PETROL BUNK AUTOMATION WITH PREPAID CARDS & GSM COMMUNICATION

PETROL BUNK AUTOMATION WITH PREPAID CARDS & GSM COMMUNICATION
DEPT OF E.C.E S.J.C.E.T Page 1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
It is microcontroller based project which controls whole assembly i.e. smart
card, motor, relay. Basically it includes mathematical calculations which decides
motor ON & OFF period. It also provides onsite recharge facility. The main
attraction of this project is that it eliminates human interaction (serviceman) &
avoids situation of black selling as there is no serviceman. Basically smart card and
microcontroller communicate with I2C protocol. In this microcontroller acts as
master device while smart card acts as slave device. On completion of transaction
balance (money) is deducted from card and updated balance is shown again. While in
case of low balance transaction cannot complete and respective message is shown on
display.
The automation covers various aspects of the outlets, including level gauges
in underground tanks and gauges to check quality parameters of the fuel. Every time
fuel is dispensed, a bill, giving details of the date, time, quantity of the purchase, the
pump and the attendant who delivered the product, will be generated automatically.
Automation of pumps will give oil companies accurate data on sales and control over
any adulteration, which might happen at the retail end. These benefits will also flow
to the customer.
The next step is to bring in a vehicle identification unit within the vehicle.
This will allow the petrol pump to recognize the vehicle, fill it up and add the amount
to the customer’s credit card, in a cashless transaction. This “unit” is an RFID chip
on a fob that is read when in proximity to the pump, or when the customer waves it
close to the reader.“This will help fleet owners who are concerned over theft, besides
being a convenience. The system will not allow a driver to divert fuel from the
vehicle’s fuel tank to a jerry can, for instance.

CHAPTER-2
BLOCK DIAGRAM & EXPLANATION
2.1 Block Diagram
Fig 1: block diagram of petrol bunk automation with prepaid cards &
GSM communication

2.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
1. dsPIC 30F4013 Microcontroller unit
- Serves as a central processing unit.
2. Mobile phone
- Interfaces to the UART of the controlled and used to send SMS
Message to the user.
3. Relay Driver and Relays
- relay drivers are used to drive the electromagnetic relay and relays act as a
electromagnetic switch for the Pump and motors.
4. LCD Display
- Used to display the events.
5 .Power Supply unit
- Generates DC Power supply for the total unit from the 230V AC supply.
6. Keypad
- Keypad is used to set the amount of fuel to the filled in.
7. Alarm
- Alarm is actuated when there is a wrong card or when no balance is available.
8. Smoke sensor
- Used to detect any smoke in the area.
9. Infra red Level sensors
- Used to sense the fuel level available in the tank.
10. Engine Switch
- Used to switch off engine when found on.

This project is designed with microcontroller, Embedded or RFID card, RFID
reader, Relay driver circuit with relay and keypad.
Each vehicle is fitted with a prepaid card. When a car has arrived at the gate, the
RFID reader reads the card and opens the gate, only when the card is a valid card. Once
entered the user will be shown the balance amount available on the card and he must
select a option to dispense the fuel based on litres or rupees. The system should check
whether the user has entered a valid data i.e., the amount should not exceed the balance
available in the card. After ensuring that, a motor is actuated to dispense the fuel. Once this
is done, the information such as available balance is sent to the user’s mobile phone using
GSM technology.
In other words In this project the customer having the RFID card. The card is
nothing magnetic member is embedded in the card. The reader circuit generates
majestic signal to read the majestic number. When customer shows this card on the
reader, the reader reads that majestic number and given the corresponding signal to
microcontroller. In microcontroller we have already programmed. So it checks the
number whether it is related to Hindus than Petroleum, Bharat Petroleum or Reliance
Petroleum card corresponding information is displayed on the LCD display. The
keypad is used to enter the quantity of petrol. In microcontroller we already set time
for liters. When you entered the designed quantity on the keypad the microcontroller
activates the relay driver for that particular time period. The driver circuit is used to
turn ON, turn OFF the relays. Relay output is directly connected to petrol pump. So
it pumps the petrol as per our designed quantity entered in the keypad. The petrol
quantity and their corresponding cost are displayed on the LCD display. Hence this
project made the automated petrol bunk in coder to save time and manpower.

CHAPTER-3
HARDWARE USED
3.1 DsPIC30F4013 microcontroller unit:
3.1.1 Microcontroller Introduction:
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the
microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls,
office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By
reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor,
memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally
control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are
common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic
systems.
Fig 2: Microcontroller(IC)

3.1.2 Microcontroller features:
A micro-controller is a single IC, commonly with the following features:
 Central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors to
complex 32- or 64-bit processors
 ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program and operating
parameter storage and volatile memory (RAM) for data storage.
 discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state
of an individual package pin
 Serial input/output such as serial ports (UARTs).
 Peripherals such as timers, event counters, PWM generators, and watchdog.
 Clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or
RC circuit.
 Many include analog-to-digital converters; some include digital-to-analog
converters.
 USB and Ethernet are common on high end microcontrollers.
3.1.3 Types of microcontrollers:
 8051 (many variations and vendors of original Intel-product)
 ARM and ARM Cortex-M & Parallax Propeller .
 Rabbit 2000 (8-bit)
 Atmel AVR (8-bit), AVR32 (32-bit).
 AT91SAM (32-bit) & PowerPC ISE
 Free scale Cold fire (32-bit) and S08 (8-bit) .
 Free scale 68HC11 (8-bit)
 Texas Instruments TI MSP430 (16-bit) C2000 (32-bit)
 Toshiba TLCS-870 (8&16 bit).

3.1.4 What is a PIC Microcontroller?
A PIC microcontroller is a single integrated circuit small enough to fit in the
palm of a hand. ‘Traditional’ microprocessor circuits contain four or five separate
integrated circuits - the microprocessor (CPU) itself, an EPROM program memory
chip, some RAM memory and an input/output interface. With PIC microcontrollers
all these functions are included within one single package, making them cost
effective and easy to use. PIC microcontrollers can be used as the ‘brain’ to control a
large variety of products. In order to control devices, it is necessary to interface (or
‘connect’) them to the PIC microcontroller. This section will help to enable those
with limited electronics[9]
Fig3: Pin configurations of microcontroller
3.1.5 dsPIC 30F4013 microcontroller unit details:
 Category : Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 Family : Embedded - Microcontrollers
 Series : dsPICtm 30F
 Core Processor : dsPIC
 Core Size : 16-Bit
 Speed : 30 MIPs
 Number of I /O : 30
 Program Memory Size : 48KB (16K x 24)
 Program Memory Type : FLASH
 EEPROM Size : 1K x 8

 RAM Size : 2K x 8
 Voltage - Supply (Vcc /Vdd) : 2.5-5.5v
 Data Converters : A/D 13x12b
 Oscillator Type : internal
Fig 4: Dspic30f4013 Block Diagram

3.2 Mobile phone:
Interfaces to the UART of the controlled and used to send SMS Message to
the user. In this project the customer having the prepaid card. The card is nothing
magnetic member is embedded in the card. The reader circuit generates majestic
signal to read the majestic number. When customer inserting this card on the reader,
the reader reads that majestic number and given the corresponding signal to
microcontroller.
3.2.1 UART:
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter or simple UART is one of
the common peripheral found on microcontrollers (MCU) widely used for
communication with the external devices and systems. Modules, ASIC's , and PC's
are among the devices that the microcontroller can communicate to through the
UART . For microcontrollers that offer this peripheral, the UART circuitry is built-
in the chip and can be accessed from 2 pins, a transmitter and a receiver usually
named RX and TX or RXD and TXD respectively .With such a configuration, a full
duplex set up is possible. Although in some applications, such as in display modules,
only the transmit pin may be utilized as the MCU only needs to send graphic
information to the display. A GPS module on the other hand, may only require the
UART's receive pin since the MCU only awaits the GPS data but need not sent
information to the module. In any case, we can say that the UART can receive and
transmit information to and from another compatible device.
Fig5: functioning of UART with MCU
Connecting the MCU's UART is a simple direct connection to the external
device so long as both logic levels are the same. Of course, the ground connection

should be common for both device. Below shows the pin connection between the
MCU and an external device, say, a GSM Module.
Notice that the RX and TX pins are "crossed" against the other RX/TX. Since
a TX is an output pin, it should be connected to an input pin and vice versa. A
common mistake is to connect both RX's together and TX's in another joint. You will
have to be careful though on the name given to the pins both of the MCU and the
external device. The names "RX", "Receive" ,"Receiver" will often pertain to the
UART's input pin relative to itself. The "TX", "Transmit" or "transmitter" pin is the
output pin at the point of view of the MCU.
3.2.2 PREPAID CARD
A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card is a portable memory chip used
mostly in cell phones that operate on the Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) network. These cards hold the personal information of the account holder,
including his or her phone number, address book, text messages, and other data.
Fig6 : prepaid card or smart card
A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit(s) card (ICC), is defined as any
pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. Although there is a diverse
range of applications, there are two broad categories of ICCs. Memory cards contain

only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security
logic. Microprocessor cards contain memory and microprocessor components.
The standard perception of a "smart card" is a microprocessor card of credit
card dimensions (or smaller, e.g. the mini GSM SIM card) with various tamper-
resistant properties (e.g. a secure crypto-processor, secure file system, human-
readable features) and is capable of providing security services (e.g. confidentiality
of information in the memory). Not all chip cards contain a microprocessor (eg. the
memory cards), therefore not all chip cards are necessarily also smart cards.
However, the public usage of the terminology is often inconsistent.
3.3 Relay driver and relays
Relay drivers are used to drive the electromagnetic relay and relays acts as a
electromagnetic switch for the Pump and motors. which is useful if you want to use a
low voltage circuit to switch on and off a light bulb (or anything else) connected to
the 220v mains supply.
Relays are components which allow a low-power circuit to switch a relatively
high current on and off, or to control signals that must be electrically isolated from
the controlling circuit itself.
Fig7: Relay and its symbol
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of
the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch

contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover) switches.
 The relay’s switch connections are usually labeled COM (POLE),NC
&NO
 COM/POLE= Common, NC and NO always connect to this, it is the
moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM/POLE is connected to this when the
relay coil is not magnetized.
 NO = Normally Open, COM/POLE is connected to this when the
relay coil is MAGNETIZED and vice versa. [10]
There are 5 Pins in a relay. Two pins A and B are two ends of a coil that are
kept inside the relay. The coil is wound on a small rod that gets magnetized
whenever current passes through it.COM/POLE is always connected to
NC(Normally connected) pin. As current is passed through the coil A, B, the pole
gets connected to NO (Normally Open) pin of the relay.
The current needed to operate the relay coil is more than can be supplied by
most chips (op. amps etc), so a transistor is usually needed, as shown in the diagram
below.

Fig 8: Relay with transistor
3.4 LCD display
3.4.1 Basics of LCD Displays:-
The liquid-crystal display has the distinct advantage of having low power
consumption than the LED. It is typically of the order of microwatts for the display
in comparison to the some order of mill watts for LEDs. Low power consumption
requirement has made it compatible with MOS integrated logic circuit. Its other
advantages are its low cost, and good contrast. The main drawbacks of LCDs are
additional requirement of light source, a limited temperature range of operation
(between 0 and 60° C), low reliability, short operating life, poor visibility in low
ambient lighting, slow speed and the need for an ac drive.
3.4.2 Basic structure of an LCD
A liquid crystal cell consists of a thin layer (about 10 u m) of a liquid crystal
sandwiched between two glass sheets with transparent electrodes deposited on their
inside faces. With both glass sheets transparent, the cell is known as transmittive type
cell. When one glass is transparent and the other has a reflective coating, the cell is
called reflective type. The LCD does not produce any illumination of its own. It, in
fact, depends entirely on illumination falling on it from an external source for its
visual effect. [11]
Fig9: Block Diagram of LCD Display

3.4.3 Types of LCD
Two types of display available are dynamic scattering display and field effect
display.
1. Dynamic scattering display is energized , the molecules of energized area of the
display become turbulent and scatter light in all directions. Consequently, the
activated areas take on a frosted glass appearance resulting in a silver display. Of
course, the UN energized areas remain translucent.
2. Field effect LCD contains front and back polarizer’s at right angles to each other.
Without electrical excitation, the light coming through the front polarizer is rotated
90° in the fluid. Now, let us take a look at the different varieties of liquid crystals that
are available for industrial purposes. The most usable liquid crystal among all the
others is the pneumatic phase liquid crystals.
Most of the LCD Displays available in the market are 16X2 (That means, the
LCD displays are capable of displaying 2 lines each having 16 Characters a), 20X4
LCD Displays (4 lines, 20 characters). It has 14 pins. It uses 8lines for parallel data
plus 3 control signals, 2 connections to power, one more for contrast adjustment and
two connections for LED back light. 16×2 LCD module is a very common type of
LCD module that is used in 8051 based embedded projects. It consists of 16 rows
and 2 columns of 5×7 or 5×8 LCD dot matrices. The module were are talking about
here is type number JHD162A which is a very popular one . It is available in a 16 pin
package with back light, contrast adjustment function and each dot matrix has 5×8
dot resolution.
3.4.4 16X2 LCD character display:
VEE pin is meant for adjusting the contrast of the LCD display and the
contrast can be adjusted by varying the voltage at this pin. This is done by
connecting one end of a POT to the Vcc (5V), other end to the Ground and
connecting the center terminal (wiper) of of the POT to the VEE pin. See the circuit
diagram for better understanding.
The JHD162A has two built in registers namely data register and command
register. Data register is for placing the data to be displayed , and the command
register is to place the commands.

The 16×2 LCD module has a set of commands each meant for doing a
particular job with the display. We will discuss in detail about the commands later.
High logic at the RS pin will select the data register and Low logic at the RS pin will
select the command register. If we make the RS pin high and the put a data in the 8
bit data line (DB0 to DB7) , the LCD module will recognize it as a data to be
displayed . If we make RS pin low and put a data on the data line, the module will
recognize it as a command.
Pin No: Name Function
1 VSS This pin must be connected to the ground
2 VCC Positive supply voltage pin (5V DC)
3 VEE Contrast adjustment
4 RS Register selection
5 R/W Read or write
6 E Enable
7 DB0 Data
8 DB1 Data
9 DB2 Data
10 DB3 Data
11 DB4 Data
12 DB5 Data
13 DB6 Data
14 DB7 Data
15 LED+ Back light LED+
16 LED- Back light LED-
Table 1: Pin Configuration of a 16X2 LCD character display:
R/W pin is meant for selecting between read and write modes. High level at
this pin enables read mode and low level at this pin enables write mode.
E pin is for enabling the module. A high to low transition at this pin will enable the
module.

DB0 to DB7 are the data pins. The data to be displayed and the command
instructions are placed on these pins.
LED+ is the anode of the back light LED and this pin must be connected to
Vcc through a suitable series current limiting resistor. LED- is the cathode of the
back light LED and this pin must be connected to ground.
Fig 10-A : LCD - Front View Fig 10-B: LCD – Back View
3.4.5 Interfacing 16x2 LCD module to 8051
Fig11 : Interfacing 16x2 LCD module to 8051 circuit diagram

The circuit diagram given above shows how to interface a 16X2 LCD module
with AT89S1 microcontroller .Capacitor C3, resistor R3and push button switch S1
forms the reset circuitry. Ceramic capacitors C1, C2 and crystal X1 is related to the
clock circuitry which produces the system clock frequency. P1.0 to P1.7 pins of the
microcontroller is connected to the DB0 to DB7 pins of the module respectively and
through this route the data goes to the LCD module. P3.3, P3.4 and P3.5 are
connected to the E, R/W, RS pins of the microcontroller and through this route the
control signals are transferred to the LCD module. Resistor R1 limits the current
through the back light LED and so do the back light intensity. POT R2 is used for
adjusting the contrast of the display. [11]
3.4.6 LCD Characteristics:
LCDs have many characteristics that have caused their demand to increase
over the past several years. They are lightweight, aesthetically appealing, energy
efficient and long-term cost effective. Some of the disadvantages are that they are not
suitable for dimly lit applications, can require frequent adjustments throughout the
day, have limited viewing angles, and their purchase cost is relatively expensive.
LCD Advantages
Brightness
Produces very bright images due to high peak intensity. Very
suitable for environments that are brightly lit .
Emissions
Produce considerably lower electric, magnetic and
electromagnetic fields than CRTs.
Geometric Distortion
No geometric distortion at the native resolution. Minor
distortion can occur for other resolutions.
Power Consumption
Energy efficient. Consume less than 1/3 the power of a
comparable CRT. Consume less electricity than a CRT and
produce little heat.
Physical Aspects
Take up about 40% less desk space. LCDs are thin and
compact.
Screen Shape Completely flat screen.
Sharpness
At the native resolution, the image is perfectly sharp.
Adjustments are required at all other resolutions which can
result in measurable degradation to the image.
Table2: LCD advantages

LCD Disadvantages
Aspect Ratio The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed.
Black-Level
Not proficient at producing black and very dark grays. In a
"standard" configuration, not appropriate for use in dimly lit
and dark conditions.
Contrast Lower contrast than CRTs due to a poor black-level.
Color and Gray-Scale
Accuracy
Color saturation is reduced at low intensity levels due to a
poor black-level. Images are satisfactory, but not accurate due
to problems with black-level, gray-scale and Gamma.
Cost
Considerably more expensive purchase price than comparable
CRTs . (Cheaper lifetime cost: lasts about 13,000 - 15,000
more hours than a typical CRT.)
Gray-Scale
Have an irregular intensity scale and typically produce fewer
than 256 discrete intensity levels. For some LCDs portions of
the gray-scale may be dithered.
Motion Artifacts
Slow response times and scan rate conversion result in severe
motion artifacts and image degradation for moving or rapidly
changing images.
Resolution
Works best at the native resolution. The native resolution
cannot be changed. All other resolutions require adjusting
procedures which cause considerable deterioration of image.
Viewing Angle
Restricted viewing angles. Viewing angles affect the
brightness, contrast and colors shown. Wide angles can lead to
contrast and color reversal.
Table 3: LCD Disadvantages
Other LCD Characteristics
Bad Pixels
Can have many weak or stuck pixels, which are permanently on or
off. Some pixels may be improperly connected to adjoining pixels,
rows or columns.
Interference
May require frequent readjustments throughout the day due to
timing drift and jitter. Analog input requires careful modification of
pixel tracking / phase to decrease or eliminate digital noise in the
image.
Table 4: Other LCD characteristics

3.5 POWER SUPPLY UNIT:
The purpose of a power supply is to take electrical energy in one form and
convert it into another. There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to
convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for
electronic circuits and other devices such as computers, fax machines and
telecommunication equipment. In Singapore, supply from 230V, 50Hz AC mains is
converted into smooth DC using AC-DC power supply. A power supply can by
broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A
transformer first steps down high voltage AC to low voltage AC. A rectifier circuit
is then used to convert AC to DC. This DC, however, contains ripples, which can be
smoothened by a filter circuit. Power supplies can be ‘regulated’ or ‘unregulated’. A
regulated power supply maintains a constant DC output voltage through ‘feedback
action’. The output voltage of an unregulated supply, on the other hand, will not
remain constant. It will vary depending on varying operating conditions.
3.5.1 Regulated Power Supply:
Regulated power supply is an electronic circuit that is designed to provide a
constant dc voltage of predetermined value across load terminals irrespective of ac
mains fluctuations or load variations.
Fig12: Regulated power supply diagram
For example when the magnitude of input AC voltage changes. Main
components of a regulated supply to convert 230V AC voltage to 5V DC are shown
below.
Fig13: Block diagram of a regulated power supply

Power supplies are designed to produce as little ripple voltage as possible, as the
ripple can cause several problems. For Example
 In audio amplifiers, too much ripple shows up as an annoying 50 Hz or 100
Hz audible hum.
 In video circuits, excessive ripple shows up as “hum” bars in the picture.
 In digital circuits it can cause erroneous outputs from logic circuits.
Fig14: Regulated Power Supply Circuit
3.5.2 Regulated Power Supply Circuit Explanation:
A regulated power supply essentially con sists of an ordinary power supply
and a volt age regulating device, as illustrated in the figure. The output from an
ordinary power supply is fed to the voltage regulating device that provides the final
output. The output voltage remains constant irrespective of variations in the ac input
voltage or variations in output (or load) current.
Figure given above shows the complete circuit of a regulated power supply
with a transistor series regulator as a regulating device. The ac voltage, typically 230
Vrms is connected to a transformer which transforms that ac voltage to the level for
the desired dc output. A bridge rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage
that is initially filtered by a Π (or C-L-C) filter to produce a dc voltage. The resulting
dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulating circuit use
this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has much less ripple voltage but
also remains constant even if the input dc voltage varies somewhat or the load
connected to the output dc voltage changes. The regulated dc supply is available
across a voltage divider.
Often more than one dc voltage is required for the operation of electronic
circuits. A single power supply can provide as many as voltages as are required by
using a voltage (or potential) divider, as illustrated in the figure. As illustrated in the

figure, a potential divider is a single tapped resistor connected across the output
terminals of the supply. The tapped resistor may consist of two or three resistors
connected in series across the supply. In fact, bleeder resistor may also be employed
as a potential divider.
3.5.3 Power Supply Characteristics
There are various factors that determine the quality of the power supply like
the load voltage, load current, voltage regulation, source regulation, output
impedance, ripple rejection, and so on. Some of the characteristics are briefly
explained below:
1. Load Regulation
The load regulation or load effect is the change in regulated output voltage
when the load current changes from minimum to maximum value.
Load regulation = V no-load – V full-load
V no-load – Load Voltage at no load
V full-load – Load voltage at full load .
From the above equation we can understand that when Vno-load occurs the
load resistance is infinite, that is, the out terminals are open circuited. Vfull-load
occurs when the load resistance is of the minimum value where voltage regulation is
lost.
% Load Regulation = [(V no-load – V full-load)/V full-load] * 100
2. Minimum Load Resistance
The load resistance at which a power supply delivers its full-load rated
current at rated voltage is referred to as minimum load resistance.
Minimum Load Resistance = V full-load/I full-load
The value of I full-load, full load current should never increase than that mentioned
in the data sheet of the power supply.
3. Source/Line Regulation
In the block diagram, the input line voltage has a nominal value of 230 Volts
but in practice, here are considerable variations in ac supply mains voltage. Since this

ac supply mains voltage is the input to the ordinary power supply, the filtered output
of the bridge rectifier is almost directly proportional to the ac mains voltage. The
source regulation is defined as the change in regulated output voltage for a specified
rage of lie voltage.
4. Output Impedance
A regulated power supply is a very stiff dc voltage source. This means that
the output resistance is very small. Even though the external load resistance is varied,
almost no change is seen in the load voltage. An ideal voltage source has an output
impedance of zero.
5. Ripple Rejection
Voltage regulators stabilize the output voltage against variations in input
voltage. Ripple is equivalent to a periodic variation in the input voltage. Thus, a
voltage regulator attenuates the ripple that comes in with the unregulated input
voltage. Since a voltage regulator uses negative feedback, the distortion is reduced
by the same factor as the gain. [12]
3.6 KEYPAD
3.6.1 Why keypad?
Keypad is a widely used input device with lots of application in our
everyday life. From a simple telephone to keyboard of a computer, ATM, electronic
lock, etc., keypad is used to take input from the user for further processing.
3.6.2 Keypad Invention
The invention of the keypad is attributed to John E. Kerlin, an industrial
psychologist at Bell Labs in Murray Hill.[1]
3.6.3 Basics Of Keypad
Keypads are a part of HMI or Human Machine Interface and play really
important role in a small embedded system where human interaction or human input
is needed .A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually

bear digits, symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly
contains numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad. Keypads are found on
many alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices such as calculators, push-button
telephones, combination locks, and digital door locks, which require mainly numeric
input. Matrix keypads are well known for their simple architecture and ease of
interfacing with any microcontroller.
3.6.4 Construction of a keypad
Construction of a keypad is really simple. As per the outline shown in the
figure below we have four rows and four columns. In between each overlapping row
and column line there is a key. So keeping this outline we can construct a keypad
using simple SPST Switches as shown below:
Fig15: 4x4 Key pad outline Fig16: 4x4 Key pad schematic
3.6.5 Scanning a Matrix Keypad
There are many methods depending on how you connect your keypad with
your controller, but the basic logic is same. We make the columns as i/p and we drive
the rows making them o/p, this whole procedure of reading the keyboard is called
scanning.
In order to detect which key is pressed from the matrix, we make row
lines low one by one and read the columns. Let’s say we first make Row1 low, then
read the columns. If any of the key in row1 is pressed will make the corresponding

column as low i.e if second key is pressed in Row1, then column2 will give low . So
we come to know that key 2 of Row1 is pressed. This is how scanning is done .So to
scan the keypad completely, we need to make rows low one by one and read the
columns. If any of the buttons is pressed in a row, it will take the corresponding
column to a low state which tells us that a key is pressed in that row. If button 1 of a
row is pressed then Column 1 will become low, if button 2 then column2 and so on...
Fig17: Keypad for Fueling
3.6.6 Keypad Applications:
 Access Control
The keypad is generally used to dial a code which allows to open a door.
Typing a code often activates a relay and then the door can be opened. Generally our
customers use keypads with "A" and "B" keys to replace the standard "*" and "#"
keys.
 Vending Machine
The vending machine is used to deliver products to the consumers, without
the help of any person. You put money in the machine and then you automatically
get your product.

 Security
Security is more or less the same as the access control, except that security is
more for a personal use whereas the access control is mainly for buildings.
 Public Phones
The phones are located in public environment: in the streets, in cabins, or in
building. Here are our favorite products for this application:
 Heavy Duty Vehicles
These vehicles are used for indoor and outdoor environment; they are useful
to carry heavy duties in warehouses. Our suggestion for this application [2]
3.7 ALARM
Alarm is actuated when there is a wrong card or when no balance is
available.
3.7.1 How Alarm Systems Work?
Electronic alarm systems are made up of three component parts designed to
detect, determine and deter criminal activity or other threatening situations. An alarm
system can detect an event such as an invasion, fire, gas leak or environmental
changes; determine if the event poses a threat; and then send a notification about the
event. [3]
3.8 SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector also called a smoke alarm is a device that detects
smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial, and mass residential
devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as
smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
Smoke detectors are typically housed in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure
about 150 millimeters (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimeters (1 in) thick, but the shape
can vary by manufacturer or product line. Most smoke detectors work either by

optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization), while others use
both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Sensitive alarms can be used
to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned such as toilets and
schools. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings
are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building
Power with a battery backup . However, in many single family detached and smaller
multiple family housings, a smoke alarm is often powered only by a single
disposable battery.
The two most commonly recognized smoke detection technologies are ionization
smoke detection and photoelectric smoke detection.
3.8.1 Photoelectric Smoke Detection.
Photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin
with a long period of smoldering (called “smoldering fires”).
How they work?
Photoelectric-type alarms aim a light source into a sensing chamber at an
angle away from the sensor. Smoke enters the chamber, reflecting light onto the light
sensor; triggering the alarm.
An optical detector is a light sensor. When used as a smoke detector, it
includes a light source (incandescent bulb or infrared LED-Light- Emitting Diode), a
lens to collimate the light into a beam, and a photodiode or other photoelectric sensor
at an angle to the beam as a light detector. In the absence of smoke, the light passes
in front of the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters the optical chamber
across the path of the light beam, some light is scattered by the smoke particles,
directing it at the sensor and thus triggering the alarm. Also seen in large rooms,
such as a gymnasium or an auditorium, optical beam smoke detectors are devices
that detect a projected beam. A wall-mounted unit sends out a beam, which is either
received by a separate monitoring device or reflected back via a mirror. When the
beam becomes less visible to the "eye" of the sensor, it sends an alarm signal to the
fire alarm control panel.

Fig 18-A : Optical Smoke Detector Fig18-B : photoelectric(optical) detector
1: Optical chamber
2: Cover
3: Case moulding
4: Photodiode (detector)
5: Infrared LED
Photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin
with a long period of smoldering (called smoldering fires)." "Photoelectric alarms
react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms, but laboratory and field
tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning for all
types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by
occupants”. Although optical alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering
fires and do provide adequate protection from flaming fires.
Combination ionization/photoelectric smoke alarms are
controversial."Ionization smoke alarms may not operate in time to alert occupants
early enough to escape from smoldering fires." However, stand-alone photoelectric
smoke alarms are proven to provide adequate egress time in both the smoldering and
flaming stages of fire. [4]
Not all optical or photoelectric detection methods are the same. The type and
sensitivity of the photodiode or optical sensor, and type of smoke chamber differ
between manufacturers

3.8.2 Ionization smoke detection
Ionization smoke detection is generally more responsive to flaming fires.
How they work?
Ionization-type smoke alarms have a small amount of radioactive material
between two electrically charged plates, which ionize the air and causes current to
flow between the plates. When smoke enters the chamber, it disrupts the flow of
ions, thus reducing the flow of current and activating the alarm.
An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope such as americium-241 to
produce ionization in air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is
generated. Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than
optical detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early
smoldering stage. [5]
Fig19: Ionization smoke detector
For each type of smoke alarm, the advantage it provides may be critical to life
safety in some fire situations. Home fatal fires, day or night, include a large number
of smoldering fires and a large number of flaming fires. You cannot predict the type

of fire you may have in your home or when it will occur. Any smoke alarm
technology, to be acceptable, must perform acceptably for both types of fires in order
to provide early warning of fire at all times of the day or night and whether you are
asleep or awake. For best protection, it is recommended both (ionization and
photoelectric) technologies be used in homes. In addition to individual ionization and
photoelectric alarms, combination alarms that include both technologies in a single
device are available. [6]
3.8.3 Smoke Detector Features
 On/Off alarm signal of Smoke Detected
 Accurate, cost effective Smoke Detector
 LED indicates the status of Smoke Detector
 Sensor type - open/closed contact switch
 Power source: powered by the unit. No additional power needed.
 The unit auto detects the presence of the Smoke Detector (as Dry Contact
sensor)
 Full Autosense including disconnect alarm (Note that the smoke detector will
be detected as a Dry Contact sensor
3.9 INFRARED LEVEL SENSORS
Infrared Level Sensors Used to sense the fuel level available in the tank . A
sensor is able to detect a change and communicate that change with a user.
The infrared sensors have been designed for use in level monitoring applications for
the control of oil for transcritical or subcritical application, or screw compressors and
can be fitted directly to crankcase or to the separator (internal or external) of the
compressor. The switches have no moving parts, thus it is particularly suited
for monitoring critical media where high reliability is needed. These level switches
use infrared technology for their operation. The switch gives an alarm when low (or
high) liquid level is detected.
Operation mode: detect liquid presence with contact

Body materials: Stainless Steel with Glass sensible dome. [7]
Fig20: working of level sensor
Level sensors detect the level of substances that flow,
including liquids, slurries, granular materials, and powders. Fluids and fluidized
solids flow to become essentially level in their containers (or other physical
boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to
a peak. The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its
natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous
or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and
determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors
only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally
the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.
Fig21: different types and models of level sensors

3.10 ENGINE SWITCH
Used to switch off engine when found on .
Fig22: switch symbol
Fig23: models of ON-OFF switch

CHAPTER-4
SOFTWARE
4.1 MPLAB®
X IDE
MPLAB®
X IDE is a software program that runs on a PC (Windows , Mac
OS , Linux) to develop applications for Microchip microcontrollers and digital signal
controllers. It is called an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), because it
provides a single integrated “environment” to develop code for embedded
microcontrollers.
MPLAB X Integrated Development Environment brings many changes to the
PIC microcontroller development tool chain. Unlike previous versions of MPLAB
which were developed completely in-house, MPLAB X is based on the open source
Net Beans IDE from Oracle. Taking this path has allowed us to add many frequently
requested features very quickly and easily while also providing us with a much more
extensible architecture to bring you even more new features in the future.
4.2 MPLAB X IDE Features
 Provides a new Call Graph for navigating complex code
 Supports Multiple Configurations within your projects
 Supports Multiple Versions of the same compiler
 Support for multiple Debug Tools of the same type
 Supports Live Parsing
 Import existing MPLAB 8 projects and use eitherIDE for the same source
 Supports hyperlinks for fast navigation todeclarations and includes
 Supports Live Code Templates
 Supports the ability to enter File Code Templates with license headers or
template code
 MPLAB X can Track Changes within your own system using local history
 Within MPLAB X, a user can configure their own Code Format Style .[8]

CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this project is to provide easy access and save time in the
petrol bunk. By installing this project is made the automated petrol bunk. This not
only ensures accuracy, but also saves a lot of time for customers and avoids
misconceptions and arguments. The customer need not wait in the petrol bunk. It
reduces the time as well as man power.

CHAPTER-6
REFERENCES
1. "Monmouth man, inventor of touch-tone keypad, dies at 94". The Star-Ledger.
February 9, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
2. http://www.keypadcreator.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&lay
out=blog&id=901&Itemid=59&lang=en.
3. file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/home/Desktop/yad/alaram/How%20Alarm
%20Systems%20Work.htm.
4. ^ "Positions on Smoke Alarms by Australasian Fire Authorities, Fire Safety and
Consumer Organizations"(http://www.thewfsf.org/positions). The World Fire Safety
Foundation. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
5. ^Fleming, Jay. "Smoke Detector Technology Research"
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/14390291/Smoke-Detector-Technology-Research-
Chief-Jay-Fleming), retrieved 2011-11-07.
6. http://www.nfpa.org/safety-information/for-consumers/fire-and-safety-
equipment/smoke-alarms/ionization-vs-photoelectric.
7. http://www.inrefrigeration.com/en/oil-level-infrared-sensors.html
8. https://www.microchip.com/pagehandler/en-us/family/mplabx/
9. dsPIC30F3014, dsPIC30F4013 Data Sheet High-Performance Digital Signal
Controllers, 2004 Microchip Technology Inc.
10. (http://www.buildcircuit.org)relay basic Electronics
(http://www.buildcircuit.com/category/basic-electronics-2/)
11. www.circuitstoday.com/interfacing-16x2-lcd-with-8051, www.circuitstoday.com/a-
note-on-character-lcd-displays
12. www.circuitstoday.com/regulated-power-supply,Regulated Power Supply-Block
Diagram, Circuit Diagram, Working.

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