3. Types of Within the Cartilage
Bones Bone & Joints
Functions BONUS
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4. Long bones which are easily identified because of their
extended longitudinal axes; an example is the femur of
the thigh and Humerus of the arm
Short bones are often described as cube- or box- shaped
structures, which are as broad as they are long; an
example is the carpals (wrist) and ankle bones (tarsal)
Flat bones are generally broad and thin with a flattened
and often curved surface; an example is the scapula and
the sternum
Irregular bones are often clustered in groups and come in
various size and shapes; an example is the patella (1)
8. Inorganic Salts: the calcified nature and thus
the hardness of bone results from the deposition
of highly specialized chemical crystals of
calcium and phosphate, called hydroxyapatite.
Organic Matrix: is part of the bone and other
connective tissues is a composite of collagenous
fibers and an amorphous mixture of protein and
polysaccharides called ground substances. The
ground substance of bone provides support and
adhesion between cellular and fibrous elements and
also serves an active role in many cellular
metabolic functions necessary for growth, repair,
and remodeling (1)
10. A bone fracture invariably tears and destroys blood vessels
that carry nutrients to osteocytes. It’s this vascular
damage that initiates the repair sequence. Eventually, dead
bone is either removed by osteoclastic resorption or serves
as a scaffolding or framework for the deposition of a
specialized repair tissue called callus.(1)
11. What is the first
step of Bone
fracture repair?
12. Vascular damage occurring immediately after a fracture
results in hemorrhage and the pooling of blood at the point
of injury. The resulting blood clot is called a fracture
hemotoma. As the hematoma is resorbed, the formation of
specialized callus tissues occurs. It serves to bind the
broken ends of the fracture on both the outside surface
and along the marrow cavity internally. The rapidly
growing callus tissue effectively “collars” the broken ends
and stabilizes the fracture so that healing can proceed. If
the fracture is properly aligned and immobilized and if
complications do not develop, callus tissue will be actively
“modeled” and eventually replaced with normal bone as
the injury heals completely. (1)
13. What is the second
step to bone
fracture repair?
14. A new synthetic skeletal repair material called vitos is now
available to facilitate fracture repair. It consists of a
calcium sponge like matrix material riddled with
microscopic holes. Vitos assists callus tissue in stabilizing
the fracture site and in movement of bone repair cells and
nutrients into the injured area. This new synthetic material
is useful not only in treatment of fractures, but also in
reducing the need for expensive and often surgically
difficult bone grafts. Unlike metal stabilizers, vitos
“patches” degrade naturally in the body after repair and
do not require surgical removal. (1)
15. What is the last
step to bone
fracture repair?
16. Endochondral ossification, is one of the two essential
processes during fetal development of the mammalian
skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike
intramembranous ossification, which is the other process
by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present
during endochondral ossification. It is also an essential
process during the rudimentary formation of long bones,
the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural
healing of bone fractures. (22)
18. Osteoblasts: are small cells that synthesize and secrete
specialized organic matrix, called osteoid, which is an
important part of the ground substance of the bone.
Osteoclasts: are giant multinucleate cells that are
responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals.
They are formed by fusion of several precursor cells
and contain large numbers of mitochondria and
lysosomes
Osteocytes: are mature, non-dividing osteoblasts that have
become surrounded by matrix and now lie within the
lacunae. (1)
20. In intramembranous ossification, groups of cells in the
membrane differentiate into osteoblasts. They secrete matrix
material and collagenous fibers. The Golgi apparatus of these
osteoblasts secrete a compound called mucopolysaccharide, and
the endoplasmic reticulum secretes collagen. Large amounts of
ground substance accumulate around each osteoblast, and
numerous collagen fibers become embedded in the ground
substance. This constitutes the organic matrix. As the matrix
calcifies, the trabeculae join in a network to form spongy bone.
Eventually, the spongy bone will be covered by plates of compact
bone. (1)
21. What is the
development of
intramembranous
ossification?
22. Lamellae: Concentric, cylinder- shaped layers of
calcified matrix
Lacunae: small spaces containing tissue fluid in which
bone cells lie imprisoned between the hard layers of the
lamellae
Canaliculi: ultra-small canals radiating in all directions
from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and
into a larger canal, the Haversian canal
Haversian Canal: extends lengthwise through the center of
each Haversian system; contains blood vessels, and nerves
from the Haversian canal; nutrients and oxygen move
through the Canaliculi to the lacunae and their bone cells- a
short distance about 0.1 mm or less (1)
24. Bone-Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of
osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts enlarge the
diameter of the medullary cavity. Osteoblasts from the
periosteum build new bone around the outside of the bone.
(208)
26. Hyaline- Is the most common cartilage and has a glassy
appearance, it covers the articular surfaces of bones. Forms
the costal cartilages, cartilage rings in the trachea, bronchi
of the lungs and the tip of the nose. It forms from
specialized cells in centers of chondrification, which secrete
matrix material.(208)
Elastic- forms the external ear, Epiglottis and Eustachian
tubes. Large number of elastic fibers confers elasticity and
resiliency.(208)
Fibro- Occurs in symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks,
small quantities of matrix and abundant fibrous elements,
Fibrocartilage are strong and rigid. (208-209)
28. Cartilage- There is 2 different types of growth with
cartilage Interstitial or endogenous growth and
Appositional or exogenous growth. Interstitial growth is
when the cartilage cells divide and secrete additional
matrix, it is seen during childhood and early adolescence
while cartilage is still soft and capable of expansion within.
Appositional growth is when the chondrocytes in the deep
layer of the perichondrium divide and secrete matrix. New
matrix is deposited on the surface, increasing its size. It is
unusual in early childhood, but once initiated, continues
throughout life. (209)
30. Structural- joints are named according to the type of
connective tissue that joins bones together (fibrous or
cartilaginous joints) and the presence of a fluid-filled joint
capsule (synovoial joint) (275)
Functional classification- joints are named according to
degree of movement allowed. Synarthroses- immovable
joint. Amphiarthroses-slightly moveable. Diarthroses- freely
moveable (275)
Synovial joints- are freely movable joints
32. Cartilage: Collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery
ground-substance called Chondrin, which is a protein-
carbohydrate complex. The chondron is secreted by
chondrocytes.
Bone: mineralized connective tissue. Cells called osteocytes
deposit a matrix of collagen and calcium-phosphate which
harden to form crystals of a substance called
hydroxyapatite. Mammalian bone is constructed from
repeated units called Haversian Units.The process of making
new bone is called ossification. (23)
34. Support- bones serve as the supporting framework of the body,
much as steel girders are the supporting framework of our modern
buildings. They contribute to the shape, alignment, and positioning
of the body parts.(1)
36. Protection- hard, bony “boxes” serve to protect the
delicate structures as they enclose. For example, the skull
protects the brain, and the rib cage protects the lungs and
the heart.(1)
38. Movement- bones with their joints constitute levers.
Muscles are anchored firmly to bones. As muscles
contract and shorten, they pull on bones, thereby
producing movement at a joint.(1)
40. Mineral storage- bones serve as the major reservoir for
calcium, phosphorus, and certain other minerals.
Homeostasis of blood calcium concentration- essential for
healthy survival- depends largely on changes in the rate of
calcium movement between the blood and bones. If, for
example, blood calcium concentration increases above
normal, calcium moves more rapidly out of the blood into
bones and more slowlu in the opposite direction. The result?
Blood calcium concentration decreases- usually to its
homeostatic level(1)
42. Hematopoiesis- or blood cell formation is a vital process
carried on but red bone marrow or myeloid tissue. Myeloid
tissue in the adult is located primarily in the ends, or
epiphyses, of certain long bones, in the flat bones of the
skull, in the pelvis, and in the sternum and ribs.(1)
44. Hinge- elbow joint, spool-shaped process fits into concave
sockets, Flexion and Extension only
Pivot- Joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae, arch-
shaped process firsts around peglike process, Rotation
46. Saddle- Thumb joint between first metacarpal and carpal
bones, Saddle-shaped bone fits into socket that is concave-
covex-cocave, Flexion
Condyloid- Joint between the radius and carpal bones, oval
condyle fits into elliptical socket, Flexion
48. Ball and socket- Shoulder joint and hip, Ball-shaped
process fits into concave socket, widest range of
movements
Gliding- joints between articular facts or adjacent
vertebrae; joints between carpal and tarsal bones,
relatively flat articulating surfaces.
50. Mineral Storage: Normally this bone function is
responsible for maintaining the homeostatic level of blood
calcium. If there is too much calcium in the blood, calcium
is stored in the bone. If there is too little calcium in the
blood calcium is removed from the blood.
Hematopoiesis: This bone function is responsible for the
formation of blood cells. This function is carried out by
the myeloid tissue or bone marrow. (1)
51. Which two bone
functions are
interrupted by
osteoporosis?
52. Epiphyseal plates are areas of developing cartilage tissue
near the ends of long bones. The plates regulate and helps
determine the length and shape of a mature bone. Since
children’s bones are still growing, when the plate is
broken it is very likely that their limbs will be crooked or
of unequal length.
53. Why is a bone
fracture along the
epiphyseal plate
harmful to children
and young adults?
55. With aging comes bone loss, because the body produces
cells which absorb bones. They become thinner and more
porous. Two inches of height are lost for the reason that
compression of vertebrae, changes in posture, and
increased curvature of the hips and knees take place.
Osteoporosis is one which has the leading role to much of
these bone degenerations.
56. What are the
changes of the
skeletal system for
older adults and
how does it affect
them?
