si no hubieses llegado tarde al trabajo tan seguido, no te habrían despedido.
The real situation was that you wasn't early for work. So they say If you hadn't been late... When you are
talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.

NOTE: You can replace IF (si) by UNLESS (a menos que) in the examples above.

Estilo indirecto - Reported Speech

El Estilo indirecto o Reported speech es una estructura que se emplea cuando
queremos decir o hacer mención sobre algo que alguien ha dicho previamente.

Direct speech Reported speech
(estilo directo) (estilo indirecto)
"I always drink coffee". She She said that she always
said. drank coffee.
"Yo siempre bebo café." Ella dijo. Ella dijo que ella siempre bebía café.

Para hacer mención sobre lo que alguien ha dicho usamos verbos como explain,
promise, say, tell, suggest... Aunque los más utilizados son say y tell.

No es necesario cambiar el tiempo del verbo si el verbo de la oración principal
está en presente. En el ejemplo anterior podríamos decir: She said that she always
drink coffee.

Para introducir lo que ha dicho, usamos that aunque muchas veces se puede
omitir esta palabra.

Al convertir una oración de "Direct Speech" a "Reported Speech" tenemos en
cuenta que el verbo principal retrocede un tiempo verbal.

Tabla de cambios que sufre el verbo:

present simple past simple
I am happy He said he was happy
I sleep He said he slept
past continuos
present continuos
He said he was feeling
I am feeling happy
happy
I am sleeping
He said he was sleeping
past perfect
past simple
He said he had been
I was happy
happy
I slept
He said he had slept
past perfect
present perfect
He said he had been
I have been happy
happy
I have slept
He said he had slept
past perfect continuos
present perfect continuos He said he had been
I have been feeling happy feeling happy
I have been sleeping He said he had been
sleeping
simple conditional
future
He said he would be
I will be happy
happy
I will sleep
He said he would sleep
simple conditional
perfect
future perfect
He said he would have
I will have been happy
been happy
I will have sleep
He said he would have
slept

Verbos modales

CAN COULD
I can sleep He said he could sleep
MAY MIGHT
I may sleep He said he might sleep
WILL WOULD
I will sleep He said he would sleep
MUST HAD TO
I must sleep He said he had to sleep

Cambios que pueden sufrir algunas partículas de lugar y tiempo:

now at that moment, then
tonight that night
today that day
last night the night before
this morning that morning
this week that week
next week the following week
next year the year after
here there

Reported Speech: questions

En las oraciones interrogativas usamos el mismo orden gramatical: el sujeto va
después del verbo pero no es necesario usar el auxiliar "do" o "did".

"Where do Susan and Ann He asked me where Susan
work? " and Ann worked.
Él me preguntó dónde trabajaban Mary y
"¿Dónde trabajan Susan y Ann?"
Tom.

La voz pasiva - The Passive Voice

Podemos enfocar la acción del verbo en el sujeto (voz activa) o en el objeto (voz pasiva).

Ejemplos:

Voz Activa: The porter carries the bags. (el portero lleva los bolsos)
Voz Pasiva: The bags are carried by the porter. (los bolsos son llevados por el portero)

Reglas gramaticales

La voz pasiva se forma utilizando el verbo to be + el verbo principal en participio (past
participle).

Para transformar una oracion activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes puntos:

El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva
El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto al verbo
principal en participio.
El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva
Si hacemos mención en la oración al sujeto que realiza la acción (sujeto agente), éste irá
normalmente introducido por la preposición by:

Tabla de cambios verbales en la transformación de Voz Activa a Voz Pasiva

Tomando en cuenta los puntos anteriormente mencionados, en este esquema vemos los
cambios que sufre el tiempo verbal de una oracion activa al ser transformada a oracion
pasiva.

Usamos como ejemplo: to write a letter (escribir una carta)
write (presente/present) / wrote (pasado/past) / written (participio/participle)
Tiempo verbal de
Frase activa Frase pasiva
la frase activa
present I write a letter The letter is written
present continuos I'm writing a letter The letter is being written
past I wrote a letter The letter was written
past continuos I was writing a letter The letter was being written
present perfect I've written a letter The letter has been written
past perfect I had written a letter The letter had been written
future I will write a letter The letter will be written
I'm going to write a The letter is going to be
future II
letter written
modals I have to write a letter The letter has to be written
modals I should write a letter The letter should be written
modals I must write a letter The letter must be written

Usos de la voz pasiva

- Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar importancia a "lo que pasó" más que a quién
hizo la acción.
ejemplo:
Her money was stolen. (su dinero fue robado)

- También usamos la voz pasiva para mantener un mismo sujeto en varias frases:
ejemplo:
I met that woman. I was surprised at how attractive she was... (Me encontré con esa mujer.
Me quedé sorprendido de lo hermosa que era.)
En este ejemplo la persona se mantiene ella misma como sujeto.

También usamos la voz pasiva para describir procesos científicos.
ejemplo:
The water is heated to a temperature of from 60° to 80° C. (El agua es hervida a una
temperatura de entre 60 a 80 grados).
El artículo en inglés - El artículo determinado

Los artículos en inglés, a diferencia del castellano, no tienen género. En muchas ocasiones
la noción de masculino, femenino o neutro coincide en castellano, pero no siempre es así.

Así por ejemplo, en castellano decimos: El coche "género masculino", en inglés es The car
"género neutro: it", aunque podemos observar que en formas coloquiales podemos referirnos
al coche adjudicándole género femenino: "My car let me down last night, she broke
down".

The article definite/El artículo determinado

The corresponde a los siguientes artículos en español el, la, los, las. Tanto se utiliza para las
formas singulares como para formas plurales.

Ejemplos:
The boy (el niño) masculino-singular
The boys (los niños) masculino-plural
The girl (la niña) femenino-singular
The girls (las niñas) femenino-plural
The book (el libro) neutro-singular
The books (los libros) neutro-plural

Este artículo puede ir precedido de las preposiciones of, to. En inglés no hay contracción de
preposición y artículo. "Del" y "al" se traducen por: of the (del) to the (al).

Ejemplos:
Days of the week (días de la semana)
I'm going to the garden (me voy al jardín)

Usos del artículo The - ¿En qué casos utilizamos The?

• Cuando sabemos de quién o de qué estamos hablando.
Utilizamos "the" para indicar algo o alguien en particular, por ello se llama definido.
Hablamos de algo o alguien concreto que tanto el emisor como el receptor del
mensaje conocen porque ya ha salido anteriormente en la conversación o porque los
dos lo conocen previamente.
Ejemplo: Do you remember the day we went to New York?
(¿Recuerdas el día que fuimos a Nueva York?)
• Cuando está claro a lo que nos referimos.
Ejemplo: Where is the shop your mother works in? (¿Dónde esta la tienda en que trabaja
tu madre?)
• Para referirnos a nombres de lugares que se refieran a repúblicas, estados o
reinados.
Ejemplo: We visited the United States (Visitamos los Estados Unidos)

• Con los nombres plurales de mares, océanos, canales y rios.
Ejemplo: The Pennines (Las montañas Penines)
• Cuando nombramos lugares de ocio o lugares emblemáticos.
Ejemplo: We visited the Eiffel tower (Visitamos la torre Eiffel)
• Uilizamos The con la partícula "same", de la misma manera que se utiliza en
español.
Ejemplo: Your dress is the same as mine. (Tu vestido es como el mio)
• Utilizamos The con la partícula "of"
Ejemplo: The house of Commons (la casa de los comunes-parlamento)
• Para hacer referencia a los puntos cardinales north, south, east, west.
Ejemplo: The south of France (El sur de Francia)
• Con los adjetivos en grado superlativo:
Ejemplo: My dog is the best dog in the world (Mi perro es el mejor perro del mundo)
• Con el verbo go+to: lugares de ocio (teatro, cine), consultores médicos,
consultores legales (abogados, etc), lugares que sierven de punto de encuentro
(aeropuertos, centro ciudad...), tiendas especializadas (farmacias, panaderías, etc)

Cuando No usamos el artículo The

• Cuando hablamos de algo en general.
• Nunca utilizaremos the cuando nos referimos a la television, o cuando nos
referimos a las pasadas o futuras horas de las comidas, los días de la semana, los
meses del año, las estaciones, los años.
Ejemplos:
I don’t like what is on tv tonight (No me gusta lo que dan por la tele esta noche)
They will call me next week (Me llamarán la semana que viene)
• Delante de nombres de personas aunque estos estén precedidos de títulos.
• Con el verbo go + to: work, school, university, college, hospital, prision, church,
bed
• Con el verbo go sin preposición: home
• En general no se utiliza el artículo con nombres de lugares, aunque hay
algunas excepciones como hemos visto en el apartado anterior.
• En general no se utliliza el artículo con nombres de ciudades, aunque hay
algunas excepciones como hemos visto en el apartado anterior.
• www.blenglish.com

Sintaxis de la pregunta cuando who y what
actúan como objeto

Question word + Auxilar + Sujeto + verbo en
infinitivo

Who did you ring? (¿a quién llamaste?)

Sintaxis de la pregunta cuando who y what
actúan como sujeto

Question word +verbo + objeto

Who rang you? (¿quién te llamó?)

ejemplo1:

Fred
saw
Julia

sujeto
verbo
objeto

Who saw Julia? Fred --> pregunta de sujeto
Julia?)

Who did Fred see? Julia --> pregunta de objeto (¿A quién vió Fred?)

ejemplo2:

Oración principal Dany asked the teacher. (Dani preguntó al profesor

1) Preguntamos por el sujeto Who asked the teacher
profesor? Dani)

2) Preguntamos por el objeto Who did Dany ask? the teacher
Dani?Al profesor)

ejemplo3:

INDEFINITE ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO INDEFINIDO DEL INGLÉS

El significado de a o an es el mismo y se utilizan para indicar algo o alguien en s
Nunca lo utilizaremos para referirnos a más de una cosa.

A o an, corresponde a los siguientes artículos en español: un, una.

Usos del artículo a/an

Se utiliza para hablar del oficio de alguien.
Ejemplo: Maria is a journalist. (Maria es periodista)

O para definr algo o a alguien o decimos algo de alguna cosa o de algu
Ejemplos:
A dog is an animal (El perro es un animal)
James is a nasty person (James es mala persona)

REGLAS GRAMATICALES

• A se utiliza con nombres que comienzan por consonante.
a book (un libro)
a pen (un bolígrafo)
a chair (una silla)
• Usamos a antes de una palabra comenzada por la letra
pronunciada como el sonido figurado "yu". Ejemplo:
• An se usa con nombres que comienzan por vocal.
an animal (un animal)
an answer (una contestación)
an example (un ejemplo)
Excepcion: An hotel

Adjetivos: Los comparativos y superlativos
Adjectives: Comparatives and Superlatives

Grados del adjetivo:

Al igual que en en español, cuando queremos hacer comparaciones contrastamos cualidades
o atributos por medio de adjetivos en sus diversos grados:

1. El grado positivo: es la cualidad en el grado más simple: fast (rápido)
2. El grado comparativo:

- comparativo de superioridad: faster than ... más rápido que ....
- comparativo de inferioridad: less fast than ... menos rápido que ....
- comparativo de igualdad: as fast as .... tan rápido como ...

3. El grado superlativo: the fastest ... el más rápido

Formación del comparativo y del superlativo:

Para formar el comparativo o superlativo aplicaremos diferentes reglas según los siguientes
grupos:

1. Para adjetivos cortos o de una slaba:

- La comparación:
Para formar el comparativo añadimos al adjetivo la terminación -er:
Por ejemplo, al adjetivo fast (rpido) le añadimos -er: faster (más rpido)

Ejemplos:
A train is faster than a bicycle.(Un tren es más rápido que una bicicleta.)
The sea is larger than a lake. (El mar es más grande que un lago.)

- El superlativo:
Para formar el superlativo añadiremos al adjetivo -est, además el adjetivo irá precedido
del artculo The.
Por ejemplo, al adjetivo old (viejo) le añadimos -est: the oldest (el ms viejo/mayor)

Ejemplos:
My father is the oldest. (Mi padre es el más mayor)
My house is the largest. (Mi casa es la más grande)

2. Para los adjetivos acabados en "y", "er", "le", "ow" de dos slabas:

- La comparación:
Para formar comparaciones se añade la terminacin -er.
Y si acaban en y, esta se sustituirá por la i latina.
Por ejemplo, el adjetivo easy (fácil) acabará con -ier: easier (más fácil)

Ejemplos:
This work is easier than yours (Este trabajo es más fácil que el tuyo.)
I'm cleverer than her (Soy más inteligente que ella.)
My car is slower than yours (Mi coche es más lento que el tuyo.)

- El superlativo:
Para formar el superlativo añadiremos -est.
Y si acaban en y, esta se sustituir por la i latina. Además siempre irá precedido por el
artculo The. Por ejemplo el adjetivo ugly (feo) acabará con -iest: the ugliest (el más feo)

Ejemplos:
This man is the ugliest. (Este hombre es el más feo.)

3. Para adjetivos largos de dos o más sílabas

- La comparación:
Para formar comparaciones, el adjetivo irá precedido de la palabra more. Por ejemplo, el
adjetivo modern (moderno) será more modern (más moderno)

Ejemplos:
This house is more modern. (Esta casa es más moderna.)

- El superlativo:
Para formar el superlativo, el adjetivo irá precedido por : The + most
El adjetivo beautiful (hermoso) será: The most beautiful (el más hermoso).

Ejemplos:
This woman is the most beautiful. (Esta mujer es la más hermosa).

Los adjetivos irregulares:

Son los adjetivos que tienen una sintaxis particular para comparaciones y superlativos:

adjetivo comparación superlativo
good better The best
bad worse The worst
far further-farther The furthet-farthest
old older / eldest oldest / eldest
many/much more most
little less least

Otros ejemplos:

I'm stronger. (Soy más fuerte.)
I'm stronger than you. (Soy más fuerte que tú.)
This car is more comfortable than yours. (Este coche es más cómodo que el tuyo.)
She's got the same dress than yours. (Tiene el mismo vestido que tú.)
You're as fast as him. ( Eres tan rápido como él.)
You're not as good as him! (¡No eres tan bueno como él!)
He's the richest man in the town. (Es el hombre más rico de la ciudad.)
She's the most beautiful actress I know. (Ella es la actriz más hermosa que conozco.)

LISTA de ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVO-SUPERLATIVO

able abler ablest balmy balmier balmiest bleary blearier bleariest
achy achier achiest bare barer barest blind blinder blindest
acute acuter acutest batty battier battiest blithe blither blithest
airy airier airiest beady beadier beadiest blond blonder blondest
ample ampler amplest beastly beastlier bloody bloodier bloodiest
angry angrier angriest beastliest blotchy blotchier
apt apter aptest beefy beefier beefiest blotchiest
arty artier artiest big bigger biggest blowzy blowzier blowziest
ashy ashier ashiest bitter bitterer bitterest
bad worse worst black blacker blackest blue bluer bluest
baggy baggier baggiest bland blander blandest blunt blunter bluntest
bald balder baldest blank blanker blankest blurry blurrier blurriest
balky balkier balkiest bleak bleaker bleakest boggy boggier boggiest

bold bolder boldest chintzy chintzier crisp crisper crispest
bonny bonnier bonniest chintziest crispy crispier crispiest
bony bonier boniest choice choicer choicest croaky croakier croakiest
bossy bossier bossiest choosy choosier choosiest cross crosser crossest
botchy botchier botchiest croupy croupier croupiest
bouncy bouncier choppy choppier
bounciest choppiest cruel crueler cruelest
brainy brainier brainiest chubby chubbier crummy crummier
brambly bramblier chubbiest crummiest
brambliest chummy chummier crunchy crunchier
brash brasher brashest chummiest crunchiest
brassy brassier brassiest chunky chunkier crusty crustier crustiest
bratty brattier brattiest chunkiest cuddly cuddlier cuddliest
brave braver bravest civil civiler civilest curly curlier curliest
brawny brawnier clammy clammier curt curter curtest
brawniest clammiest curvy curvier curviest
breathy breathier classy classier classiest cushy cushier cushiest
breathiest clean cleaner cleanest cute cuter cutest
breezy breezier breeziest cleanly cleanlier cleanliest daffy daffier daffiest
brief briefer briefest daft dafter daftest
bright brighter brightest clear clearer clearest dainty daintier daintiest
briny brinier briniest clever cleverer cleverest damp damper dampest
brisk brisker briskest clingy clingier clingiest dandy dandier dandiest
bristly bristlier bristliest cliquy cliquier cliquiest dank danker dankest
broad broader broadest cloddy cloddier cloddiest dark darker darkest
broody broodier broodiest close closer closest dead deader deadest
cloudy cloudier cloudiest deadly deadlier deadliest
brown browner brownest clumpy clumpier deaf deafer deafest
brusk brusker bruskest clumpiest dear dearer dearest
bubbly bubblier bubbliest clumsy clumsier deep deeper deepest
bulgy bulgier bulgiest clumsiest deft defter deftest
bulky bulkier bulkiest coarse coarser coarsest demure demurer
bumpy bumpier bumpiest cold colder coldest demurest
comely comelier dense denser densest
bunchy bunchier comeliest dewy dewier dewiest
bunchiest comfy comfier comfiest dicey dicier diciest
burly burlier burliest common commoner dim dimmer dimmest
bushy bushier bushiest commonest dingy dingier dingiest
busy busier busiest cool cooler coolest dippy dippier dippiest
cagy cagier cagiest corky corkier corkiest dire direr direst
calm calmer calmest corny cornier corniest dirty dirtier dirtiest
campy campier campiest costly costlier costliest dizzy dizzier dizziest
canny cannier canniest coy coyer coyest dopey dopier dopiest
catchy catchier catchiest cozy cozier coziest dotty dottier dottiest
catty cattier cattiest crabby crabbier crabbiest dowdy dowdier dowdiest
chalky chalkier chalkiest crackly cracklier downy downier downiest
chancy chancier chanciest crackliest drab drabber drabbest
crafty craftier craftiest drafty draftier draftiest
chaste chaster chastest craggy craggier craggiest dreamy dreamier
chatty chattier chattiest cranky crankier crankiest dreamiest
cheap cheaper cheapest crass crasser crassest dreary drearier dreariest
cheeky cheekier crawly crawlier crawliest dressy dressier dressiest
cheekiest crazy crazier craziest droopy droopier droopiest
cheery cheerier cheeriest creaky creakier creakiest
cheesy cheesier cheesiest creamy creamier drowsy drowsier
creamiest drowsiest
chewy chewier chewiest creepy creepier creepiest dry drier driest
chilly chillier chilliest crinkly crinklier crinkliest ducky duckier duckiest

dull duller dullest frizzy frizzier frizziest grisly grislier grisliest
dumb dumber dumbest frosty frostier frostiest gritty grittier grittiest
dumpy dumpier dumpiest frothy frothier frothiest grizzly grizzlier grizzliest
frumpy frumpier groggy groggier groggiest
dusky duskier duskiest frumpiest
dusty dustier dustiest full fuller fullest groovy groovier grooviest
early earlier earliest funky funkier funkiest
earthy earthier earthiest funny funnier funniest gross grosser grossest
easy easier easiest furry furrier furriest grouchy grouchier
edgy edgier edgiest fussy fussier fussiest grouchiest
eery eerier eeriest fuzzy fuzzier fuzziest grubby grubbier
empty emptier emptiest gabby gabbier gabbiest grubbiest
faint fainter faintest game gamer gamest gruff gruffer gruffest
fair fairer fairest gamy gamier gamiest grumpy grumpier
false falser falsest gaudy gaudier gaudiest grumpiest
fancy fancier fanciest gaunt gaunter gauntest grungy grungier
far farther farthest gauzy gauzier gauziest grungiest
far further furthest gawky gawkier gawkiest guilty guiltier guiltiest
fast faster fastest gentle gentler gentlest gummy gummier
fat fatter fattest germy germier germiest gummiest
fatty fattier fattiest ghastly ghastlier gushy gushier gushiest
faulty faultier faultiest ghastliest gusty gustier gustiest
feeble feebler feeblest giddy giddier giddiest gutsy gutsier gutsiest
few fewer fewest glad gladder gladdest hairy hairier hairiest
fierce fiercer fiercest glairy glairier glairiest hammy hammier
fiery fierier fieriest glassy glassier glassiest hammiest
filmy filmier filmiest gleamy gleamier handsome handsomer
filthy filthier filthiest gleamiest handsomest
fine finer finest glib glibber glibbest handy handier handiest
firm firmer firmest gloomy gloomier happy happier happiest
fishy fishier fishiest gloomiest hard harder hardest
fit fitter fittest glossy glossier glossiest hardy hardier hardiest
flabby flabbier flabbiest gluey gluier gluiest harsh harsher harshest
flaky flakier flakiest glum glummer glummest hasty hastier hastiest
flashy flashier flashiest godly godlier godliest haughty haughtier
flat flatter flattest good better best haughtiest
fleecy fleecier fleeciest goodly goodlier goodliest hazy hazier haziest
fleet fleeter fleetest gooey gooier gooiest heady headier headiest
flighty flightier flightiest goofy goofier goofiest healthy healthier
flimsy flimsier flimsiest gory gorier goriest healthiest
flip flipper flippest gouty goutier goutiest hearty heartier heartiest
floppy floppier floppiest grabby grabbier grabbiest heavy heavier heaviest
fluffy fluffier fluffiest hefty heftier heftiest
foamy foamier foamiest grainy grainier grainiest high higher highest
foggy foggier foggiest grand grander grandest hip hipper hippest
folksy folksier folksiest grassy grassier grassiest hoarse hoarser hoarsest
fond fonder fondest grave graver gravest hokey hokier hokiest
foolhardy foolhardier gray grayer grayest holy holier holiest
foolhardiest greasy greasier greasiest homely homelier
foul fouler foulest great greater greatest homeliest
foxy foxier foxiest greedy greedier greediest homey homier homiest
frail frailer frailest hot hotter hottest
frank franker frankest green greener greenest huffy huffier huffiest
freaky freakier freakiest grey greyer greyest huge huger hugest
free freer freest grim grimmer grimmest humble humbler
fresh fresher freshest grimy grimier grimiest humblest
friendly friendlier grippy grippier grippiest hungry hungrier
friendliest gripy gripier gripiest hungriest

husky huskier huskiest nimble nimbler nimblest
icky ickier ickiest manly manlier manliest nippy nippier nippiest
icy icier iciest marshy marshier noble nobler noblest
idle idler idlest marshiest noisy noisier noisiest
ill iller illest mature maturer maturest nosy nosier nosiest
inky inkier inkiest numb number numbest
itchy itchier itchiest mealy mealier mealiest nutty nuttier nuttiest
jaunty jauntier jauntiest mean meaner meanest obscure obscurer
jazzy jazzier jazziest measly measlier obscurest
jerky jerkier jerkiest measliest odd odder oddest
jolly jollier jolliest meaty meatier meatiest oily oilier oiliest
jouncy jouncier jounciest meek meeker meekest old elder eldest
juicy juicier juiciest mellow mellower old older oldest
jumpy jumpier jumpiest mellowest oozy oozier ooziest
keen keener keenest mere merer merest pale paler palest
kind kinder kindest merry merrier merriest palmy palmier palmiest
kindly kindlier kindliest messy messier messiest paltry paltrier paltriest
kingly kinglier kingliest mighty mightier mightiest pasty pastier pastiest
knobby knobbier patchy patchier patchiest
knobbiest mild milder mildest pearly pearlier pearliest
knotty knottier knottiest milky milkier milkiest pebbly pebblier pebbliest
kooky kookier kookiest minty mintier mintiest peppy peppier peppiest
lacy lacier laciest minute minuter minutest perky perkier perkiest
lame lamer lamest misty mistier mistiest pert perter pertest
lank lanker lankest moist moister moistest pesky peskier peskiest
lanky lankier lankiest moldy moldier moldiest petty pettier pettiest
large larger largest moody moodier moodiest phlegmy phlegmier
late later latest phlegmiest
lax laxer laxest mopy mopier mopiest phony phonier phoniest
lazy lazier laziest mossy mossier mossiest picky pickier pickiest
leafy leafier leafiest mouldy mouldier piggy piggier piggiest
leaky leakier leakiest mouldiest pimply pimplier pimpliest
lean leaner leanest mousy mousier mousiest pink pinker pinkest
leery leerier leeriest mouthy mouthier pithy pithier pithiest
lengthy lengthier mouthiest plain plainer plainest
lengthiest mucky muckier muckiest plucky pluckier pluckiest
light lighter lightest muddy muddier muddiest plump plumper plumpest
likely likelier likeliest plumy plumier plumiest
linty lintier lintiest muggy muggier muggiest plush plusher plushest
lithe lither lithest pointy pointier pointiest
little littler littlest murky murkier murkiest poky pokier pokiest
lively livelier liveliest mushy mushier mushiest polite politer politest
loamy loamier loamiest musty mustier mustiest poor poorer poorest
lofty loftier loftiest naive naiver naivest porky porkier porkiest
lonely lonelier loneliest narrow narrower portly portlier portliest
long longer longest narrowest posh posher poshest
loony loonier looniest nasty nastier nastiest pretty prettier prettiest
loose looser loosest natty nattier nattiest prickly pricklier prickliest
lordly lordlier lordliest naughty naughtier prim primmer primmest
loud louder loudest naughtiest prissy prissier prissiest
lousy lousier lousiest near nearer nearest profound profounder
lovely lovelier loveliest neat neater neatest profoundest
low lower lowest needy needier neediest prosy prosier prosiest
lowly lowlier lowliest nervy nervier nerviest proud prouder proudest
lucky luckier luckiest new newer newest pudgy pudgier pudgiest
lumpy lumpier lumpiest newsy newsier newsiest puffy puffier puffiest
mad madder maddest nice nicer nicest pulpy pulpier pulpiest
mangy mangier mangiest nifty niftier niftiest punchy punchier

punchiest scraggly scragglier sleety sleetier sleetiest
puny punier puniest scraggliest slender slenderer
pure purer purest scrappy scrappier slenderest
pushy pushier pushiest scrappiest slick slicker slickest
quaint quainter quaintest scratchy scratchier slight slighter slightest
quaky quakier quakiest scratchiest slim slimmer slimmest
queasy queasier scrawny scrawnier slimy slimier slimiest
queasiest scrawniest slippery slipperier
quick quicker quickest screechy screechier slipperiest
quiet quieter quietest screechiest sloppy sloppier sloppiest
quirky quirkier quirkiest scrimpy scrimpier sloshy sloshier sloshiest
rainy rainier rainiest scrimpiest slouchy slouchier
rangy rangier rangiest scrubby scrubbier slouchiest
rank ranker rankest scrubbiest slow slower slowest
rare rarer rarest scruffy scruffier scruffiest sludgy sludgier sludgiest
raspy raspier raspiest slushy slushier slushiest
ratty rattier rattiest scurvy scurvier scurviest sly slier sliest
raw rawer rawest secure securer securest sly slyer slyest
ready readier readiest seemly seemlier small smaller smallest
real realer realest seemliest smart smarter smartest
red redder reddest severe severer severest smeary smearier
reedy reedier reediest shabby shabbier smeariest
remote remoter remotest shabbiest smelly smellier smelliest
shady shadier shadiest smoggy smoggier
rich richer richest shaggy shaggier smoggiest
ripe riper ripest shaggiest smoky smokier smokiest
risky riskier riskiest shaky shakier shakiest smooth smoother
ritzy ritzier ritziest shallow shallower smoothest
rocky rockier rockiest shallowest smudgy smudgier
roomy roomier roomiest shapely shapelier smudgiest
rosy rosier rosiest shapeliest smug smugger smuggest
rotten rottener rottenest sharp sharper sharpest snaky snakier snakiest
rough rougher roughest shifty shiftier shiftiest snappy snappier
rowdy rowdier rowdiest shiny shinier shiniest snappiest
ruddy ruddier ruddiest shoddy shoddier snarly snarlier snarliest
rude ruder rudest shoddiest sneaky sneakier
runny runnier runniest short shorter shortest sneakiest
runty runtier runtiest showy showier showiest sneezy sneezier sneeziest
rusty rustier rustiest shrewd shrewder
sad sadder saddest shrewdest snide snider snidest
safe safer safest shrill shriller shrillest snippy snippier snippiest
sage sager sagest shy shyer shyest snobby snobbier
saggy saggier saggiest sick sicker sickest snobbiest
saintly saintlier saintliest sickly sicklier sickliest snoopy snoopier
salty saltier saltiest sightly sightlier sightliest snoopiest
sandy sandier sandiest silky silkier silkiest snooty snootier snootiest
sane saner sanest silly sillier silliest snowy snowier snowiest
sappy sappier sappiest silty siltier siltiest snug snugger snuggest
sassy sassier sassiest simple simpler simplest soapy soapier soapiest
saucy saucier sauciest sincere sincerer sincerest sober soberer soberest
scabby scabbier scabbiest sketchy sketchier soft softer softest
sketchiest soggy soggier soggiest
scaly scalier scaliest skinny skinnier skinniest solid solider solidest
scanty scantier scantiest slangy slangier slangiest soon sooner soonest
scarce scarcer scarcest slaphappy slaphappier sooty sootier sootiest
scary scarier scariest slaphappiest soppy soppier soppiest
schmaltzy schmaltzier sleek sleeker sleekest sore sorer sorest
schmaltziest sleepy sleepier sleepiest sorry sorrier sorriest

sound sounder soundest still stiller stillest tasty tastier tastiest
soupy soupier soupiest stingy stingier stingiest taut tauter tautest
sour sourer sourest stinky stinkier stinkiest tawdry tawdrier tawdriest
spare sparer sparest stocky stockier stockiest
sparse sparser sparsest stodgy stodgier stodgiest tawny tawnier tawniest
speedy speedier stony stonier stoniest teary tearier teariest
speediest stormy stormier teeny teenier teeniest
spicy spicier spiciest stormiest tense tenser tensest
spiffy spiffier spiffiest stout stouter stoutest terse terser tersest
spiky spikier spikiest straggly stragglier testy testier testiest
spindly spindlier straggliest tetchy tetchier tetchiest
spindliest straight straighter thick thicker thickest
spiny spinier spiniest straightest thin thinner thinnest
splashy splashier strange stranger thirsty thirstier thirstiest
splashiest strangest thorny thornier thorniest
splotchy splotchier streaky streakier thready threadier
splotchiest streakiest threadiest
spongy spongier stretchy stretchier thrifty thriftier thriftiest
spongiest stretchiest throaty throatier
sporty sportier sportiest strict stricter strictest throatiest
spotty spottier spottiest stringy stringier stringiest tidy tidier tidiest
sprightly sprightlier tight tighter tightest
sprightliest strong stronger strongest tinny tinnier tinniest
springy springier tiny tinier tiniest
springiest stubborn stubborner tipsy tipsier tipsiest
spry sprier spriest stubbornest toothy toothier toothiest
spry spryer spryest stubby stubbier stubbiest touchy touchier touchiest
spunky spunkier stuffy stuffier stuffiest tough tougher toughest
spunkiest stumpy stumpier trendy trendier trendiest
squabby squabbier stumpiest tricky trickier trickiest
squabbiest stupid stupider stupidest true truer truest
square squarer squarest sturdy sturdier sturdiest trusty trustier trustiest
squashy squashier sudsy sudsier sudsiest twangy twangier
squashiest sulky sulkier sulkiest twangiest
squatty squattier sultry sultrier sultriest tweedy tweedier
squattiest sunny sunnier sunniest tweediest
squeaky squeakier supple suppler supplest ugly uglier ugliest
squeakiest sure surer surest unhealthy unhealthier
squirmy squirmier surly surlier surliest unhealthiest
squirmiest svelte svelter sveltest unruly unrulier unruliest
stagy stagier stagiest swampy swampier vague vaguer vaguest
staid staider staidest swampiest vile viler vilest
stale staler stalest swanky swankier wacky wackier wackiest
starchy starchier swankiest wan wanner wannest
starchiest swarthy swarthier warm warmer warmest
stark starker starkest swarthiest wary warier wariest
starry starrier starriest sweaty sweatier wavy wavier waviest
stately statelier stateliest sweatiest waxy waxier waxiest
steady steadier steadiest sweet sweeter sweetest weak weaker weakest
stealthy stealthier swift swifter swiftest wealthy wealthier
stealthiest tacky tackier tackiest wealthiest
steamy steamier talky talkier talkiest weary wearier weariest
steamiest tall taller tallest weedy weedier weediest
steely steelier steeliest tame tamer tamest weepy weepier weepiest
steep steeper steepest tan tanner tannest weighty weightier
stern sterner sternest tangy tangier tangiest weightiest
sticky stickier stickiest tardy tardier tardiest weird weirder weirdest
stiff stiffer stiffest tart tarter tartest wet wetter wettest

wheezy wheezier zany zanier zaniest
wheeziest zippy zippier zippiest
whiny whinier whiniest
white whiter whitest
wide wider widest
wild wilder wildest
wily wilier wiliest
windy windier windiest
wintry wintrier wintriest
wiry wirier wiriest
wise wiser wisest
wispy wispier wispiest
witty wittier wittiest
wobbly wobblier
wobbliest
woodsy woodsier
woodsiest
woody woodier woodiest
woolly woollier woolliest
woozy woozier wooziest
wordy wordier wordiest
worldly worldlier
worldliest
wormy wormier wormiest

worthy worthier worthiest

wriggly wrigglier
wriggliest
wry wrier wriest
yeasty yeastier yeastiest
young younger youngest
Nombres: Singular y Plural - Nouns: Singular and Plural

Reglas gramaticales

A la mayoria de nombres se les agrega una "s" al final para formar el plural.
camera / cameras
pen / pens
cup / cups
car / cars

Reglas generales para formar el plural

Palabras que terminan en consonante + y: la "y" cambia a "i" y añadimos"es"
party - parties
city - cities

Palabras que terminan en vocal + y: añadimos una "s".
boy - boys
toy - toys

Palabras que terminan en SS, S, SH, CH, X, O: añadimos ES

glass - glasses
bus - buses
brush - brushes
watch - watches
box - boxes
tomato - tomatoes

Palabras que terminan en F, FE: cambiamos la F o FE por VES
leaf - leaves
wife - wives

Plurales irregulares

Muchos sustantivos se pluralizan de un modo irregular, existen dos casos:

Caso 1

Cuando el singular y plural no cambian.

fish (pez o pescado) singular
fish (peces o pescados) plural

sheep (oveja) singular
sheep (ovejas) plural

Caso 2

Cuando el plural varía de modo irregular. Por lo tanto, no existe regla la cual se pueda
seguir y hay que aprenderse las formas irregulares de cada uno.

SINGULAR SIGNIFICADO PLURAL SIGNIFICADO
man hombre men hombres
woman mujer women mujeres
child niño children niños
person persona people personas
tooth diente teeth dientes
foot pie feet pies
mouse ratón mice ratones

Expresar cantidades: Contables e Incontables
Express quantities: Countables and Uncountables

Es necesario entender correctamente la diferencia entre incontable y contable para
poder expresar correctamente las cantidades.
Podemos separar los nombres en dos grupos: los incontables y los contables.

Los contables son aquellos nombres de cosas, gente, etc que nosotros podemos

contar. Por ejemplo nosotros podemos decir: one pencil, two pencils, three
pencils... Entonces decimos que pencil es contable.

chair, book, cat, pen, box, letter ...

Incontable es todo aquello que nosotros no podemos contar. Por ejemplo
nosotros no podemos decir: one rice, two rices, three rices... Entonces decimos que
rice es incontable.

salt, wood, tea, wine, sugar, oxygen, advice, bread, furniture,
hair, information, money, news, spaghetti, weather, rice

Además muchos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables a la vez
dependiendo de la función que desempeñen:
Por ejemplo:

There are two lambs. (Hay dos corderos)

We like lamb. (Nos gusta la carne de cordero)

Podemos contar cantidades de cosas incontables usando por ejemplo: glass,
bottle, litre, etc...
ejemplos:

a glass of water
three cartons of milk
a loaf of bread

En esta tabla puedes ver las principales difirencias entre contables e
incontables:

contables incontables
no tienen plural: rice no puede
tienen plural: egg- eggs
ser rices
no podemos usar a o an : no
delante de singular podemos decir a milk. Deben ir
contable podemos usar a o precedidos, si quieren
an : individualizarse, de alguna
an apple palabra con valor partitivo como
a carton of milk.
podemos usar números no podemos usar números
delante de un contable: two delante de un incontable: no
eggs podemos decir two rices
many se usa para nombres much se usa para nombres
plurales contables singulares no contables
How many students were How much milk is in the fridge?

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