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Prokaryotic  Gene Regulation Beyond the Lac Operon
Prokaryotic Genetics Tools ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bacterial Conjugation   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transferring DNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Uses of Bacterial Conjugation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Manifestations of the Fertility Factor   Manifestation Description Hfr The F element is  integrated into the genome. When conjugation occurs, the F genes travel across the pilus, dragging the rest of the genome behind it.  Eventually, the pilus breaks, so most often the entire genome is not transferred. The bacterial genome can be measured in minutes from the origin of transfer: The amount of time it takes for a particular gene to be transferred from one bacterium to another indicates how far it is from the origin of replication. F' Also called the F' episome. This is a small circular piece of DNA that contains the fertility genes and a few other genes. These other genes are transferred very efficiently from one bacterium to the next because the length of the transferred DNA is short enough that it can move across the breach before the pilus breaks. F This is a small circular piece of DNA carrying only the fertility genes.
Phage and Phage Transduction   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transformation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cross-feeding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathways Involve Multiple Genes Both biosynthetic and catabolic pathways involve multiple enzymes and thus multiple genes
Complementation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Complementation Example
The Arginine Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biochemical Pathways   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Identifying the Mutants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Epistasis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ordering Genes in a Pathway ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Gene Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Jacob and Monod ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nitrogen Use Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Possibilities for Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transcriptional Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lactose Catabolism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Lactose Enzymes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Lac Operon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Diagram of the Lac Operon
Elements of the Lac Operon ELEMENT PURPOSE Operator (Lac O) Binding site for repressor Promoter (Lac P) Binding site for RNA polymerase Repressor (Lac I) Gene encoding lac repressor protein Binds to DNA at operator and blocks binding of RNA polymerase at promoter Pi Promoter for LacI CAP Binding site for cAMP/CAP complex
And Another Diagram
Lac Operon Action ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Induction of the Lac Operon
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Catabolite Repression ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Action of CAP
 
Methods for Studying Lac Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Lac Mutations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lac Operon Mutants GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE +IPTG -IPTG Wild Type + - Lac Z- - - Lac P- - - Lac O- + + Lac I- + + Lac I(s) - - Lac O-Lac I(s) + +
Binding Sites vs. Proteins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cis and Trans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diffusible Proteins Act Trans
DNA Binding Sites Act Cis
Does a Gene Acts Cis or Trans? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Results of the Cis-Trans Test ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strategies for Understanding Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Life After the Lac Operon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Tryptophan Operon: A Repressor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Tryptophan Operon
Regulating Tryptophan Synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Repression of the Tryptophan Operon
 
The Histidine Operon: An Attenuator ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attenuation and Termination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
                                                                        
The Lambda Phage Cycle: Decision Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
And Glowing Squid? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Regulating Luciferase Production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quorum Sensing: An Activator ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Lux Operon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Production Without Inducer? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Other Uses of Quorum Sensing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

  • 1. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Beyond the Lac Operon
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Manifestations of the Fertility Factor Manifestation Description Hfr The F element is integrated into the genome. When conjugation occurs, the F genes travel across the pilus, dragging the rest of the genome behind it. Eventually, the pilus breaks, so most often the entire genome is not transferred. The bacterial genome can be measured in minutes from the origin of transfer: The amount of time it takes for a particular gene to be transferred from one bacterium to another indicates how far it is from the origin of replication. F' Also called the F' episome. This is a small circular piece of DNA that contains the fertility genes and a few other genes. These other genes are transferred very efficiently from one bacterium to the next because the length of the transferred DNA is short enough that it can move across the breach before the pilus breaks. F This is a small circular piece of DNA carrying only the fertility genes.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Pathways Involve Multiple Genes Both biosynthetic and catabolic pathways involve multiple enzymes and thus multiple genes
  • 11.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. A Diagram of the Lac Operon
  • 28. Elements of the Lac Operon ELEMENT PURPOSE Operator (Lac O) Binding site for repressor Promoter (Lac P) Binding site for RNA polymerase Repressor (Lac I) Gene encoding lac repressor protein Binds to DNA at operator and blocks binding of RNA polymerase at promoter Pi Promoter for LacI CAP Binding site for cAMP/CAP complex
  • 30.
  • 31. Induction of the Lac Operon
  • 32.  
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 36.  
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39. Lac Operon Mutants GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE +IPTG -IPTG Wild Type + - Lac Z- - - Lac P- - - Lac O- + + Lac I- + + Lac I(s) - - Lac O-Lac I(s) + +
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 43. DNA Binding Sites Act Cis
  • 44.
  • 45.  
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 51.
  • 52. Repression of the Tryptophan Operon
  • 53.  
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 57.
  • 58.  
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.  
  • 64.
  • 65.