2. Learning Objectives
Define the term inventory and list the major
reasons for holding inventories; and list the main
requirements for effective inventory management.
Discuss the nature and importance of service
inventories
Discuss periodic and perpetual review systems.
Discuss the objectives of inventory management.
Describe the A-B-C approach and explain how it
is useful.
12-2
3. Learning Objectives
Describe the basic EOQ model and its
assumptions and solve typical problems.
Describe the economic production quantity
model and solve typical problems.
Describe the quantity discount model and
solve typical problems.
Describe reorder point models and solve
typical problems.
Describe situations in which the singleperiod model would be appropriate, and
solve typical problems.
12-3
4. Inventory
Inventory: a stock or store of goods
Dependent Demand
A
C(2)
B(4)
D(2)
Independent Demand
E(1)
D(3)
F(2)
Independent demand is uncertain.
Dependent demand is certain.
12-4
5. Inventory Models
Independent demand – finished goods, items
that are ready to be sold
E.g. a computer
Dependent demand – components of
finished products
E.g. parts that make up the computer
12-5
6. Types of Inventories
Raw materials & purchased parts
Partially completed goods called
work in progress
Finished-goods inventories
(manufacturing firms)
or merchandise
(retail stores)
12-6
7. Types of Inventories (Cont’d)
Replacement parts, tools, & supplies
Goods-in-transit to warehouses or
customers
12-7
8. Functions of Inventory
To meet anticipated demand
To smooth production requirements (to build
inventories during preseason period)
To decouple operations (in terms of
operational difficulties)
To protect against stock-outs
12-8
9. Functions of Inventory (Cont’d)
To take advantage of order cycles (to
produce in economic lot size)
To help hedge against price increases
To permit operations (work in progress
inventory)
To take advantage of quantity
discounts
12-9
10. Objective of Inventory Control
To achieve satisfactory levels of
customer service while keeping
inventory costs within reasonable
bounds
Level of customer service
Costs of ordering and carrying inventory
Inventory turnover is the ratio of
average cost of goods sold to
average inventory investment.
12-10
11. Effective Inventory Management
A system to keep track of inventory
A reliable forecast of demand
Knowledge of lead times
Reasonable estimates of
Holding costs
Ordering costs
Shortage costs
A classification system
12-11
12. Inventory Counting Systems
Periodic System
Physical count of items made at periodic
intervals (Manager periodically check the shelves)
Perpetual Inventory System (Continuous)
System that keeps track
of removals from inventory
continuously, thus
monitoring
current levels of
each item
12-12
13. Inventory Counting Systems
(Cont’d)
Two-Bin System - Two containers of
inventory; reorder when the first is
empty
Universal Bar Code - Bar code
printed on a label that has
information about the item
to which it is attached
0
214800 232087768
12-13
14. Key Inventory Terms
Lead time: time interval between
ordering and receiving the order
Holding (carrying) costs: cost to carry
an item in inventory for a length of time,
usually a year
Ordering costs: costs of ordering and
receiving inventory
Shortage costs: costs when demand
exceeds supply
12-14
15. ABC Classification System
Figure 12.1
Classifying inventory according to some
measure of importance and allocating
control efforts accordingly.
A - very important
B - mod. important
C - least important
High
Annual
$ value
of items
A
B
C
Low
Low
High
Percentage of Items
12-15
16. Economic Order Quantity Models
Economic order quantity (EOQ) model
The order size that minimizes total annual
cost
Economic production model
12-16
17. Assumptions of EOQ Model
Only one product is involved
Annual demand requirements known
Demand is even throughout the year
Lead time does not vary
Each order is received in a single
delivery
There are no quantity discounts
12-17
18. Figure 12.2
Q
Quantity
on hand
The Inventory Cycle
Profile of Inventory Level Over Time
Usage
rate
Reorder
point
Receive
order
Place Receive
order order
Place Receive
order order
Time
Lead time
12-18
20. Cost Minimization Goal
Figure 12.4C
Annual Cost
The Total-Cost Curve is U-Shaped
Q
D
TC = H + S
2
Q
Ordering Costs
QO (optimal order quantity)
Order Quantity
(Q)
12-20
21. Minimum Total Cost
The total cost curve reaches its
minimum where the carrying and
ordering costs are equal.
Q
H
2
=
DS
Q
12-21
22. Deriving the EOQ
Using calculus, we take the derivative of
the total cost function and set the
derivative (slope) equal to zero and solve
for Q.
Q OPT =
2DS
=
H
2(Annual Demand)(Order or Setup Cost)
Annual Holding Cost
12-22
23. Example
A local distributor for a national tire company expects
to sell approximately 9,600 steel belted radial tires of a
certain cize and tread design next year. Annual
carrying cost is $16 per tire and ordering cost is $75.
The distributor operates 288 days a year.
a) What is the Economic Order Quantity?
b) How many times per year does the store Re-order?
c) What is the length of an order cycle?
d) What is the total annual cost if the EOQ quantity is
ordered?
12-23
24. Economic Production Quantity (EPQ)
Production done in batches or lots
Capacity to produce a part exceeds the
part’s usage or demand rate
Assumptions of EPQ are similar to EOQ
except orders are received
incrementally during production
12-24
27. A toy Manufacturing uses 48,000 rubber weels per year for
its popular dump truck series. The firm makes its own
wheels, which it can produce at a rate of 800 per day. The
toy trucks are assembled uniformly over the entire year.
Carrying cost is $1 per wheel a year. Setup cost for a
production run of a wheels is $45. The firm operates 240
days per year. Determine the :a) Optimal run size (optimal quantity produced)
b) Minimum total annual cost for carrying cost and setup.
c) Cycle time for the optimal run size?
d) Run time
12-27
28. Quantity
Figure 12.12
Safety Stock
Maximum probable demand
during lead time
Expected demand
during lead time
ROP
Safety stock reduces risk of
stockout during lead time
Safety stock
LT
Time
12-28
