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Contemporary British Cinema and the
     Representation of Youth
Watch the opening sequence of ‘Harry Brown’.
How does it represent young people?
Read the article about the
                  representation of hoodies in
                  contemporary British films and
                  make notes on the key points.

                  You should consider:

                  • How it suggests young people
                    are represented

                  • The links to the horror genre

                  • The significance of social class

                  • The implications of the
                    representations




Link to article
Watch the trailer of ‘Eden Lake’. How are Jenny and Steve
(the main couple) represented? How is this contrasted with
the representation of the other characters? How important
is the issue of social class? How are young people
represented?
• Film theorist Robin Wood
Horror and the
Representation of Youth
                                    argues that the basic
                                    formula of the horror film
                                    is ‘normality is threatened
What is the significance of the
emergence of a cycle of British     by the monster. I use
films in which the ‘monster’ is
young people?                       “normality” here…to mean
                                    simply “conformity to the
How do they threaten
normality?                          dominant social norms”’.
What term could we use
instead of normality?
‘Attack the Block’ – Youth, Stereotypes, Social Class

Watch the opening sequence of ‘Attack the Block’ – how are the main characters
introduced? How does this representation change?...
‘Attack the Block’ – Youth, Stereotypes, Social Class

• Opening sequence stereotypical hoodie
  representation.
• As the film progresses the representation becomes
  more positive. Develops a more sympathetic
  representation.
• The film initially represents the young people as
  ‘monsters’, then replaces them with actual
  monsters.
• Contrast to other ‘hoodie horror films’.
‘Attack the Block’ – Youth, Stereotypes, Social Class

‘While Attack the Block has moments of hilarity, and evokes the loneliness of ET – the
fantasy, the bizarre things happening in residential streets – this is definitely a horror
film. A political horror film, far less silly than fans may expect. There are
monsters, aliens of the sort we haven't seen in the cinema for a long time.
"They're all the things that the press and people call those kids, made into a monster.
People call these kids monsters, they call them feral, they call them animalistic, they
say they've got no morals or values and all they care about is territory and
competitiveness. So what if there was a creature that really was like that, and then
you pitted the kids against it?“’

The Observer, interview with director Joe Cornish
‘Eden Lake’ – middle class adult main characters, antagonists are
teenage hoodies (monsters) who torture and kill the main
characters. Reflects middle class fear of working youth and their
perceived threat to hegemony.



‘Harry Brown’ – middle class, adult hero. Teenager hoodies are
antagonists. Hero hunts/kills antagonists. Middle class revenge
fantasy in which threatening working class youth are punished.




‘Attack the Block’ – film initially opens with middle class
protagonist, teenage hoodie ‘monsters’. These characters then
become heroes. Film is an attempt to resolve tensions between
middle class and working class youth.
Entertainment and Utopia, Richard
                Dyer
• Film theorist Richard Dyer argues that one of
  the functions of entertainment is utopianism.
  ‘Entertainment offers the image of “something
  better”…the sense that things could be
  better…Entertainment does not present
  models of utopian worlds…Rather the
  utopianism is contained in the feelings it
  embodies.’
Utopian Categories of Entertainment
•   Energy
•   Abundance
•   Intensity
•   Transparency
•   Community
•   Dyer argues these categories reflect
    ‘temporary answers to the inadequacies of
    the society’.
Watch the ending of ‘Attack the Block’. How can you
relate Dyer’s theory of entertainment and utopia?
(1:00:00)
Applying Theory
                   Homework
Research into the following theories (record on blogs) and
consider how you can apply them to the three media texts we
have just covered (write notes for each*):
• Giroux (1997), empty category
• Acland (1995), reinforcing hegemony/ideology of
  protection
• Gramsci (1971), hegemony
• Cohen (1972), moral panic
• McRobbie (2004), representations against the working class
• Gerbner (1986), Cultivation theory, Mean World syndrome

• * These must be re-written in your own words
Support for Homework
Theorist   Year          Concepts                           Your explanation
Giroux     1997          Youth as empty category
Acland     1995          Ideology of protection; deviant
                         youth and reproduction of social
                         order
Gramsci    1971 (1929-   Cultural hegemony
           1935)
Cohen      1972          Moral panic
McRobbie 2004            Symbolic Violence
Gerbner    1986          Cultivation Theory
Giroux (1997)
• Representations of youth in popular culture
  have a long and complex history and
  habitually serve as signposts through which
  American society registers its own crises of
  meaning, vision, and community…youth
  becomes an empty category inhabited by the
  desires, fantasies, and interests of the adult
  world.
Acland (1995)
• Order has a key function: to reproduce itself.
  Youth in crisis, youth gone wild, is a central
  site in which this activity of reproducing order
  takes place. It involves the constitution of the
  normal, adult, the normal youth, and the
  relation between the two. The deviant youth
  is thus a crucial trope of this relationship; it
  helps patrol the boundaries
Gramsic (1971)
• Cultural hegemony - a culturally-diverse
  society can be ruled or dominated by one of
  its social classes. It is the dominance of one
  social group over another, e.g. the ruling class
  over all other classes. The theory claims that
  the ideas of the ruling class come to be seen
  as the norm; they are seen as universal
  ideologies, perceived to benefit everyone
  whilst only really benefiting the ruling class.
Cohen (1972)
• Societies appear to be subject, every now and
  then, to periods of moral panic. A
  condition, episode, person or group of
  persons emerges to become defined as a
  threat to societal values and interests; its
  nature is presented in a stylized and
  stereotypical fashion by the mass media
McRobbie (2004)
• Symbolic violence against the working class is
  a form of social reproduction
Gerbner (1986)
• The repetitive pattern of television’s mass-
  produced message and images influences
  people’s understanding of the world
• Cultivation theory
• Mean World syndrome
Choose one of the three films to research. Try to find
reviews which reflect different perspectives, e.g.
from conservative newspapers like the Daily Mail, or
the Telegraph, and liberal newspapers like The
Guardian, and The Independent.
Essay Question
• How are young people represented in
  contemporary media?
• Introduction:
  – State argument (link to theory)
  – Identify texts

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Contemporarybritishcinemaandtherepresentationofyouth

  • 1. Contemporary British Cinema and the Representation of Youth
  • 2. Watch the opening sequence of ‘Harry Brown’. How does it represent young people?
  • 3. Read the article about the representation of hoodies in contemporary British films and make notes on the key points. You should consider: • How it suggests young people are represented • The links to the horror genre • The significance of social class • The implications of the representations Link to article
  • 4. Watch the trailer of ‘Eden Lake’. How are Jenny and Steve (the main couple) represented? How is this contrasted with the representation of the other characters? How important is the issue of social class? How are young people represented?
  • 5. • Film theorist Robin Wood Horror and the Representation of Youth argues that the basic formula of the horror film is ‘normality is threatened What is the significance of the emergence of a cycle of British by the monster. I use films in which the ‘monster’ is young people? “normality” here…to mean simply “conformity to the How do they threaten normality? dominant social norms”’. What term could we use instead of normality?
  • 6. ‘Attack the Block’ – Youth, Stereotypes, Social Class Watch the opening sequence of ‘Attack the Block’ – how are the main characters introduced? How does this representation change?...
  • 7. ‘Attack the Block’ – Youth, Stereotypes, Social Class • Opening sequence stereotypical hoodie representation. • As the film progresses the representation becomes more positive. Develops a more sympathetic representation. • The film initially represents the young people as ‘monsters’, then replaces them with actual monsters. • Contrast to other ‘hoodie horror films’.
  • 8. ‘Attack the Block’ – Youth, Stereotypes, Social Class ‘While Attack the Block has moments of hilarity, and evokes the loneliness of ET – the fantasy, the bizarre things happening in residential streets – this is definitely a horror film. A political horror film, far less silly than fans may expect. There are monsters, aliens of the sort we haven't seen in the cinema for a long time. "They're all the things that the press and people call those kids, made into a monster. People call these kids monsters, they call them feral, they call them animalistic, they say they've got no morals or values and all they care about is territory and competitiveness. So what if there was a creature that really was like that, and then you pitted the kids against it?“’ The Observer, interview with director Joe Cornish
  • 9. ‘Eden Lake’ – middle class adult main characters, antagonists are teenage hoodies (monsters) who torture and kill the main characters. Reflects middle class fear of working youth and their perceived threat to hegemony. ‘Harry Brown’ – middle class, adult hero. Teenager hoodies are antagonists. Hero hunts/kills antagonists. Middle class revenge fantasy in which threatening working class youth are punished. ‘Attack the Block’ – film initially opens with middle class protagonist, teenage hoodie ‘monsters’. These characters then become heroes. Film is an attempt to resolve tensions between middle class and working class youth.
  • 10. Entertainment and Utopia, Richard Dyer • Film theorist Richard Dyer argues that one of the functions of entertainment is utopianism. ‘Entertainment offers the image of “something better”…the sense that things could be better…Entertainment does not present models of utopian worlds…Rather the utopianism is contained in the feelings it embodies.’
  • 11. Utopian Categories of Entertainment • Energy • Abundance • Intensity • Transparency • Community • Dyer argues these categories reflect ‘temporary answers to the inadequacies of the society’.
  • 12. Watch the ending of ‘Attack the Block’. How can you relate Dyer’s theory of entertainment and utopia? (1:00:00)
  • 13. Applying Theory Homework Research into the following theories (record on blogs) and consider how you can apply them to the three media texts we have just covered (write notes for each*): • Giroux (1997), empty category • Acland (1995), reinforcing hegemony/ideology of protection • Gramsci (1971), hegemony • Cohen (1972), moral panic • McRobbie (2004), representations against the working class • Gerbner (1986), Cultivation theory, Mean World syndrome • * These must be re-written in your own words
  • 14. Support for Homework Theorist Year Concepts Your explanation Giroux 1997 Youth as empty category Acland 1995 Ideology of protection; deviant youth and reproduction of social order Gramsci 1971 (1929- Cultural hegemony 1935) Cohen 1972 Moral panic McRobbie 2004 Symbolic Violence Gerbner 1986 Cultivation Theory
  • 15. Giroux (1997) • Representations of youth in popular culture have a long and complex history and habitually serve as signposts through which American society registers its own crises of meaning, vision, and community…youth becomes an empty category inhabited by the desires, fantasies, and interests of the adult world.
  • 16. Acland (1995) • Order has a key function: to reproduce itself. Youth in crisis, youth gone wild, is a central site in which this activity of reproducing order takes place. It involves the constitution of the normal, adult, the normal youth, and the relation between the two. The deviant youth is thus a crucial trope of this relationship; it helps patrol the boundaries
  • 17. Gramsic (1971) • Cultural hegemony - a culturally-diverse society can be ruled or dominated by one of its social classes. It is the dominance of one social group over another, e.g. the ruling class over all other classes. The theory claims that the ideas of the ruling class come to be seen as the norm; they are seen as universal ideologies, perceived to benefit everyone whilst only really benefiting the ruling class.
  • 18. Cohen (1972) • Societies appear to be subject, every now and then, to periods of moral panic. A condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests; its nature is presented in a stylized and stereotypical fashion by the mass media
  • 19. McRobbie (2004) • Symbolic violence against the working class is a form of social reproduction
  • 20. Gerbner (1986) • The repetitive pattern of television’s mass- produced message and images influences people’s understanding of the world • Cultivation theory • Mean World syndrome
  • 21. Choose one of the three films to research. Try to find reviews which reflect different perspectives, e.g. from conservative newspapers like the Daily Mail, or the Telegraph, and liberal newspapers like The Guardian, and The Independent.
  • 22. Essay Question • How are young people represented in contemporary media? • Introduction: – State argument (link to theory) – Identify texts