Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin due to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. It typically presents in childhood or early adulthood with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment involves lifelong insulin replacement therapy via injections to control blood glucose levels and minimize the risk of complications. Rapid-, short-, intermediate-, and long-acting insulin formulations have different onset and duration profiles suited to individual treatment regimens. Strict glycemic control is important to reduce microvascular and macrovascular risks.

1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Jason Cavolina BS, MS, PharmD Candidate Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Long Island University Ambulatory II Clerkship

11. Pharmacotherapeutic Goals Glycemic Control <180 mg/dL Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose 90-130 mg/dL Pre-prandial capillary plasma glucose <7.0 – 6.5 % Hemoglobin A 1C

14. Medical Nutrition Therapy Adjust based on age, weight and height. Total calories < 300 mg/d (< 200 mg/d in dyslipidemia) Cholesterol Up to 20% of total cal. Monounsaturated fat ~10% of total cal. Polyunsaturated fat < 10% of total cal (< 7% in dyslipidemia) Saturated fat 25-35% of total cal. Total fat 15-20% of total cal. Protein ~50-60% of total calories Carbohydrate Recommended Intake Nutrient

31. Insulin Regimens

32. Insulin Regimens

51. Questions