The Kawa Model applied in Neurological Setting

1. Occupational Therapy Case Presentation (Neurology) Prepared by: Teoh Jou Yin (A 118729) Occupational Therapy Programme Faculty of Allied Health Sciences National University of Malaysia Occupational Therapy: Helping people live lives THEIR way. ~ British Association of Occupational Therapy

3. What is Occupational Therapy’s role? To FACILITATE / ENABLE / EMPOWER clients to engage and participate in life processes and activities that are important and of value to them, i.e. to do the things in life that they want to do and need to do. (Teoh et al. 2010) How to do that?

4. CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF PRACTICE Conceptual models of practice describe phenomena of interest like “occupation” or “occupational performance”, guide treatment approaches by easily allowing therapists to focus on the right problem areas, and help to predict outcomes in clinical interventions. (Iwama 2010)

5. The Kawa Model The essence of the Kawa Model (Iwama 2006) is basically to enable occupational therapists everywhere to “just ask the client how they want to live their lives so that it is more meaningful to them, and look together with them at what we can do to achieve that.” The Kawa Model can be used as a conceptual model of practice, frame of reference, assessment tool and modality. (Iwama 2010) It can be used with any population since it is based on the client's own perceptions of what is important to them, and the only possible contraindication is an occupational therapist unskilled in the therapeutic use of self. DISCUSS THE KAWA MODEL ON FACEBOOK! http://facebook.com/KawaModel

6. FRAMES OF REFERENCE FORs can be defined as the principles behind practice specific to a client population. FORs include a statement of the population to be served, guidelines for determining adequate function or dysfunction, and principles for remediation. (Bruce & Borg 1987)

7. Neuro Developmental Frame of Reference (Pendleton & Schultz-Krohn 2006) Neuro: brain function Developmental: Components of movement required to develop. Core principles: Individualize functional outcomes – provide interventions specfic to client’s context. Emphasise motor control – quality of movement Increase active use of the involved side – manual cues and progressive challenge Provide Practice to improve motor performance leading to motor learning. 24 Hour management to increase retention and turnover. Interdisciplinary approach.

8. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK A summary of interrelated constructs that represent and guide occupational therapy practice and articulate occupational therapy’s contribution to promoting health and participation through engagement in occupation. (AOTA 2008)

10. EVALUATION SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION STEP 1: FIND OUT WHAT THE CLIENTS WANT AND NEED.

11. Kawa Interview (23/9/2010, 30/9/2010) Blue - river - life flow and overall occupationsRed - river walls and floor - environments, social & physicalLilac - rocks - circumstances that block the river flow and cause dysfunction/disabilityYellow - driftwood - personal resources that can be assets or liabilities.

16. EVALUATION OBJECTIVE EVALUATION STEP 2: VERIFYING THE DETAILS.

17. AREAS OF OCCUPATION Categories articulating “the many types of occupations in which clients might engage” (AOTA 2008) Activities of daily living (ADL), Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), Rest and sleep, Education, Work, Play, Leisure, Social participation

18. Areas of Occupation 1. Activities of Daily Living (MBI) – 23.9.2010

19. CLIENT FACTORS Specific abilities, characteristics or beliefs that reside within the client and may affect performance in occupation. (AOTA 2008) Values, beliefs & spirituality; body functions; body structures

20. Client Factors: Body Functions Neuromuscular skeletal and movement related functions Dominant hand: Rt Affected hand: Rt Joint Range of Motion: (23 / 9 / 10) Lt UL AROM: full Rt UL ROM: 1. Shoulder external rotation: AAROM 90, AROM 502. Shoulder abd/add: AAROM 80, AROM 603. Shoulder Extension: AROM 20,4. Shoulder Flexion: AAROM 120, AROM 20 (will produce compensatory movements)5. Elbow: AAROM 70-160, AROM 70-1106. Forearm: No movement, remains in supine postition7. Wrist: No movement. Muscle Tone (Modified Ashworth Scale) Right arm and forearm: 0 / 5 Right wrist and fingers: 3 / 5 Left upper limb: 0 / 5

21. Activity Demands Specific features of an activity that influence the type and amount of effort required to perform the activity. (AOTA 2008)

22. Activity Demands (Activity Analysis) – 30 / 9 / 10 #1 Ambulation- pt walks with abnormal gait- rt knee straightened- rt hip in abduction- rt ankle shows eversion when lowering foot#2 Toileting- pt's toilet and bathroom layout was evaluated and drawn out- pt's tap and hose is on rt side of toilet bowl, towards the back end close to the wall.- pt has difficulty reaching for hose with left hand.- pt does not use toilet paper at home- pt can wash self using hose only, but not clean enough as unable to douche with other hand- pt is able to wipe self and put on garments including panties.

23. Contexts & Environments The variety of interrelated conditions surrounding the client in which the client’s daily life activities occur. (AOTA 2008)

25. Client might have safety concerns getting up from toilet bowl

27. Long Term Goals To regain participation and engagement and participate in life processes and activities that are important and of value to client.

28. INTERVENTION STEP 4: OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING

30. Pt was also given prompts to invert ankles when lowering foot.

31. Duration for practice was also provided: 10 mins.

32. Therapist uses modelling, walking alongside patient at a diagonal angle in order for patient to mimic movements.

34. Pt was then educated on why she has to take responsibility and initiative to perform home programme

35. i.e. that once a week therapy was insufficient, that she cannot depend on therapist entirely to take responsibility for her recovery.

36. Pt was encouraged to set timeline for herself to evaluate progress with goals

37. Metaphor of running a race and training for race so can reach finish line was used.It is not what the therapist “does” to the patient, but how the client takes on board the info presented and uses it himself. (Cotton 2005)

39. Pt is also taught to close eyes and take deep breaths when aware that she is beginning to feel anxious.

40. While closing eyes, client is taught to think of calming soothing images i.e. beachside scenery, etc.

41. Outcomes: Pt is now able to perform movements smoothly and easily with minimal fatigue. Source: Conscious Relaxation (Cotton 2005)

43. Pt was asked to relax, close eyes, and visualise both hands opening and closing in slow, controlled movements. (Fine motor movements.)

44. Gross motor movements were addressed by means of shoulder extension exercises (both hands clasped together.)

45. Pt was also educated about purpose of activity and how to perform it at home.

47. Pt is taught to make use of television viewing times as home programme exercise times.

48. Pt watches tv at 11am, 6pm and 10pm.

49. Pt was told to perform programme throughout the entire duration of the show (typically 1 hour.)- Exercises as taught in bilateral isokinematic training are applied into home programme (gross and fine motor movements.)Rationale: According to Bobath principle to provide interventions specfic to client’s context. (Pendleton & Schultz-Krohn 2006)

50. Reevaluation (30/9/2010) Activity Analysis - Execution of home programme (Upper extremity gross motor movements, bilateral shoulder raises.) Aim: To identify possible reasons why pt is not compliant to home programme. Method: Pt is asked to demonstrate how she performs exercises at home. Findings: Pt is easily agitated when trying to perform movements, will tense muscles and hold breath, causing easy fatigue. To address: Pt was taught to utilise proper body movements and alignment and incorporate with emotional regulation exercises. Rhythmic breathing was also taught. (Cotton 2005)

51. Prognosis Good. Client has good environmental supports, however much depends on client’s internal locus of control and ability to engage as active part of therapeutic process. Further therapy recommended to address psychosocial issues especially by means of therapeutic use of self. Future Plans Continue occupational exploration. Home visit. Reevaluate interventions. Further assessment of hand disabilities. Community mobility. Driving assessment.

52. "We simply come into (our clients‘) lives as a visitor/tourist - short period.“ ~ Dalai Lama Further Questions or Discussion? http://facebook.com/KawaModel Dr Michael Iwama will be happy to hear from you. (As well as 1500+ OTs from 6 continents all around the world.)