2. WHAT ARE
LIVING
ORGANISMS
MADE UP OF?
• All organism are made up of
cells.
• Cells forms the basic
structural and functional unit
of life.
• Cells make the combine
which make tissue, which
make organs and organs form
organ system.
ONION CELL.
3. DISCOVERY OF CELL
• While examining a
thin slice of cork
Robert Hooke saw that
the cork resembled
the shape of
honeycomb consist of
little compartment.
• Cork is a substance
which comes from the
bark of tree.
• In 1665 Hooke studied
these compartment and
named them as CELL.
• It was a very small
incident but was very
important in the
history of Science.
4. • Cell were first discovered by Robert Hooke. While
he was observing a slice of cork under a primary
microscope.
• Leeuwenhock (1665) with an improved
microscope discovered free living cells in pond for
the first time.
• It was Robert Brown who discovered the nucleus
of the cell in 1831.
5. • Purkinje in 1839 coined the jelly like structure
of the cell to be “protoplasm”.
• The cell theory about that cell is the basic unit
of life was presented by two biologists
Schleiden (1838) and schwann (1839).
• The cell theory was than expanded by
Virchow (1855) by suggesting that all the new
cells arrive from there pre-existing cell.
7. R
ORGANISM.
• Through the discovery of the
microscope it is clear that an
single cell may constitute as a
whole organism.
• AMOEBA, CHLAMYDOMONAS,
and BACTERIA are some
example of some unicellular
organism.
• Unicellular means :-
uni = one
cellular = cell.
MULTICELLUL
AR
ORGANISM.
• On the other hand many cell
group together to in a single
body and perform different
function.
• HUMAN, PLANTS and
ANIMALS are ex of some
multicellular organism.
• Multicellular mean:-
multi = many
cellular = cells
8. WHAT IS CELL MADE UP OF?
All cells
perform
different
and are
made up
of
different
componen
ts.
9. Plasma
membrane or cell
membrane
• This is the
outermost
covering of the
cell from the
external
environment.
• The cell
membrane is so
called a
selectively
10. • Water also obeys the law of diffusion.
• The movement of water in the plasma membrane
is called Osmosis.
• In both the cases of transferring material through
the selectively permeable membrane the
substances move from a place of higher
concentration to a place of lower concentration.
• Let us take an example of O2 , if the concentration
of oxygen is more in the cell then the gas is
released in atmosphere where its concentration
is low or vice versa.
•
12. • If the medium
surrounding the cell has
a higher water
concentration than the
cell, means that outside
of the cell is very
dilute, the cell will gain
water by the process of
water.
• Such a solution is called
HYPOTONIC
SOLUTION.
• If the medium has
the exact or the
amount of water
concentration as the
call then the call will
gain and loss water
in an equal amount.
• Such solution id
called ISOTONIC
SOLUTION.
13. If the medium has a lower amount of cell
concentration then the cell, it means that
that It is very concentrated solution.
In this process the cell loses its water or
gives its
water to the surrounding in order to
equalize the
concentration of water in the solution.
Such a solution is called an hypertonic
14. • Cell wall only consist in plant
cell.
• It lies outside the plasma
membrane and is mainly made
up of cellulose.
• Cell wall permits a plant, fungi,
bacteria to withstand difficult
situation of hypotonic solution
like bursting.
• The cell swells building pleasure
against the cell wall, the wall
exerts equal force against the
cell.
• This is how they stand greater
chances of not bursting as the
animal cell.
15. • The nucleus has double layered membrane called
nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores
which allow transfer of substances like proteins,
vitamin.
• The nuclease can also be called the brain of the cell
because it control all activities of the cell.
• The nucleus plays central role in cellular division.
• The nucleus contains chromosomes, which contains
genital information containing information involving
inheritance of features from the parent to the next
generation.
16. • The chromosomes are
in wire like shape called
chromatin, but during
division the
chromosome appearing
to be rod like structure.
• Chromosomes are
made up of DNA
(Deoxyribo nucleic
acids) which in turn are
made up of a form of
protein.
• DNA molecules
contains necessary
information about
• DNA contains genes
which are functional
segment of genitical
information.
• Whenever the cell is
about to divide the
chromatin get into the
shape of chromosomes.
• The cell divide by binary
fission or by meiosis and
mitosis.
17. The nucleus categorizes the way the will develop.
In some prokaryotic organism or bacteria the nuclear
region may be poor, this can be because of no presence
of the nuclear membrane such nuclear region are
called nucleoid this is only a nuclei acid.
18. • The jelly like structure
which hold all the cell
organelles together into
the cell is called
cytoplasm.
• It also contains many
substance knows as
amino acids, vitamins,
proteins and glucose.
20. • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large network of membrane
bond tubes and sheets.
• Another function of the ER is to serve as a channel for transport
of material (especially proteins) including the cytoplasm, nucleus,
cell membrane.
• It also manufactures substances needed for making of lysosomes.
• It plays crucial role in detoxifying poison and drugs
21. There are two type of ER :-
The Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
• The RER is a site for
protein
manufacturing
because it contains
ribosome attached
to its surface which
helps in protein
manufacturing.
The Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)
• The SER is
responsible for
manufacturing of
fats and lipid
necessary for the
cell membrane.
22. • The Golgi apparatus was first
discovered by Camillo Golgi.
• It is a very useful organ and in a
cell and in most of the organism
is connected with the
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The made inside the ER are
packed and dispatched to
different location by the Golgi
23. THE MAIN FUNCTION IS TO TAKE THE
MATERIAL SYNTHESISED BY THE ER IS
PACKED AND DISPATCHED TO VARIOUS
PLACES BY THE GOLGI APPARATUS.
THE FUNCTION OF THE APPARATUS ALSO
INCLUDE STORAGE, MODIFICATION, AND
PACKING OF SUBSTANCES.
FOR DIFFERENT REQUIRMENTS OF THE CELL
THE GOLGI APPARATUS CONVERTS SIMPLE
SUGAR INTO COMPLEX SUGAR.
GOLGI IS ALSO RESPONSIABLE FOR
LYSOSOME FORMATION.
24.
25. • Lysosome are a kind
of waste disposal
system for the cell.
• Lysosomes are a
kind of cell cleaner
the digest any
foreign particle
which enter the cell
or eat any cell
organelles which is
not working
properly.
• Lysosomes are able to
do this because they
contain powerful
enzymes.
• During the disturbance
cellular metabolism for
eg, when a cell gets
damage the lysosomes
burst digesting their
own cell so they are also
called ‘suicidal bag’ of
the cell.
26.
27. • PLASTIDS ARE PRESENT ONLY IN PLANT CELL.
• THERE ARE TWOTYPE OF PLASTID:-
1. CHROMOPLAST (COLOURED PLASTID)
2. LUECOPLAST (COLOURLESS PLASTID)
• PLASTIDHAVE THEIROWNDNAAS WELLAS THEIROWN
RIBOSOMES.
• THERE ARE NUMEROUS MEMBRANE LAYER EMBEDDED IN
THE MATERIAL CALLEDSTORMA.
28. THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF PLASTID:-
CHROMOPLAST
• THESE ARE
COLOURED.
• CHROMOPLAST
HAVE PLASTID
CONTAINING
CHLOROPHYLL
CALLED AS
CHLOROPLAST.
LUECOPLASTS
• THESE PLASTID ARE
COLOURLESS.
• LUECOPLAST ARE
PLASTID WHERE
STARCH, OIL, AND
PROTEIN GRANULES ARE
STORED.THIS IS DONE
WITH THE HELP OF
AMYLOPLAST,
29.
30.
31. • Vacuoles store sac of solid or liquid content.
• Vacuoles are small in plant but large sized in
plant. The central vacuoles of some plant cell
may cover space up to 50%-90% of the cell
space.
• Vacuoles store important substances like amino
acids, glucose, fats.
• In some unicellular organism specialized
vacuoles play important role of removing
excess water and substances.
