1. Media Development in Korea
Chaerin Lee, Sojeong kim , Laura Cruz
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

2. What is Media Development?
•
A system of regulation conducive to freedom of
expression, pluralism and diversity of the media
•
Plurality and diversity of media, a level of
economic playing field and transparency of
ownership
•
Media as a platform for democratic discourse
•
Professional capacity building and supporting
institutions that underpins freedom of
expression, pluralism and diversity
•
Infrastructural capacity is sufficient to support
independent and pluralistic media
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

3. History of Media

Japanese Colonial Period
American Military Rule, the First and
Second
Republics



lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13
Military Regimes
Civilian Governments

4. Japanese Colonial Period 1910 - 1945
•

direct control of the press as well as other public
institutions
•

Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty 1910
March First Independence Movement 1919
Japanese authorities loosened control over
cultural activities and allowed several Korean
newspapers to function while maintaining some
behind-the-scenes direction over political
sensitive issues
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

5. The American Military Rule, the First and Second
Republics 1945 – 1961
•
Libertarian Policy of USAMG

Korean press enjoyed greater freedom

Increase in the number of newspapers and
magazines
•
Ordinance No. 88 1946

Lee Seung Man’s government continued this
policy

Outlawed leftist newspapers

Journalists and publishers were arrested
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

6. Military Regimes 1961 –
•
Park Chung Hee Government 1964~1979
Severe restriction on media

Approximately 20 laws covering media

Declaration of the State of National Emergency
1971

Penalized criticism of the government
Freedom of the Press regarding non-political/nonsensitive social issues

A trend of Sensationalism
•
Growth in the media industry in subscription
and advertising revenue
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

7. Military Regimes 1961 - 1988
Chun Doo Hwan Government 1980~1988
Severe media restriction
 No. 1 of Article 20 overused as a means to restrict
the media
 Basic Press Act 1980
 Independent news agencies were absorbed into a
single state-run agency
 Numerous provincial newspapers were closed
 Two independent broadcasting companies were
absorbed into the state-run KBS
 Ministry of Culture and Information banned
hundreds of journalists from writing or editing
news
•
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

8. Military Regimes 1961 As a result of harsh media policies under
military regimes,
Reorganized media through merger and
closing
Ex) Yonhap News Agency
Media companies enjoyed oligopoly
700 journalists were dismissed and 172
publications banned
•
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

9. Civilian Governments 1988 - Present
•
The political liberalization of the late 1980s
loosened restraints on media and brought
about a new generation of journalists

Rapid expansion in coverage

MBC resumed independent broadcasting

No. of radio stations increased from 74 to 111

Ban on North Korean media products were lifted
•
Media Reform in the 1990s
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

10. lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

11. After Democratization
•
Capital controls media
•
The Age of keen competitio
•
Concentrated ownership
•
Commercialization and
Sensationalism
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

12. Deregulation Plan
•
Easing the ban on ‘Cross Media Ownership’
•
Remove conglomerates’ 49% limit of
shareholding in the satellite broadcasting
sector
•
Allow conglomerates to hold up to 49% in a
terrestrial DMB business
•
Foreigners’ shareholding limit in the satellite
broadcasting sector will be lifted from 33% to
49%
Efficiency/Competition vs. Pluralism/Diversity
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

13. Overview of Korean Media
•
Newspapers and Printed Press
- 11 general-interest dailies dominating the print
media (in total there are 290 dailies)
- Big three are Chosun, Dong-A, Joong-ang Daily
- Sell 1.5~2million copies each
- National News agency: Yonhap
•
Radio and Television
- Four major radio stations: KBS, MBC, SBS, EBS
- Three major TV networks: KBS, MBC, SBS
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

14. Overview of Korean Media
•
New Media and the Internet
- 48,636,068 Internet users as of June, 2010
81% of the population
- 77% of the population aged six and over use
Internet-related services
- Internet-based media and cable television
vs. the traditional print media and the
broadcast media
- Social Media : Blogs, SNS, Micro Blogs
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

15. Strength & Weakness
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

16. <Strength>
-New media
• Internet
• Social media
-Media contents
<Weakness>
- An imbalance between imports and
exports
- Internet censorship
- Media ownership & Concentration
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

17. New media
<Internet>
- World’s fastest average Internet connection speed.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

18. New media
• South Korea's high internet penetration rate can be
attributed to the government's strong
infrastructural support.
• Asia’s highest internet penetration rates.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

19. New media
• South Korea's high internet penetration rate can be
attributed to the government's strong
infrastructural support.
• Asia’s highest internet penetration rates.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

20. New media
Mobile internet platform
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

21. New media
Mobile internet platform
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

22. New media
Samsung
33.3%
LG
12.5%
Pantech
8.3%
Nokia
Mobile internet platform
33.3%
Motorola
12.5%
<Market share of Korea company in LTE
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

23. New media
Samsung
33.3%
LG
12.5%
Pantech
8.3%
Nokia
Mobile internet platform
33.3%
Motorola
12.5%
<Market share of Korea company in LTE
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

24. New media
<Social media>
Popular blog hosting sites include:
•Naver Blogs
•Daum blogs
•Egloos
•Blogin
•Tistory
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

25. Media contents
•GDP and culture industry growth: 2007~2011
Other countries
Korea
GDP growth rate
Cultural contents growth rate
9.2%
3.7%
10
8
6
National
Economy
Cultural
Contents
4
2
US
Source: Culture Industry White Paper(2011)
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13
Canada
UK
France
China
Source: Global Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2007~2011

26. Media contents
•GDP and culture industry growth: 2007~2011
Other countries
Korea
GDP growth rate
9.2%
3.7%
10
8
6
National
Economy
Cultural
Contents
4
2
AN
RE
KO
VE
A
W
US
Source: Culture Industry White Paper(2011)
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13
Cultural contents growth rate
Canada
UK
France
China
Source: Global Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2007~2011

27. Weakness
•An imbalance between imports and
exports
•The amount of import is bigger than the
amount of export in broadcast industry and
movie industry.
*Deficit (2011)
Broadcast industry : $ 64 million
Movie industry: $ 60 million
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

28. An imbalance between
imports and exports
•An imbalance between importing country and
exporting country is enormity.
•Korea’s media export is limited to such countries
as countries in Asia.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

29. An imbalance between
imports and exports
Contents
Export
Import
Total
Total amount Main
•An imbalanceamount Main importing country and
between
of export
exporting
of export
importing
country
exporting country is enormity.
Broadcasting
118,595
(+independent
producer)
•Korea’s media
Movie
14,122
(Except
as countries in
animation)
Music
31,269
Game
Japan (62%)
North America
(89%)
export is limited to such countries
Japan(42%)
73,646
North America
Southeast Asia
Asia.
1,240,856
(21%)
Japan (69%)
China(35%)
Japan(27%)
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13
182.927
country
(86%)
11,936
Europe(57%)
332,250
Japan(20%)
-

30. An imbalance between
imports and exports
•An imbalance between importing country and
exporting country is enormity.
•Korea’s media export is limited to such countries
as countries in Asia.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

31. Internet Censorship
The Korean government…
•shut “problematic” websites.
•shut people’s access to “problematic”
twitter accounts
•request user private information from
portal, without the user’s knowledge
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

32. Censorship
•그림!!! 사진!
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

33. Censorship
•그림!!! 사진!
al
ion
at
sn
er ty
ng uri
da ec
En
s
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

34. Censorship
•그림!!! 사진!
al
ion
at
n
ion
at
rs y
am
ge rit
n
ef
da ecu
rd
be
En
s
Cy
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

35. Media ownership &
Concentration
<Newspapers>
The Chosun Daily 24.3%
JoongAng Daily 21.8%
The Dong-Ailbo 18.3%
<Radio>
Terrestrial broadcaster- MBC
Religious radio broadcasting- CBS
Regional radio
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

36. Media ownership &
Concentration
<Wire line
•<Broadcast TV>
communications market>
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

37. How developed is
korean media?
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

38. FREEDOM HOUSE
•
High participation of Koreans in both traditional and new media
•
The literacy rate is 99%. An the education system highly supports
freedom of media
•
Censorship and restriction of media outlets by government are not rare
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

39. 2013 SCORES FREEDOM HOUSE
FREEDOM ON THE NET STATUS
Partly Free
FREEDOM ON THE NET TOTAL
32
OBSTACLES TO ACCESS
3
LIMITS ON CONTENT
13
VIOLATIONS OF USER RIGHTS
16
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

40. Korea: highly connected...
•
The survey also showed that Internet usage stands at 74.4 percent for men, compared with 62
percent of women.
•
With 30.67 million Net surfers, according to the report, Korea became the fifth country in the world
to join the 30 million club, following the United States, China, Japan and Germany.
•
More than 45 percent of respondents said they are a member of at least one Internet community
and 37.1 percent of use instant messaging.
•
Korean Internet users spend an average of 11.5 hours a week on the Web, an hour less than six
months ago. Seventy-three percent surf mainly to search for information, 54 percent play online
games and 33 percent use e-mail.
•
More than 95 percent of those aged 6 to 29 periodically go online, compared with 86.4 percent of
those in their thirties, 58.3 percent of people in their forties and just 27.6 percent of those in their
fifties.
•
South Korea has the highest number of broadband connections per capita in the world. By early
2005, around 25% of the population, or 75% of households, were broadband subscribers.
•
South Korea is considered a leader in Third generation (3G) mobile technology and has the world’s
highest percentage of mobile users on 3G.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

41. ...but corrupted
•
Large media companies are family owned: Traditional outlook on the
journalistic ethics.
•
The government undermines freedom of speech even if it’s
guaranteed by the constitution.
•
Corruption and bribery runs along the whole Korean media system
•
Abuse of power and connections due to political faction
•
However, there are two institutions that regulate media disputes:
➡
Korea Press Ethics Commission
➡
the Press Arbitration Commission.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

42. What should korea do?
As public officers of the ministry of media and
communication in Korea, we are highly concerned
because even though our society has a highly developed
media and communication system in what infrastructure
is concerned, it is rather lacking when we go into freedom
and access. Corruption, censorship, bribery must be
overcome in order to set ourselves as a completely
democratic social media society.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

43. Recommended policies
Seeing as the major problem lacks on the traditional way of thinking of the Korean society,
we support the following policies:
1. Education of Korean society on the right of freedom, right of privacy, right of expression
2. The government should apply closely the constitution and if it’s incapable of doing so, this
issues should be also taken by the affected to the Constitutional Court of Korea.
3. The importance of freedom of media should be highly fomented in the society. It does us
not good to have an amazing media industry if it is still living in the 20th century.
4. Focus on the new generation, the youth that are gradually opening their minds and see the
action of censorship and bribery as incorrect. Things will be on their hands in a few years,
and even if the change is slow it is worth the wait.
5. Tighten the law and the punishment for bribery, corruption and censorship.
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13

44. Discussion questions
•As
a Korean or a foreigner, do you think
that korea needs to overcome its problem
with corruption and censorship? why?
•do
you think that the problems of korean
media system its bad for its development?
why?
•What
impact did the political liberalization
in the 1980’s have on media of South Korea?
THANK YOU!
lunes, 2 de diciembre de 13