This is a part of Lecture Series on Automotive Fuels & Emissions for M. Tech Students at ARAI ACADEMY.

1. SOURCES OF EMISSIONS
FROM AUTOMOBILES &
EFFECTS ON HEALTH
Dr. K. C . Vor a
Dy Director & Head
ARAI Academy,
ARAI, Pune

2. Guess, What is this?

3. Red Blood Cells Exposed to Particles
1 µm particles 0.078 µm particles
Smaller Particles are More Dangerous

4. Air Quality in Asian Cities is an Issue
(Riverside, in California)

5. Mobility
Mobility – Movement of people & Material for their Living
Mobility – Essential part of Society- One cannot leave it
Mobility – In the present form leads following issues
• Congestion
• Inadequate Infrastructure
• Noise & Pollution
• Dependence on Non- Renewable Resources

6. Why Sustainable Mobility ?
Maintaining the capability to provide non-declining
accessibility in time
Sustainable Mobility to Add
• Economic Growth - Profit
• Environment Improvement - Planet
• Social Progress - People
3P > Bottom of Pyramid to Sustainability

7. Global Challenges Requirements for Vehicle
FACTS CONSEQUENCES LEGISLATION CUSTOMER
Increasing world Development of new Consumption Manufacturing cost
population technologies
Driving
Safety pleasure
Increasing Efficient use of
energy demand energy Operating
Emissions cost
Limited energy Use of all
supplies energy carriers Noise Sound
Environmental Use of environment Recycling Resources
effects of energy use protecting technologies
ENVIRONMENT
Main Focus
Reduction in Resource Consumption
Reduction of CO 2 Emission

8. World World CO2
Mobility Emission
World
Population
Crude
Availability
1950 2000 2050
Source: ASPO 2004, Solcomhpouse.com

9. Factors contributing to Sustainable Mobility

10. 9,000,000
8,000,000Motor vehicle production in India
CV's
Cars+MUV
7,000,000
3W
6,000,000
2W
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
1
7
0
3
6
2
5
1
4
4
9
8
-0
-7
-7
-7
-8
-8
-8
-8
-9
-9
-9
-0
03
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
00
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
19
19
19
19
* Source SIAM

11. 2 Wheeler Production Scenario in India
12,000,000
10,000,000
Total Number
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2000-10
Tw o Wheelers 5,076,221 5,622,741 6,529,829 7,608,697 8,466,666 8,026,681 8,418,626 10,512,889
Year
Total 2 wheeler population in India ≈ 91,415,534
Sources: MoRTH & SIAM website

12. India’s Vehicle Population is Accelerating.…
80
70
60
Units (Millions)
50 HDV
LCV
40
Pass Cars
30 Motorcycles/Others
20
10
0
2004E 2009P
Estimates based on Global Insight (August 2004)

13. THE EARLY DAYS OF AIR POLLUTION

14. What
Causes Stationary
Sources
Mobile
Sources
Air • Combustion of • Highway vehicles: cars,
fuels for power trucks, buses and
Pollution and heat motorcycles
• Other burning • Off-highway vehicles
Today? such as
incineration or
such as aircraft, boats,
locomotives, farm
forest fires equipment, RVs,
construction
•Industrial/ machinery and lawn
commercial mowers
processes
• Solvents and
aerosols

15. Stationary
Mobile Sources Sources
The
Extent CO
of
Air VOCs
Polluti NOx
on SO2
PM10
Today Lead
Overall, 54 million metric
tons from mobile sources
in 1990 (43% of total)

16. TOTAL EMISSION IN PERCENT BY
WEIGHT
Vehicel Tr affic
Pow er Gener at ion
15.5%
20.1% Ot her Sour ces
I ndust r y
Dom est ic Em issions
19.1%
37.0%
8.4%
Source : Emissions protection report issued by government

17. Source Apportionment of PM10 Emissions
in Mumbai City
7%
0% 19%
11%
Auto Exhaust
Resuspended Dust
9% Industries
Marine
Other Minor Sources
Other Major Sources
54%
Source: NEERI

18. Source: OICA

19. Today's Air Real Fuel
The
Combusti
on
Process Pollutants:
Unburned
Exhaust: Hydrocarbons
• Nitrogen Carbon Monoxide
(actual) • Water (steam) Oxides of
Nitrogen
• Carbon Dioxide
• Pollutants Other elements
or compounds

20. Refueling Evaporative
Losses Emissions
The
Motor
Vehicle as
a Source
of Air
Pollution
Exhaust Crankcase
Emissions Losses,
etc.

21. MAJOR VEHICLE/FUEL
EMISSIONS

22. AN EARLY 1904 CARTON

23. EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS
 Different Pollutants have Different Effects:
 Carbon Monoxide - circulatory system, heart
 VOCs - URTI, global warming.
 NOx - lungs, global warming, acid rain.
 Ozone - respiratory system, lungs
 Lead - nervous system, brain
 PM - lung, potential effects on heart
 Diesel, Air Toxics - cancer, respiratory effects
 There are potential effects of the Mixture
 Carbon Dioxide & Carbon Particles - climate
change

24. HEALTH EFFECTS
 Some Populations more sensitive than others
• Children
• Elderly
• people with heart and lung disease
 Asthma is growing
• 150 million asthmatics worldwide
• Increasing in most countries (2% to 5% per year)
• Asthmatics much more sensitive to air pollution
Source: Health Effects Institute

25. Health effects of Air
Premature mortality due to air pollution, Pollution : India
by region of the world  India projected to
(Projected Annual Averages for 2001-2020)
suffer nearly one
1000 million premature
Premature Deaths thousands per year
900 deaths per year due to
800 950
air pollution (ambient
700
600
and indoor), with
500 children most affected.
400
300
200  India is major source
100 of global PM, NOx and
0
mercury emissions—
Latin America &
East Asia-Pacific
SubSaharan Africa
China
South Asia
Established Market
Former Socialist
Middle East
India
Crescent
Economies
Caribbean
Economies
contributor to
• Source: World Bank, Health and Environment, Strategy Series Number “Atmospheric Brown
1, October 2001
Cloud” over Indian
Ocean

26. CARBON MONOXIDE
EFFECTS
 Odorless, colourless & poisonous gas.
 Caused by incomplete combustion of fuel and air
 Most of it comes from motor vehicles
 CO causes dizziness & vomiting sensation.
 CO reacts with Hb (haemoglobin) in blood to give carboxy-
haemoglobin (CO Hb) which makes Hb unavailable for O2
transport, thus blocking transport of oxygen to heart and
brain
 Affects mental functions & visibility more severely even at
low levels
 Accelerates angina (chest pain) coronary artery disease
 Known to cause death at high levels of exposure

27. TOXICITY OF CARBON
MONOXIDE

28. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(VOCS) EFFECTS
• General term for a wide range of hydrocarbon compounds
• VOCs result from combustion processes and evaporation of
gasoline vapors, solvents, etc.
• They contribute to Global Warming
It leads to cold, cough & upper respiratory track infection
• Carcinogenic effects on lung tissues.

29. NOx EFFECTS
• NO reacts with atmospheric O2 and produce NO2, which is an
insidious poisonous reddish brown gas.
• NOx results from high temperature combustion processes, e.g.
cars and utilities
- Reacts with moisture in lungs to form Nitric acid.
- Affects respiratory systems causing bronchitis, pneumonia and
lung inflections.
- Visibility reduction.
- Contribute to acid rain.
• They play a major role in atmospheric reactions
• Overall levels unchanged but transportation sources are cleaner

30. Photochemical smog reactants
emitted by automobiles:
• hydrocarbons (HC)
evaporative losses (from the fuel system)
incomplete combustion
• oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
high-temperature (∼ 2000 K) combustion in air

31. HOW SMOG IS FORMED ?
Note : This ozone should not be confused with the layer of ozone in the upper
atmosphere, which helps shielding us from ultraviolet light.
(Courtesy U.S.E.P.A.)

32. OZONE HEALTH EFFECTS
VOCs react with NOX in presence of sunlight and form Ozone leading
to photochemical smog leading to :
- Visibility reduction.
- Watering and irritation of eyes.
- ENT irritation.
- Respiratory problems.
- Chemical damage to rubber, clothing, paint and exposed surfaces.
- Damage to crops.
The ozone problem is the one affecting the most people today:
 Known to cause inflammation in respiratory tract
 Reduces ability to breathe (lung function) for some people
 Increases hospitalization for asthma, other lung diseases
 Effects have been demonstrated for short term, long term effects are less
certain , some people appear to develop “tolerance”

33. LEAD HEALTH EFFECTS
 Long known as one of the worst toxics in common use
 Emitted from gasoline additives, battery factories and non-
ferrous smelters
 Affects various organs and can cause sterility and
neurological impairment, e.g. retardation and behavioral
disorders
 Infants and children especially susceptible
 Control of mobile sources has been exceptionally
successful
 At low doses, lead is associated with
• nerve damage in fetuses and infants
• learning deficits
• lowered Intelligence Quota (IQ)
Excessive exposure can severely damage nervous system

34. • This term is used for a
number of compounds
containing sulfur
Sulfur • Primarily caused by burning
of coal, oil and various
Dioxid industrial processes
• They can affect the
e respiratory system
(SO2) • They react in the atmosphere
to form acids, sulfates and
sulfites
• Substantial reductions due to
controls at the sources and
through use of low sulfur
fuels

35. • Carbon dioxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons
Other • Formaldehyde
Air • Benzene
Pollutant
• Asbestos
s
• Manganese
• Dioxins
• Cadmium
• Still others which are yet to
be fully characterized

36. AIR TOXICS HEALTH
EFFECTS
 Benzene • 1,3 Butadiene
 levels of exposure a  a product of
function of how much combustion
benzene, aromatics in  vehicles the major
the fuel environmental
source
 a “known human a
 a “probable” or
carcinogen”
“known” human
 studies in U.S. and
carcinogen
Chinese workers have  studies in laboratory
shown link between animals and US and
exposure and Czech workers have
increased leukemia shown effects
Source: Health Effects Institute

37. AIR TOXICS HEALTH
EFFECTS II
 Aldehydes  PAHs
• emitted from vehicles • polycyclic aromatic
and other sources; also Hydrocarbons
formed in the air • many different toxic
• Many different
compounds
• known or probable
aldehydes
carcinogens
(acetaldehyde,
• Much higher levels
formaldehyde, others)
from “high emitters”
• most are probable
• maintained vehicles
human carcinogens = lower emissions
• also can be nose and
respiratory irritants
Source: Health Effects Institute

38. • PM10 is a general term for tiny
airborne particles (under ten
microns), e.g., dust, soot,
Particulat
smoke
• Primary sources are fuel-burning
e plants and other industrial/
commercial processes
Matter • Some are formed in the air
(PM10) • They irritate the respiratory
system and may also carry
metals, sulfates, nitrates, etc.
• Some overall decreases seen but
trends may be masked by
meteorological changes

39. PM HEALTH EFFECTS
 High levels of PM (e.g. 500 ug /m3) known to
cause premature death
 e.g. London 1952
 Recent studies in US, Europe, Asia, South
America have found association of PM with
death at much lower levels
 no evidence of a “threshold” (safe level)
 To date, a plausible biological mechanism for
these effects has not been found
Source: Health Effects Institute

40. PM HEALTH EFFECTS–INDIA & THAILAND
Source: Chhabra 2001, Pande 2001, Vichit-Vadakan 2001
Source: Health Effects Institute

41. PM HEALTH EFFECTS
 Recent Re-analyses by HEI have generally confirmed
the results of key studies
 WHO, EPA and others have estimated effects on
mortality
 WHO analysis (Lancet, 2000) estimated 20,000 annual
deaths due to traffic pollution in 3 countries ( (France,
Austria & Switzerland)
 New WHO global estimate underway
 Much work underway to understand effects of PM
“components” (e.g. ultrafines, metals, chemicals on
particles)

42. DIESEL HEALTH EFFECTS
 Diesel engines have substantial advantages
• higher fuel efficiency
• lower CO and CO2 emissions
 However, they also emit high levels of :
• particulate matter, NOx, and chemicals attached
particulate matter,(e.g. PAHs)
 Two major types of health effects :
• acute effects (e.g. exacerbating asthma)
• cancer effects
Source: Health Effects Institute

43. DIESEL RISK ASSESSMENT
TODAY
 Many Agencies have reviewed
• Most (WHO, IARC, US) have concluded diesel a
“probable human carcinogen”
• California calculated unit risk per 1 ug /m3 of
exposure:
• 3 excess cancer deaths in 10,000 people (3x10 -4)
• US EPA 2000 draft risk assessment :
• A range of risk (10-3 to 10-5)
Source: Health Effects Institute

44. SMALLER PARTICLES ARE MORE
DANGEROUS
Red Blood Cells Exposed to Particles
1 µm particles 0.078 µm particles

45. DEPTH OF LUNG PENETRATION
OF COARSE & FINE PARTICLE
PRESEPARATOR ( 10 µm
and above)
Stage 0 (9.0 µm – 10.0 µm )
COARSE
Stage 1 (5.8 µm – 9.0 µm )
Pharynx Stage 2 (4.7 µm – 5.8 µm )
Trachea & primary bronchi Stage 3 (3.3 µm – 4.7µm )
Secondary bronchi Stage 4 (2.1µm – 3.3 µm )
Terminal bronchi Stage 5 (1.1 µm – 2.1µm )
Alveoli Stage 6 (0.65 µm – 1.1µm)
FINE
Alveoli Stage 7 (0.43 µm – 0.65 µm )
Stage 8 (0.003 µm- 0.43 µm)

46. POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF
PM FROM S.I. ENGINES
• Nano particles below 50 nm Dia. penetrate deep into the
interstitial tissue of the lung, causing respiratory
inflammation and pulmonary toxicity. Particles which
are not toxic in micron sizes may be toxic as nano
particles.
• S.I. Engines have lower particulate mass & number
compared to C.I. Engines. However, since number of
S.I. Engines exceed C.I. Engines, S.I. Engines have high
potential to contribute particulate emission inventory,
especially from the 2-wheelers.
• PM from S.I. Engines are more due to oil and not due to
fuel. Hence, called as O–PM, G-PM or EM (Emitted
Matter)

47. HEALTH EFFECTS OF
NANOPARTICLES
• Origin of inflammatory processes
• Functional impairment of the lung
• Increased risk of heart attack
• Systemic effects in the whole body via the
blood
• Carcinogenic effects
• Increase in sudden deaths

48. Composition of Exhaust gas from Gasoline-engine during
operation at lambda = 1
Misc (Noble Nitrous Oxide
gases, oxygen, (NOx)
hydorgen Water (H2O) 0.1%
0.7% 13.1% Hydro
Carbon Dioxide carbons (HC)
(CO2) 0.2%
13.7%
Particulates
0.005%
Pollutants
Carbon
Monoxide(CO)
0.7%
Nitrogen (N2)
71.5%

49. What is greenhouse effect?
 The Greenhouse Effect is an extremely vital
process where INFRARED (IR) rays from the
sun come into the Earth atmosphere. The
atmosphere then traps these rays after they
have come in (like the glass in a greenhouse)
keeping the Earth warm. CO2 (carbon
dioxide), NO(nitrous oxide), and
CH4(methane) are destroying the
atmosphere,

50.  causing more INFRARED (IR) rays to reflect
on Earth.

52. Problems with greenhouse
effect.
 Having more infrared rays reflected on
Earth makes the Earth warmer. As
temperatures on Earth rise, so does the
ocean water level and the ice caps begin
to melt. The worst possible problem
would be mass flooding in low lying areas
of the Earth including many islands in the
ocean which would basically disappear.

53. Cause of greenhouse effect
--population growth
 These advances
are causing the
world's population
to double at a
much faster rate
than ever before.

54.  . Today, the world's population is
doubling in 35 to 40 year.
 As the human population grows,
pollution from human activity also
increases. Many activities--such as
driving automobiles, farming,
manufacturing are causing much
pollutants.

55. EFFECTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE
 Transport a significant contributor;
 More than 30% of CO2
 Growing evidence that carbon soot also a
significant contributor
 absorbs sun and heat
 diesel a major source
 Transport contribution likely to grow with rapid
motorization.
Source: Health Effects Institute

56. Air Quality Concerns : India
 India is the sixth largest and second fastest growing emitter
of Green House Gases (GHGs)
Annual Black Carbon Emissions in 106 kg/year/1ox1o grid
Source: USEPA

57. SECTORIAL COMPARISON OF COS
/ EFFICIENCY (EUROPE, UE 15)

58. CO 2 EMISSION
A look At Per Capita Consumption

59. TRENDS IN CO 2 EMISSIONS
From Energy use in the Leading
Automotive Markets (World), 2002

60. KEY TO EARLIER SLIDE
• Size of the bubble is determined by the total CO2 emissions from
energy use in different sectors of the respective nations. The
bigger the size of the bubble, the greater the CO2 emisions from
a country.
• Includes the CO2 emissions from energy use in different sectors
and the trasportation sector is one of the major constituents of
this segment for the year 2002.
• Motor vehicle penetration is per 1,000 people for the year 2002.
• Percent share refers to the individual share of a country in the
total global demand for motor vehicels in 2002.
The transportation sector accounts for 30.0 % of CO2 emissions in the
industrialized economics of the OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development) and about 20.0 % worldwide.
Source : OECD, IMF and Frost & Sullivan

61. GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE
EMISSION

62. Agreement with EU and ACEA on Fleet Average
220
210
200
ACEA Fleet Average till 1995
190
180 185
170
ACEA 165
160 140 g/km in 2008
150 25 % reduction from 1995
140 Target in 2003 140
165-170 g/km- M1 Vehicles
130
120 Target in 2012 120
120 g/km
110
100
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

63. RECENT CARBON CONTENT INITIATIVES
(WORLD), 2005-15
Country / Initiatives
Region
EU • Voluntary commitment from the automotive industry to reduce CO2
emissions in passenger cars by 25.0 percent relative to 1995 levels
by 2008.
• Emission rates are expected to be brought down to a level of 140 g
CO2 / km traveled (or 39 mpg)
• Depending on early progress, ACEA (European Automobile
Manufactures Association) may extend the target to 120 g CO 2 / km
(or 46 mpg) by 2012
Japan • Fuel economy improvements in passenger cars to the extent of 23.0
% relative to 1995 levels by 2010
• Specific targets vary with vehicle weight but extend to 125 g CO 2 /
km (or 44 mpg)
Canada • The government has proposed a target for improving vehicle fuel
efficiency by 25.0 % by 2010
Australia • Voluntary commitment to improve fuel economy by 18.0 % by 2010
United • California Air Resources Board (CARB) intends to bring down the
States GHG emissions from the light-duty vehicle fleet by 17.0% in 2020
(California) and by 25.0% in 2030

64. CO 2 Reduction Time Table &
 Target
ACEA – Agreement signed with EC in 1998 for CO2 targets.
 2003 Intermediate target range – 165 ~ 170 g/km
 2008 target – 140 g/km
 2012 target – 120 g/km

 JAMA Agreement with EC
 2003 Intermediate target range – 165 ~ 175 g/km
 2009 target – 140 g/km
 2015 target – 125 g/km
 KAMA Agreement with EC
 2004 Intermediate target range – 165 ~ 175 g/km
 2009 target – 140 g/km.
 New Target Proposed in 2007 in European Parliament
 Year 2015 – 125g CO2/km
 Year 2020 – 95 g CO2/km
 Year 2025 – 70g CO2/km

65. Global Review
 Europe & Japan continue to lead the world with the most
stringent passenger vehicle GHG & FE standards.
 Japan standards are expected to lead to the lowest fleet
average GHG emissions in the world (125g CO2/km by
2015).
 California passenger vehicle regulations are expected to
achieve the greatest overall reduction in GHG emission in
the world.
 U.S. passenger vehicle standards continue to lag behind
other nations but could move ahead of Canada, Australia,
South Korea, & California by 2020 with passage of U.S.
senate bill.
 South Korea is the only nation in the world with standard in
place that is expected to have rising GHG emissions from
passenger vehicles.

66. CO2 emissions VS engine type

67. POTENTIAL FOR REDUCING
GHGS
From Vehicles Technology / Biofuels /
Mobility

68. CO 2 EMISSIONS
Conventional & Alternative
Technology

69. Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels
Generation Transmission 31% Plug-to-Wheels 23%
33% 94% 76%
31% 76% = 23%
Refining Transmission Pump-to-Wheels
82% 98% 16% 13%
80%
Source: http://www.nesea.org 80% 16% = 13%

70. WELL TO WHEEL CARBON EMISSIONS
3
Fuel Cell (H2 from Renewable Resources)
48
Fuel Cell (H2 from Natural Resources)
55
Fuel Cell (Gasoline)
40
Diesel Hybrid
Gasoline Hybrid 48
Advanced Diesel 55
Advanced Gasoline ICE
70
Conventional ICE 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

71. DEVELOPMENT OF LOW
CARBON TECHNOLOGIES
(WORLD), 2005-15

72. Today Tomorrow
Hydrogen Technology
Hybrid / EV Technology
Alternative Fuels
Improvement of Conventional Fuels
Conventional Veh. Technology for higer Fuel Eff.

73. Automotive Industry Fuel Industry
Improve Fuel Efficiency Environmentally
Reduce Emissions friendly fuels
Alternative drive systems
Customer Regulators
Fuel-saving Relevant framework
ways of driving Appropriate infrastructure

74. Need for an Integrated
Approach
Involving All Stakeholders

75. NEED FOR PUBLIC ie. FISCAL
EFFORTS

76. LOOKING AHEAD:
TRENDS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
CONTROL
 In reducing the health effects from vehicle
emissions, one fact is clear:
 Even if the emissions from each vehicle and its
fuel are reduced,,
 the use of vehicles will increase,
 vehicles will age and need maintenance..
 This can offset, in whole or in part, the pollution
reductions and health benefits if careful planning
is not done

77. CONCLUSIONS
 Vehicle effects on health result from both engine emissions
and fuel
 In general, as economies develop, vehicles will contribute
25% to 40 % of most pollutants
more for some pollutants and in urban settings
 There are a variety of health effects caused by vehicle
emissions, including cancer, premature death, and increased
hospitalization
 Also a significant contributor to climate change
 With increasing travel, health effects will only be reduced with
continual improvement in fuels, emissions controls, and
better maintenance
 Introduction of Environment Friendly Technologies like Fuel
Cells, Electric/Electric-Hybrid
 Use of renewable fuels for toxic and Green House Gas
Emission Control

78. Thank You
….