Methods Persuasive Speaking

Methods of
Persuasive
Speaking

Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech

Credibility Appeals

Evidential Appeals

Logical Appeals

Emotional Appeals

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Methods of
Persuasive
Speaking
(continued)

Motivational Appeals

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech

Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech
• Expect Selective Exposure
• Don't Expect Too Much

• Employ Empathy and Sensitivity
• Use Different Kinds of Appeals

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Expect Selective Exposure
• The selective exposure theory is a concept that refers to individuals’ tendency to
favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory
information.
• Selective exposure operates by reinforcing beliefs rather than exposing
individuals to a diverse array of viewpoints.
• Perceived usefulness of information, perceived norm of fairness, and curiosity
regarding valuable information are three factors that can counteract selective
exposure.
Pianist
View on Boundless.com

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Don't Expect Too Much
• The expected effectiveness of each speech depends on a number of factors, such
as the audience, venue, time allotted, and the speaker's experience.

• The expected quality of the delivery depends on the speaker's experience and
comfort. Even the most gifted speakers make mistakes, so expecting perfection
from a novice is unreasonable.
• Anxiety of public speaking sometimes is derived from the idea that the audience
expects perfection. In reality, most audiences are sympathetic and want the
speaker to succeed.
Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Employ Empathy and Sensitivity
• Appeals to empathy and sensitivity are called emotional appeals. Emotional
appeals seek to impart certain feelings in the audience so that they will act a
certain way. They can be much more powerful than logical arguments in some
situations.
• To deploy an emotional appeal you need to share carefully selected information
that naturally makes your audience feel a certain way.
• Audiences can sense inauthentic emotional appeals and react negatively because
they feel that they are being negatively. Poorly used emotional appeals can have

the exact opposite effect than intended.

Audience Emotion

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Use Different Kinds of Appeals
• Aristotle defined 3 types of appeals: logos (evidential), pathos (emotional), and
ethos (based on moral standing). Logos and pathos are the two most common
contemporary categories.
• Evidential appeals (logical appeals, logos) are based entirely on evidence that is
then shown to cause a certain outcome based on rationality alone. This is the
type of appeal allowed in scientific research and in courts of law.
• Emotional appeals (pathos) attempt to cause the audience to feel certain
emotions in order to persuade them. Stories and metaphors are examples of

emotional appeals.

Courtroom

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Credibility Appeals

Credibility Appeals
• Defining Credibility
• Types and Elements of Credibility

• Building Credibility
• Ethical Usage



Defining Credibility
• Credibility is a composite of subjective and objective factors, so it relates to
feelings and opinions, as well as facts and evidence.

• The subjective component of a public speaker's credibility centers on the
speaker's self-presentation.
• The objective aspect of a public speaker's credibility is based on the speaker's
expertise.

Unmasking Credibility

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Types and Elements of Credibility
• Personal experience in the workplace, at home, in a hobby, or volunteering
situations can bolster your credibility. You can support the validity of your
experience with testimonials and personal recommendations.
• Formal or informal training that relates to your topic can also support your
credibility.
• If you connect yourself and your message to credible people, your own credibility
will benefit from the association.

Mountaineering

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Building Credibility
• Establishing your good character is a crucial part of winning the audience's trust.
• For a public speaker, character is not only about being a good person or a law-

abiding citizen; speakers should also be looking out for the needs of their
listeners.
• To show your listeners that you care about their needs and interests, find
common ground with the audience, appeal to shared beliefs and goals, and
entertain potential objections.

Building Blocks

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Ethical Usage
• There are three types of appeal techniques in persuasive speaking: logos, pathos
and ethos. Ethos is focused on the credibility appeal, that is, a rhetorical appeal to
an audience based on the speaker's credibility.
• It is unethical to lie to your audience about who you are and what you bring to the
table in terms of experience, credibility and authority.
• When it comes to ethical usage of credibility appeals, stick to authenticity and
speaking honestly about who you are.

Rhetorical

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Evidential Appeals

Evidential Appeals
• Defining Evidence
• Deploying Evidence

• Ethical Usage: Considering Other Viewpoints



Defining Evidence
• Accurate, contextual, easily understandable evidence builds credibility to your
persuasive argument.

• The success or failure of an evidential appeal depends on how well the evidence
has been defined and laid out for the audience.
• Any information used as evidence must be complete enough that it strengthens
the appeal. Otherwise, weak evidence will only erode the argument.
• Name and define the evidence only as comprehensively as the scope of the
speech allows; dense supporting materials can actually confuse your audience by

overwhelming them with too much or too deeply defined evidence.

Sherlock Holmes

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Deploying Evidence
• When crafting your speech, consider the following three areas: accuracy,
relevance, and thoroughness.

• Make sure that your evidence, be it facts, statistics, personal testimony, or other
pieces of information, comes from credible sources.
• Make sure your evidence is directly related to the points you are trying to make
while also anticipating competing evidence that may contradict your line of
reasoning.
• By thorough by fully explaining and defining your evidence to your audience, but

don't overwhelm them in the process.

Sherlock Holmes

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Ethical Usage: Considering Other Viewpoints
• The same evidence can be interpreted differently by different people.
• Falsified evidence (intentionally or unintentionally) is unethical to use. Finding

false evidence that is due to statistical fallacy can only be found after deep
critique.
• If an argument can withstand the honest critique of an opponent and is based on
true and complete evidence, then the appeal is on sound ethical ground.

Chilean Presidential Debate

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Logical Appeals

Logical Appeals
• Different Lines of Reasoning
• Deploying a Rational Appeal

• Logical Fallacies



Different Lines of Reasoning
• Inductive reasoning, also known as induction, is a kind of reasoning that
constructs general propositions that are derived from specific examples.

• Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it only states that, given the premises, the
conclusion is probable.
• One important aspect of inductive reasoning is associative reasoning: seeing or
noticing similarity among the different events or objects that you observe.
• Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from one or more general
statements, laws, or principles regarding what is known, in order to reach a

logically certain conclusion.

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

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Deploying a Rational Appeal
• Deploying rational appeals focuses on reasoning and how you use evidence to
reason with your audience and invention, how arguments are formed based on
the classical proof of logos--rational appeal and logic.
• The burden of proof is on you the speaker to develop the right appeals for the
particular audience.
• When deploying deductive reasoning consider whether or not the audience is
likely to accept the general premise as valid and true before you attempt to
deduce other ideas or courses of action based on the general premise.

• When deploying inductive reasoning consider if you have observed or collected
enough evidence to draw a highly probable conclusion.

The mind

• When deploying associative reasoning, you will want to make sure that the ideas
are indeed similar and that there are not obvious or outstanding differences which
would negate the association you propose.
• As you deploy a rational appeal consider if your reasoning is sound, whether the
audience will accept your evidence and reasoning, and what objections the
audience might raise so you can address the most significant points of
disagreement in your message.

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Logical Fallacies
• "Formal" refers to the form of the argument. An argument that contains a formal
fallacy will always be invalid. However, even if a premise is not accurate, the
formal conclusion could still be valid if the rules of logic are followed.
• An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs due to a problem with the
content, rather than mere structure, of the argument and is often due to a
misconception or a presumption.
• Common Fallacy--hasty generalization: argues from limited examples or a special
case to a create general rule that applies to many cases.

• Common Fallacy--Popular sentiment or bandwagon appeal (argumentum ad
populum):—appeal to the majority; appeal to loyalty, "Everyone is doing it".

Euler circles to illustrate categorical deduction

• Common Fallacy--If it comes before, it is the cause, post hoc ergo propter hoc:
believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation.
• Common Fallacy--Two events co-occurring is not causation, cum hoc ergo
propter hoc: believing that correlation implies a causal relation.

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Emotional Appeals

Emotional Appeals
• Defining Emotional Appeal
• Producing an Emotional Appeal

• Ethical Usage



Defining Emotional Appeal
• Pathos represents an appeal to the emotions of an audience.
• An emotional appeal uses the manipulation of the emotions rather than valid logic

to win an argument.
• Emotional appeal is a<b> </b>logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win
an argument by trying to get an emotional reaction from the opponent and
audience.
• In debating terms, emotional appeals are often effective as a rhetorical device, but
are generally considered naive or dishonest as a logical argument, since they

often appeal to the prejudices of listeners rather than offer a sober assessment of

A father with his children

a situation.


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Producing an Emotional Appeal
• Producing an emotional appeal requires an understanding of your audience and
what may strike their emotions the most.

• An effective way to create emotional appeal is to use words that have a lot of
pathos associated with them. Pathos is an emotional appeal used in rhetoric that
depicts certain emotional states.
• An example of a speech that is particularly effective at producing an emotional
response with its listeners is Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.
The speech uses rhetoric to convey the point of equal opportunity for all people.

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Ethical Usage
• Ethos (plural: ethe) is an appeal to the authority or honesty of the presenter.
• Emotional appeals will encourage the audience to identify with your message on a

visceral level, bypassing intellectual filters, such as skepticism and logic.
• It may be appealing to take a shortcut to making the audience sympathize with
your point of view. However, emotional appeals don't always hold up well after the
fact--so fortify your emotional appeal by engaging the intellect, too.

Audience Emotion

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Motivational Appeals

Motivational Appeals
• Motivating Listeners


Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Motivational Appeals

Motivating Listeners
• We can divide our motives into two basic types: internal, intrinsic and external or
extrinsic motives. Some are more intrinsic than others, but basically a motive or
motivator is external if someone controls the means for you to satisfy the need or
desire.
• It is important to understand the current state of unfulfilled desires or need states
that exist in your audience in order to select the appropriate motives for your
appeal.
• You can use Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to select an unsatisfied need for your

motivational appeals. The lower level needs such as Physiological and Safety
needs will have to be satisfied before higher level needs, such as achievement or

Hierarchy of Needs

self-actualization can be addressed.
• Monroe's Motivated Sequence is one method to organize your appeal to the
listeners. The five steps in order are: Get Attention, Explain Need, Satisfaction
(how your solution will met the need), Visualization (picture audience living with

solution in place), and Action (what audience can do now).

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Appendix

Methods of Persuasive Speaking

Key terms
• accuracy Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.

(CC BY-SA

3.0)

• audience A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd
seeing a stage performance. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• character Moral strength; consistency of values and principles. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Deductive reasoning The process of reasoning that uses given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true. Deductive
reasoning contrasts with inductive reasoning. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Disposition A habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• emotional appeal An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by
the speech. Also known as pathos. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• emotional appeal An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by
the speech. Also known as pathos. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• ethics The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• ethos A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• ethos A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



• evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• evidential appeal An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of evidence and a consequence. Also known as
logical appeal or logos. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• fallacy An error in reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption; used in informal discourse to mean an argument
which is problematic for any reason (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• fallacy An error in reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption; used in informal discourse to mean an argument
which is problematic for any reason (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Inductive reasoning A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific
examples. Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general
propositions. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Invention the formulation of arguments based on logos--rational appeal or logic. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• logical fallacy A fallacy; a clearly defined error in reasoning used to support or refute an argument, excluding simple unintended
mistakes. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• manipulation The usage of psychological influence over a person or situation to gain a positive outcome. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Motivated sequence a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspires people to take action, developed by Alan
Monroe. Includes five steps—attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• motivation Willingness of action especially in behavior (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• motive An incentive to act; a reason for doing something; anything that prompted a choice of action.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)



• objective not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Pathos An appeal to the audience's emotions. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• persuasion the process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• red herring A clue or information that is or is intended to be misleading, that diverts attention from a question;often thought to
relate to using smelly fish to train dogs to recognize the real scent of something they were suppose to be tracking. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• rhetoric The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• selective exposure The selective exposure theory is a concept in media and communication research that refers to individuals’
tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• straw man An insubstantial concept, idea, endeavor or argument, particularly one deliberately set up to be weakly supported,
so that it can be easily knocked down; especially to impugn the strength of any related thing or idea. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• subjective formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more
from within the observer than from observations of the external environment. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• syllogism An inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows necessarily from two other propositions, known as the
premises. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• thorough painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail (CC BY-SA 3.0)



Pianist

Schipul. "Benjamin Zander at The Up Experience October 27th 2011 - Photo Schipul - The Web Marketing Company." CC BY
http://www.schipul.com/photos/3670/in/122/ View on Boundless.com



Fotopedia. "Martin Luther King Jr. - I Have A Dream Speech by e-strategyblog.com in 1964 - Martin Luther King, Jr., Nobel Prize - The Fotopedia Community
Pictures ." CC BY http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-1054179588 View on Boundless.com


Audience Emotion

Schipul. "The Up Experience 2011 Audience in Houston, TX - Photo Schipul - The Web Marketing Company." CC BY http://www.schipul.com/photos/3686/in/122/


Courtroom

Wikimedia. "Courtroom." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Courtroom.jpg View on Boundless.com


Unmasking Credibility

Flickr. "Self Portrait | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/nomadic_lass/8065298559/in/photostream/ View on Boundless.com


Mountaineering

Flickr. "Mountaineers | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/eelcoc/829975729/ View on Boundless.com


Building Blocks

Flickr. "Block Room | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/quoimedia/5306982448/ View on Boundless.com


Rhetorical

Flickr. "All sizes | Rhetorical (1 of 2) | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/x1brett/5915077368/sizes/m/in/photostream/ View on
Boundless.com


Sherlock Holmes

Wikipedia. "Benedict Cumberbatch filming Sherlock cropped2." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_filming_Sherlock_cropped2.jpg


Sherlock Holmes

Wikimedia. "Benedict Cumberbatch filming Sherlock cropped." CC BY
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Chilean Presidential Debate

Wikimedia. "Debate Anatel 2009." CC BY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Debate_Anatel_2009.jpg View on Boundless.com


Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Wikimedia. "Reasoning." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253AReasoning.jpg View on Boundless.com


Summary of Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Wikimedia. "Invsde." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253AInvsde.jpg View on Boundless.com


The mind

Wikimedia. "Mind logo." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mind_logo.jpg View on Boundless.com


Euler circles to illustrate categorical deduction

Wikimedia. "Eulercircles." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253AEulercircles.jpg View on Boundless.com


A father with his children

Wikimedia. "US Navy 040331-M-2270C-013 U.S. Marine Corps Gunnery Sgt. Kory Marino, assigned to the ^ldquo,Red Dogs^rdquo, of Marine Light Attack
Helicopter Squadron Seven Seven Three (HMLA-773), Detachment A, holds and kisses his son and d." Public domain



Flickr. "Martin Luther King, Jr. | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/nostri-imago/3012230160/ View on Boundless.com


Carrot and Stick

Wikimedia. "Carrot and stick." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253ACarrot_and_stick.svg View on Boundless.com


Hierarchy of Needs

Wikimedia. CC BY http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Mazlow%2527s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg View on Boundless.com


A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people
listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage
performance.
A) persuasion

B) emotional appeal

C) evidential appeal

D) audience



performance.
A) persuasion

B) emotional appeal


D) audience

Wiktionary. "audience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience


Which of the following best describes the selective exposure
theory?
A) The theory that suggests consumers strive for information that results
in cognitive equilibrium.
B) The theory that listeners are easily swayed by new information based
on their trust of the speaker.
C) The theory that people will pay closer attention when the information
contradicts previous opinions.
D) The theory that people tend to favor information that reinforces their
preexisting opinions.



Which of the following best describes the selective exposure
theory?
A) The theory that suggests consumers strive for information that results
in cognitive equilibrium.
B) The theory that listeners are easily swayed by new information based
on their trust of the speaker.
C) The theory that people will pay closer attention when the information
contradicts previous opinions.
D) The theory that people tend to favor information that reinforces their
preexisting opinions.

Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


The _______ theory is a concept in media and communication
research that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information
that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory
information.
A) emotional appeal

B) persuasion


D) selective exposure



The _______ theory is a concept in media and communication
research that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information
that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory
information.
A) emotional appeal

B) persuasion


D) selective exposure

Wikipedia. "selective exposure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/selective+exposure


performance.
A) non-verbal communication

B) noise

C) audience

D) situational awareness



performance.
A) informative

B) speech

C) audience

D) toast



performance.
A) Group

B) Gathering

C) Meeting

D) Audience



performance.
A) audience

B) Encode

C) Message

D) Demographics



the process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude
or behavior
A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) persuasion

D) evidential appeal



the process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude
or behavior
A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) persuasion


Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/persuasion


Many speakers get nervous before giving a speech because they
think the audience expects perfection. This is
A) false. Most audiences are like a sympathetic friend.

B) true. Most audiences expect you to speak perfectly.

C) false. Most audiences expect you to fail.

D) true. Audiences assume you are a professional speaker and won't
make any mistakes.



An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that
they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known
as pathos.
A) emotional appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion




as pathos.
A) emotional appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion


Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/emotional-appeal


Which of the following is an example of a drawback of appealing
to the emotions of your audience?
A) All of these answers.

B) If taken too far, an appeal to emotion can seem forced.

C) Audiences may feel manipulated by a disingenuous emotional appeal.

D) If an emotional appeal appears inauthentic, an audience may reject
the appeal and the speaker.



Which of the following is an example of a drawback of appealing
to the emotions of your audience?

B) If taken too far, an appeal to emotion can seem forced.

C) Audiences may feel manipulated by a disingenuous emotional appeal.

D) If an emotional appeal appears inauthentic, an audience may reject
the appeal and the speaker.



as pathos.
A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) logic

D) persuasion



as pathos.
A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) logic

D) persuasion

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/emotional-appeal


An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of
evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or
logos.
A) evidential appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion

D) emotional appeal



An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of
evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or
logos.
A) evidential appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion

D) emotional appeal

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidential-appeal


as pathos.
A) audience

B) persuasion


D) emotional appeal



A woman gives a press conference because her daughter has
been kidnapped. The woman cries and begs for her daughter to
be returned. This exemplifies which type of appeal?
A) Logos

B) Pathos

C) Evidential

D) Logical



as pathos.
A) emotional appeal

B) audience

C) logic

D) persuasion



formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or
intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from
within the observer than from observations of the external
environment.
A) subjective

B) abstract

C) direct

D) orality



formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or
intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from
within the observer than from observations of the external
environment.
A) subjective

B) abstract

C) direct

D) orality

Wiktionary. "subjective." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective


Eye-Oh-Key-Are. That’s spelled I-O-K-I-Y-A-R. Eye-Oh-Key-Are. It
means ‘It’s OK if you are a Republican’ and it’s one of many ways
opposing parties vilify each other in today’s political climate. The
problem is that each party spends so much time disparaging the
other party that voters rarely hear politicians presenting their
problem-solving ideas. Which of the following statements would
be the best one to insert after this passage to establish the
speaker’s credibility?
A) A poll sponsored by the Washington Times found that 1 in 3 registered
voters did not know how their current representative in Congress would
vote on infrastructure spending.
B) To prepare for this speech, I examined several transcripts from recent
political speeches and found not a single one which went into detail about
any policy issues.
C) I’ve been voting since the day I turned 18 and have never seen politics
as dominated by misinformation as it is now.
D) Elected officials may be politicians, but in my opinion, they have an
obligation to inform their constituents Free towheremake copiesstand onyours at www.boundless.com
of share, print, they and changes. Get issues.


Eye-Oh-Key-Are. That’s spelled I-O-K-I-Y-A-R. Eye-Oh-Key-Are. It
means ‘It’s OK if you are a Republican’ and it’s one of many ways
opposing parties vilify each other in today’s political climate. The
problem is that each party spends so much time disparaging the
other party that voters rarely hear politicians presenting their
problem-solving ideas. Which of the following statements would
be the best one to insert after this passage to establish the
speaker’s credibility?
A) A poll sponsored by the Washington Times found that 1 in 3 registered
voters did not know how their current representative in Congress would
vote on infrastructure spending.
B) To prepare for this speech, I examined several transcripts from recent
political speeches and found not a single one which went into detail about
any policy issues.
C) I’ve been voting since the day I turned 18 and have never seen politics
as dominated by misinformation as it is now.
D) Elected officials may be politicians, but in my opinion, they have an
Saylor their constituents of where they stand on issues.
obligation to inform OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


The objective and subjective components of the believability of a
source or message.
A) anecdote

B) credibility

C) topic

D) introduction



source or message.
A) anecdote

B) credibility

C) topic

D) introduction

Wikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility


A good way to earn subjective credibility is to

A) speak loudly, clearly, and confidently.

B) state your credentials.

C) reveal a personal connection to your topic.

D) establish common ground with your audience.



source or message.
A) understanding

B) memory

C) mnemonic

D) credibility



source or message.
A) search engine

B) credibility

C) keyword

D) database



not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts
or evidence.
A) inflection

B) objective

C) language

D) meaning



not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts
or evidence.
A) inflection

B) objective

C) language

D) meaning

Wiktionary. "objective." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objective


You are giving a speech on Italian performance art. You spent a
month studying Commedia dell'Arte in Italy. You refer to your time
in Italy in your speech, boosting your credibility. This is an
example of
A) credibility from training.

B) credibility from experience.

C) credibility by association.

D) credibility from intelligence.



source or message.
A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility

D) database



You are government official speaking to an audience of senior
citizens about changes in their government-sponsored health care
benefits. Which of the following would be a good way to establish
your credibility with that audience?
A) Begin your speech with a story about your grandmother
B) Summarize what you know about the audience’s health care concerns
and provide information that addresses those concerns.

C) Describe what your job is and how you were trained to do it

D) Emphasize how the changes will not increase their out-of-pocket
expenses.



You are government official speaking to an audience of senior
citizens about changes in their government-sponsored health care
benefits. Which of the following would be a good way to establish
your credibility with that audience?
A) Begin your speech with a story about your grandmother
B) Summarize what you know about the audience’s health care concerns
and provide information that addresses those concerns.

C) Describe what your job is and how you were trained to do it

D) Emphasize how the changes will not increase their out-of-pocket
expenses.

Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY
3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Moral strength; consistency of values and principles.

A) objective

B) credibility

C) ethos

D) character



Moral strength; consistency of values and principles.

A) objective

B) credibility

C) ethos

D) character

Wiktionary. "character." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/character


In order to build credibility, you should

A) entertain potential objections.

B) walk the audience through opposing viewpoints.

C) All of these answers.

D) listen to the needs of the audience.



In order to build credibility, you should

A) entertain potential objections.

B) walk the audience through opposing viewpoints.


D) listen to the needs of the audience.



A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's
credibility.
A) perception

B) classification

C) comparison

D) ethos



credibility.
A) perception

B) classification

C) comparison

D) ethos

Wikipedia. "ethos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ethos


A politician gives a speech during a campaign in which she
misrepresents her past in order to appear more credible. This is
A) ethical. The politician has a right to freedom of speech.

B) unethical. The audience should not be lied to about the politican's
experience.

C) unethical. The politician is likely to be found out, so it is too risky.

D) ethical. The audience is responsible for confirming the claims made by
the politician.



Ethos is a type of appeal to an audience based on

A) the audience's emotional involvement in the argument.

B) the speaker's personal credibility.

C) logic and reason.

D) the audience's understanding of a universal morality.



How can context be used to strengthen evidence in a persuasive
speech?
A) The evidence must be constructed and defined based on truth.

B) The evidence must be presented in a way the audience understands.

C) The evidence must be defined only as comprehensively as necessary.

D) The evidence must be defined within the subject matter of the
speaker's appeal.



What is the primary role of evidence in persuasive speaking?

A) Evidence builds credibility.

B) Evidence builds audience support.

C) Evidence provides context.

D) Evidence appeals to emotion and logic.



The available body of facts or information indicating whether a
belief or proposition is true or valid.
A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review



A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidence


A) evidence

B) Deductive reasoning

C) logic

D) fallacy



A) evidence


C) logic

D) fallacy

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidence


Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of
conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.
A) statistics

B) Mean

C) accuracy

D) Median



A) statistics

B) Mean

C) accuracy

D) Median

Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy


A) search engine

B) database

C) evidence

D) peer review



A) Deductive reasoning

B) logic

C) evidence

D) fallacy



When crafting a speech, speakers must consider which of the
following to ensure their evidence is accurate?
A) Ensure that facts, statistics, and personal testimony come from
credible sources.
B) Ensure a comprehensive understanding about the knowledge base of
the audience.

C) Ensure the evidence is relevant to the argument.

D) Ensure web sources are partial and biased.



painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail

A) thorough

B) fallacy

C) evidence

D) Motivated sequence



painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail

A) thorough

B) fallacy

C) evidence


Wiktionary. "thorough." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thorough


A) accuracy

B) abstract

C) direct

D) objectivity



A) accuracy

B) abstract

C) direct

D) objectivity

Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy


An error in reasoningoften due to a misconception or a
presumption; used in informal discourse tomean an argument
which is problematic for any reason
A) motivation

B) fallacy

C) evidence

D) logic



A) motivation

B) fallacy

C) evidence

D) logic

Wikipedia. "fallacy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fallacy


A) microeconomics

B) fallacy

C) Factors of production

D) Circular flow diagram



A) microeconomics

B) fallacy


D) Circular flow diagram



Which of the following must a public speaker do to ensure that the
evidence in his or her speech withstands audience scrutiny?

B) The speaker must consider the viability of opposing viewpoints before
rejecting them.

C) The speaker must allow others to criticize his or her viewpoints.

D) The speaker must convince the audience of something that he or she
believes to be true.



All humans require oxygen to survive. Mary is human. Therefore,
Mary requires oxygen to survive. This is an example of
A) deductive reasoning.

B) inductive reasoning.

C) associative reasoning.

D) All of these answers.



All humans require oxygen to survive. Mary is human. Therefore,
Mary requires oxygen to survive. This is an example of
A) deductive reasoning.

B) inductive reasoning.

C) associative reasoning.




The process of reasoning that uses given true premises to reach
a conclusion that is also true. _______ contrasts with inductive
reasoning.
A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) Deductive reasoning

D) red herring



The process of reasoning that uses given true premises to reach
a conclusion that is also true. _______ contrasts with inductive
reasoning.
A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) Deductive reasoning

D) red herring

Wikipedia. "Deductive reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive+reasoning


A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general
propositions that are derived from specific examples. _______
contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples
are derived from general propositions.
A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) red herring

D) Inductive reasoning



A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general
propositions that are derived from specific examples. _______
contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples
are derived from general propositions.
A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) red herring

D) Inductive reasoning

Wikipedia. "Inductive reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive+reasoning


An inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows
necessarily from two other propositions, known as the premises.
A) Invention

B) syllogism

C) fallacy

D) red herring



An inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows
necessarily from two other propositions, known as the premises.
A) Invention

B) syllogism

C) fallacy

D) red herring

Wiktionary. "syllogism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syllogism


Which of the following types of persuasive appeals focuses on
appealing to the audience's sense of logic and reason?
A) pathos

B) logos

C) ethos




the formulation of arguments based on logos--rational appeal or
logic.
A) Invention


C) syllogism

D) fallacy



the formulation of arguments based on logos--rational appeal or
logic.
A) Invention


C) syllogism

D) fallacy

Wikipedia. "Invention." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention


A) motivation

B) evidence

C) logic

D) fallacy



The dog is panting and the cat is sleeping, therefore the cat
sleeps because the dog pants. This is an example of a logical
fallacy known as
A) straw man.

B) a formal fallacy.

C) two events co-occurring is not causation.

D) converse fallacy of accidental or hasty generalization.



An insubstantial concept, idea, endeavor or argument, particularly
one deliberately set up to be weakly supported, so that it can be
easily knocked down; especially to impugn the strength of any
related thing or idea.
A) straw man

B) microeconomics


D) market for the factors of production



An insubstantial concept, idea, endeavor or argument, particularly
one deliberately set up to be weakly supported, so that it can be
easily knocked down; especially to impugn the strength of any
related thing or idea.
A) straw man

B) microeconomics


D) market for the factors of production

Wiktionary. "straw man." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/straw+man


A clue or information that is or is intended to be misleading, that
diverts attention from a question;often thought to relate to using
smelly fish to train dogs to recognize the real scent of something
they were suppose to be tracking.
A) market for the factors of production

B) Circular flow diagram

C) scientific method

D) red herring



A clue or information that is or is intended to be misleading, that
diverts attention from a question;often thought to relate to using
smelly fish to train dogs to recognize the real scent of something
they were suppose to be tracking.
A) market for the factors of production

B) Circular flow diagram

C) scientific method

D) red herring

Wikipedia. "red herring." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/red+herring


A fallacy; a clearly defined error in reasoning used to support or
refute an argument, excluding simple unintended mistakes.
A) logical fallacy

B) manipulation

C) ethics

D) Pathos



A fallacy; a clearly defined error in reasoning used to support or
refute an argument, excluding simple unintended mistakes.
A) logical fallacy

B) manipulation

C) ethics

D) Pathos

Wiktionary. "logical fallacy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logical+fallacy


Emotional appeals are effective as a rhetorical device but
considered a logical fallacy because
A) they often appeal to the prejudices of listeners rather than offer logical
assessments.

B) they are associated with lots of pathos, ethos, and logos.

C) they are used to develop the foundation of an appeal to fact-based
arguments.

D) None of these answers.



To create an effective emotional appeal in a speech, the speaker
must use words that are heavily associated with
A) rhetoric.

B) anecdotes.


D) pathos.



A habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in
a specified way.
A) manipulation

B) logical fallacy

C) ethos

D) Disposition



A habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in
a specified way.
A) manipulation

B) logical fallacy

C) ethos

D) Disposition

Wikipedia. "Disposition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposition


The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means
to persuade.
A) Manipulation

B) Rhetoric

C) Persuasion

D) Logical Fallacy



The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means
to persuade.
A) Manipulation

B) Rhetoric

C) Persuasion

D) Logical Fallacy

Wiktionary. "rhetoric." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetoric


An appeal to the audience's emotions.

A) ethics

B) Pathos

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation



An appeal to the audience's emotions.

A) ethics

B) Pathos

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation

Wikipedia. "Pathos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos


When a speaker suggests to audience members that they do not
care enough, are too selfish, or have it easy, the speaker is
employing which of the following manipulative techniques?
A) Shaming

B) Vilifying the victim

C) Playing the victim

D) Guilt tripping



The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct.

A) extemporaneous

B) teleprompter

C) ethics

D) concept map




A) extemporaneous

B) teleprompter

C) ethics

D) concept map

Wiktionary. "ethics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethics


credibility.
A) perception

B) ethos

C) classification

D) comparison



credibility.
A) perception

B) ethos

C) classification

D) comparison

Wikipedia. "ethos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ethos



A) ethics

B) active listening

C) open-minded

D) recuse




A) ethics

B) active listening

C) open-minded

D) recuse

Wiktionary. "ethics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethics


The usage of psychological influence over a person or situation to
gain a positive outcome.
A) Pathos

B) rhetoric

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation



The usage of psychological influence over a person or situation to
gain a positive outcome.
A) Pathos

B) rhetoric

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation

Wiktionary. "manipulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manipulation


According to Maslow, which of the following must be met on the
Hierarchy of Needs before satisfying self-esteem, recognition, and
achievement?
A) Love and friendship needs

B) Physiology needs

C) Self-actualization needs

D) Safety and security needs



Willingness of action especially in behavior

A) evidence

B) fallacy

C) motivation

D) emotional appeal



Willingness of action especially in behavior

A) evidence

B) fallacy

C) motivation

D) emotional appeal

Wiktionary. "motivation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motivation


a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspires
people to take action, developed by Alan Monroe. Includes five
steps—attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
A) Inductive reasoning

B) syllogism

C) emotional appeal




a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspires
people to take action, developed by Alan Monroe. Includes five
steps—attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
A) Inductive reasoning

B) syllogism

C) emotional appeal


Wikipedia. "Motivated sequence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated+sequence


An incentive to act; a reason for doing something; anything that
prompted a choice of action.
A) fallacy

B) persuasion

C) motive




An incentive to act; a reason for doing something; anything that
prompted a choice of action.
A) fallacy

B) persuasion

C) motive


Wiktionary. "motive." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motive


After showing how the speech topic applies to the psychological
needs of the audience members, the speaker must then
A) get the audience's attention.

B) present an action plan.

C) solve the issue.

D) provide a visual.



Attribution
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• Wikipedia. "Ethos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos#Rhetoric
• Wikispaces. CC BY-SA http://muneastafrica.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking
• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Encompassing%2520Terms/audience.htm
• Wikipedia. "Persuasion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion
• Brigham Young University. "rhetorical pedagogy." CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Pedagogy/Pedagogy.htm
• Wikispaces. CC BY-SA http://muneastafrica.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking
• Wikipedia. "Appeal to emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion

• Blog. "Speech Coach: Fear of Speaking in Public - Speech Coach: Fear of Speaking in Public - Blog.hr." CC BY-SA
http://blog.dnevnik.hr/marquisedwar6140908/2012/02/1629914331/speech-coach-fear-of-speaking-in-public.html
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• Wikipedia. "Logos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos
• Wikipedia. "Appeal to emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion



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• Wikipedia. "Source credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_credibility
• Wikipedia. "Expertise." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expertise
• Wikipedia. "Charlatan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlatan
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis
• Wikipedia. "Explanation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation
• Wikipedia. "Epistemic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic
• Wikispaces. "The Activist Toolkit Wiki - Public Speaking." CC BY-SA http://activist-toolkit.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking
• Brigham Young University. CC BY http://rhetoric.byu.edu/encompassing%2520terms/rhetoric.htm

• Wikipedia. "Poverty." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty
• Wikipedia. "Individual events (speech)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_events_(speech)#Persuasion
• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/encompassing%2520terms/rhetoric.htm
• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Persuasive%2520Appeals/Logos.htm
• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Persuasive%2520Appeals/Pathos.htm
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• Wikipedia. "Reason (argument)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(argument)
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• Wikipedia. "Individual events (speech)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_events_(speech)#Persuasion



• Brigham Young University. CC BY http://rhetoric.byu.edu/encompassing%2520terms/rhetoric.htm
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_4_-_History_of_Communication_Study

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• Wikibooks. "Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 7 - Rhetorical Criticism." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_7_-_Rhetorical_Criticism
• Wikibooks. "Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 4 - History ofto share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Communication Study." CC BY-SA 3.0
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