This document discusses vocal music genres of the Classical era. It outlines major choral works like masses and requiems by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Sacred music began moving from churches to concert halls. Opera was a dominant genre performed in opera houses and came in forms like Opera Seria and Comic Opera. Mozart was a master of Classical opera, composing works like Don Giovanni, which featured exciting vocal ensembles. Examples from Don Giovanni are provided for analysis.
1. Vocal Music in the Classical Era
by Elliott Jones
of Santa Ana College
for Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative shared under a Creative
Commons Attribution License
2. Choral Genres
Mass
Haydn’s Mass in D Minor (Lord Nelson)
Mozart’s Mass in C Minor
Beethoven’s Missa Solemnis
Requiem
Mozart’s Requiem
Oratorio
Haydn’s The Creation and The Seasons
3. Sacred Concert Music
Sacred genres such as Mass and Requiem
move from the church to the concert hall
These forms provided convenient and
familiar frameworks for composition
Example: Beethoven’s Missa Solemnis was
intended as a concert piece
5. Classical Opera
Opera houses were center of innovation
Opera was most important genre
Opera reached the widest audience
6. Opera Seria
Dominant form of early Classical period
Similar to Baroque opera
Mythological and historical subject matter
Designed for aristocracy
Always in Italian
7. Comic Opera
Eclipsed Opera Seria over time
More realistic depictions of life
Sung in language of audience
Lively, down-to-earth plots
More ensemble (duets, trios, chorus)
Farcical situations and humorous dialogue
New character: the buffo
8. The Buffo
Comic character
Spoke to the audience at times
Often a rather earthy character
Bass voice
9. Comic Opera Across Europe
Ballad Opera (England)
Zingspiel (Germany)
Opera Comique (France)
Opera Buffa (Italy)
10. Mozart and Opera
Mozart was the master of Classical opera
He had keen theatrical instincts
Haydn’s operas were largely unsuccessful
Beethoven only wrote one opera
Mozart was especially skilled at writing
exciting vocal ensembles
12. Notes on Overture to Don Gio.
Slow sinister introduction presents music
from the dark ending of the opera
Change to fast tempo marks beginning of
exposition – two themes
Recapitulation “fades” as music moves
directly into opening vocal ensemble
13. Listening Example
Title: “Notte e giorno fatticar” DG
Composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Genre: Opera
14. Notes on Notte e giorno fatticar
Begins with brief aria by Leporello
Ensemble follows as more characters enter:
Donna Anna
Don Giovanni
Commandant
No recitative
Sudden changes of emotion
16. Notes on La ci darem la mano
Begins with simple recitative
Duet follows as Don Giovanni and Zerlina
sing (aria style) to each other
More consistent emotion
Very famous duet