2. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
The start of the Revolution is in GREAT BRITAIN; it takes several
decades to spread to other nations
Contributing Cotton Coal & Iron Railroads New Factories
Factors Production
1st: agriculture New inventions The new invention 1804 first steam Created a labor
production increased of the Steam railroad in system: had to
improved. production. Engine needed Britain. Rocket teach adults
coal to heat water
2nd: More -Flying Shuttle, (1st public how to be
to make steam to
food, led to -Spinning Jenny run the engine. railway 1830) workers. Fined
more (James ‘Puddling’ was a travel at 50mph. for being
people, led to Hargreavers new process to Moved people & late, child
more workers. 1764) remove iron goods faster & workers were
3rd: Had a -Water powered impurities. Iron provided jobs beaten, dismisse
wealthy class loom (Edmond was used to build (factories for d for
that invested $. Cartwright machines iron, coal, railroa misconduct.
4th: Good 1787) ds) Eventually, unio
natural ns came out of
resources this system.
(rivers, coal, iron
ore)
3. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Britain: By 1850’s Britain had ½
the world’s coal production.
US: Large country that needed
good transportation. Used steam
to power boats and railroads. As
in Britain, steam engines led to
coal production and increased
work in factories. Factories
increased labor force. Women
and children we a large part of
the labor force.
4. Social Impact of Industrial Revolution
• Growth of Population: In 1750, Europe had
approximately 140 million people; by 1850, the
population was approximately 266 million
– Why? Decline in death rates, wars, and diseases; an
increase in the food supply, famine nearly disappeared
(the Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s was an
exception – a million Irish died when the potato crop
failed, a million others emigrated
• Growth of Cities: Cities were the homes of
industry; the fast pace of growth of cities led to
pitiful conditions for new inhabitants who came
looking for work
5. Industrial Middle Class
• Commercial capitalism (based on trade) gave
way to industrial capitalism, or capitalism
based on industrial production; it created a
new middle class
• The new Industrial Middle Class was made up
of people who built factories, brought the
machines, and developed markets for the
products
6. Industrial Working Class
• Industrial Working Class was made up of industrial workers
who worked 12-16 hours a day, six days a week, with ½ for
lunch & dinner; no security of employment and no
minimum wage.
• Two-thirds of the industrial working class were women and
children, until the Factory Act of 1833, which set 9 as the
minimum age for employment; children between 9 and 13
could only work 9 hours a day; 13-18 year-olds could work
12 hours; women and children were paid less than men
• A new pattern of work developed; men were expected to
earn most of the family income while women and children
performed low-paying jobs, such as laundry work, that
could be done at home
7. Early Socialism
• Socialism, a system in which society, usually in the form of
government, owns and controls some means of production, such as
factories or utilities
• Early socialism was the idea of intellectuals who believed in the
equality of all people and who wanted to replace competition with
cooperation.
• To later socialists, like Karl Marx, these ideas were impractical and
utopian – meaning they reflected a “perfect” society that would be
impossible to achieve in reality
• One utopian socialist was Robert Owen, who believed that people
would show their natural goodness if they lived in cooperative
environments. He created a cooperative community in Scotland
that was a great success, but was unable to repeat that success in
the United States when he tried to build a cooperative community
in Indiana.
8. Reaction & Revolution: Summary
After the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders met at the Congress of
Vienna to restore the old order and establish stable borders. Great
Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria met regularly to maintain the
new balance of power.
Meanwhile, liberalism and nationalism—two philosophies that
opposed the old order—were on the rise. Many liberals were
middle-class men who wanted a constitution and a share in the
voting rights enjoyed by landowners. Liberals tended to be
nationalists as well.
In 1830, France's upper middle class overthrew the king and installed a
constitutional monarchy. Belgium broke free of Dutch control.
Revolts in Poland and Italy failed.
Economic crises in 1846 led to a revolt of the French working classes.
This time, a Second Republic was formed, under the leadership of
Napoleon's nephew, Louis-Napoleon. Revolts followed in German
states, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. In each case the old order
was restored.
9. Congress of Vienna
1814 Sept. Congress of Vienna met in
Austria: The leader was Prince
Klemmens von Metternich, who wanted
to bring the ‘old’ monarchs back to
power in Europe; What the congress
really accomplished was to re-draw the
European map because of the
Napoleonic Wars, and the destruction of
the Holy Roman Empire. They did this
to establish peace.
Concert of Europe: Meetings of European rulers to try to keep peace and eventually
adopt the Principle of Intervention: This principle gave armies to countries where
revolutions might begin.
10. Political Orders
Do NOT compare these definitions to the use of these words in our millennium.
Conservatism Liberalism Nationalism
Based on a system of A political philosophy Opposed the “old order;”
tradition and social based largely on grew as people recognized
stability. Favored Enlightenment principles, being part of a community
obedience to political held that people should be with common institutions,
authority, believed religion as free as possible from traditions, language, and
was crucial to order in government restraint. customs. More powerful
society. Hated revolutions Believed in protecting civil than liberalism, a person’s
and didn’t want individual liberties, or the basic rights chief loyalty was to the
rights or representative of all people, religious Nation and not the
governments. Were toleration for all, and monarch. Each nationality
responsible for the representative should have its own
principle of intervention governments. Opposed the government. Threatened
and similar policies to “old order” of monarchy old order because it
maintain order and absolute power. combined small nation-
states into larger “nations.”
11. European Revolutions of 1848
• The European Revolutions were a series of
political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It
began in France in February, then spread
throughout most of Europe and parts of Latin
America. Over 50 countries were affected, but the
revolutions were independent; the
revolutionaries didn’t cooperate across borders.
• Five factors were involved in the revolutions:
widespread dissatisfaction with political
leadership; demand for more participation in
governments and/or democracy; demands of the
working classes; the surge of nationalism and the
regrouping of the reactionary forces based in the
royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the
peasants.
• The revolutions were led by shaky ad hoc
coalitions of reformers made up of the middle
class and workers, but were unable to hold
together for long. Tens of thousands of people
were killed while many more were forced into
exile.
12. Revolution in France
• In France, severe economic problems brought hardship to the lower
middle class, workers, and peasants. Members of the middle class
also wanted the right to vote.
• The monarchy was overthrown in 1848 and a temporary
government was set up.
– Universal male suffrage (all men could vote) was established
• The temporary government established workshops for the
unemployed; so many attended workshops that the treasury was
emptied, so the government ended the workshops; the workers
were enraged by this decision and took to the streets
• Government forces crushed the rebelling workers, thousands were
killed or imprisoned
• A new constitution was ratified in 1848 that set up the Second
Republic, a representative government with a single legislature and
a president; Napoleon’s nephew Louis-Napoleon was the first
elected president of France
13. Germany
• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna recognized the
existence of 38 independent German states called the
German Confederation
• In 1848, cries for change led many German rulers to
promise constitutions, a free press, and jury trials
• An all-German parliament called the Frankfurt
Assembly was held to prepare a constitution for a
united Germany, deputies to the parliament were
elected by universal male suffrage
• The Frankfurt Assembly failed to achieve its goal and
Germany was not united
14. Revolution in Europe
• Austria was a multinational state – a collection of different
peoples, including Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Slovaks,
Romanians, and more
• In March 1848, demonstrations in the major cities of
Austria led to the dismissal of Metternich, the Austrian
foreign minister
• In Vienna, revolutionary forces took control of the capital
and demanded a constitution
• Hungary was given its own legislature, which made others
want their own governments
• In June 1848, Austrian forces crushed the Czech rebellion
and by the end of October, Vienna was back in Austrian
hands
15. Revolutions in Italy
• The Congress of Vienna set up nine states in Italy,
including the Kingdom of Piedmont, the Two
Sicily's, and the Papal States
• In 1848, a revolt broke out against the Austrians
in Lombardy and Ventia; revolutionaries in other
Italian states took up arms and sought to create
liberal constitutions and a unified Italy
• By 1849, the Austrians reestablished control and
crushed the revolts
16. National Unification & the Nation State
Breakdown of the “Concert of Europe”: Why? Russians fought
against the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War. Austrians did
not support Russia in this fight - making them enemies and
leaving Austria without support in the ‘Concert,’ which allowed
for Italian & German unification.
Italian Unification: areas in Italy began to unite as Austria
weakened its control. (North: Piedmont declared war on
Austria after it had support from France. South: Garibaldi
invaded Sicily & Naples). After several wars and battles, Italy
was united Sept. 20th, 1870. Rome came under the control of
the Italians after the Franco-Prussian War.
German Unification: Prussia unified with the German
Confederation from Germany. This happened even before
the end of the Franco-Prussian War. William I was
appointed Kaiser (from the word Caesar) of Germany after
Otto Von Bismarck helped gain power in Prussia.
17. Section 3: National unification and the
National State
Great Britain France Austria Russia USA
Avoided national Louis-Napoleon Many wars.. Lost the Crimean Civil War from
conflict because became Napoleon Then in 1867 War, had a Czar 1861-1865.
of economic III after a 97% (compromise) (king from the Abolition of
growth and pride vote for the created the word Caesar)
slavery.
of Queen Victoria. restoration of the Austria-Hungary March 3rd, 1861
She ruled from empire. He state. Each had Czar Alexander Emancipation
1837-1901 an era completely its own freed the serfs, Proclamation
known as the controlled the constitution, but this lead to freed slaves
Victorian Age. government. He capital and unhappy and land DURING the
rebuilt Paris. government, but starved poor. war and in
one monarch. SLAVE
states…13th
amendment
ultimately freed
slaves.
18. Romanticism
Romanticism: stressed feelings & emotions She dwelt among the
as ways of “knowing” humankind. untrodden ways
Beside the springs of
Romantic writers had characters that were
Dove,
misunderstood. Many wore outrageous Maid whom there were
clothes and had long hair. Ivanhoe was a none to praise
popular book for the Romantics, written by And very few to love:
Walter Scott. Gothic literature grew with
the writing of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein A violet by a mossy
and Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories. The stone
monster in Frankenstein was a look at Half hidden from the
eye!
science’s attempt to conquer nature. The
—-Fair as a star, when
poet William Wordsworth used nature as only one
his inspiration Is shining in the sky.
She lived unknown, and
Edgar few could know
Allen When Lucy ceased to
Poe be;
―The But she is in her grave,
Raven and, oh,
Mary Shelley & The difference to me!.
‖
Frankenstein
19. Beethoven
In music, Beethoven was the bridge
from classical to romanticism. He
had many ‘loves’ and wrote music
for these women. He began to go
deaf at the age of 26. He died at 56
possibly of liver failure due to
drinking. His famous works include
Fur Elise and his 5th symphony.
20. Science
A new age of Science: Frenchman, Louis Pasteur, said
that germs caused disease. He came up with the
concept of “pasteurizing” things, such as milk, to kill
germs. Russian, Dmitry Mendeleyev came up with
classification based upon atomic weight. Englishman,
Michael Faraday created a generator that laid the
foundation for electric current. Another Englishman,
Charles Darwin, published, “The Origin of Species” Darwin
Faraday
discussing the theory of evolution and natural selection.
All of this scientific though increased secularism
(indifference or rejection of religion)
Louis Pasteur Mendeleyev
21. Realism
Realism: The belief that the world should be viewed realistically. Politically and in
the arts. Rejected romanticism. Gustave Flaubert, wrote Madame Bovary, British
novelist, Charles Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol, Oliver and David Copperfield.
Realism in art was a popular part of
the realism movement. This
Charles Dickens Gustave Flaubert
painting by Gustave Courbert shows
average people doing typical things.
Not angels…wait…do I really know
this stuff???
Gustave Courbert
