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1. GV1244
Definitions of LLS

2. Put Your Thinking Cap
What are language learning
strategies?
Are learning strategies and
learning styles the same?

3. Rubin (1975)
LLS are the techniques or
devices that learners use to
acquire a second language
knowledge.

4. Stern (1975)
LLS are some general order
approaches to learning which
govern the choice of specific
techniques.

5. Bailystok (1978)
LLS are methods or conscious
enterprise for exploiting
available information to improve
competence in second
language.

6. Naiman (1978)
Language learning strategy is a
generally a more or less
deliberate approaches to
learning.

7. Cohen (1984)
LLS are mental operations that
learners used to accomplish
learning tasks.

8. Tarone (1983)
Language learning strategy is an
attempt to develop linguistic &
sociolinguistic competence in
the target language to
incorporate these into one’s
interlanguage competence.

9. Rubin (1987)
LLS are set of operations, steps,
plans & routines of what learners
do to facilitate the obtaining,
storage, retrieval & use of
information, and to regulate
learning.

10. Wenden (1987)
LLS refer to language learning
behaviours learners actually
engage in, strategic knowledge
about learning, to learn &
regulate a second language
learning.

11. Wenden & Rubin (1987)
LLS refer to what learners do to
learn & do to regulate their
learning.

12. Chamot (1987)
LLS are techniques,
approaches, or deliberate
actions that students take in
order to facilitate learning &
recall of both linguistic & content
area information.

13. Oxford (1989)
LLS are steps taken by the
learner to aid the acquisition,
storage & retrieval of
information.

14. Oxford (1990)
LLS are specific actions taken by
the learner to make learning
easier, faster, more enjoyable,
more self-directed, more
effective, & more transferable to
new situation.

15. Oxford (1993)
LLS are specific actions,
behaviours, steps or techniques
that students use to improve
their progress in developing
second language skills.

16. Mohamed Amin Embi (1996)
LLS are plans and/or actions that
learners take to enhance the
process of language learning.

17. Put Your Thinking Cap
What are the
differences between
language learning
strategies & language
use strategies?

18. LLS vs LUS
Second language learning & use
strategies are steps taken by the
learners either to improve the
learning of a second language or
the use of it.

19. LLS vs LUS
Language learning strategies are
used when learners do not have
the purpose of communication
but have the purpose of
learning.

20. LLS vs LUS
Strategies of language use are
used when learners do not have
the purpose of learning but have
the purpose of communicating.

21. Language Use Strategies
Language use strategies include
i) language performance
strategies & ii) communication
strategies.

22. Language Performance Strategies
Language performance
strategies include cognitive
processing strategies, strategies
for solidifying newly acquired
language & strategies for
determining the amount of
cognitive energy to expand.

23. Communication Strategies
Communication strategies focus
on getting a message across.

24. Put Your Thinking Cap
What are the main
features or characteristics
of language learning
strategies?