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THE	
  CULTURE	
  INDUSTRY	
  :	
                                                               	
  
ENLIGHTENMENT	
  AS	
  MASS	
  DECEPTION	
  
THEODOR	
  ADORNO	
  AND	
  MAX	
  HORKHEIMER	
  (1944)	
  




                                                              A	
  Project	
  By	
  –	
  	
  

                                                              Adi?	
  Jajal	
  
                                                              Ja?n	
  Mehta	
  
                                                              Jaishree	
  Bansal	
  	
  
                                                              Shru?	
  Dua	
  
THE	
  THINKERS	
  

                                                   COLLABORATIVE	
  WORK	
  :	
  	
  
                                           THE	
  DIALECTIC	
  OF	
  ENLIGHTENMENT	
  
                                                            (1947)	
  




      THEODOR	
  ADORNO	
  (1903	
  –	
  1969)	
                              MAX	
  HORKEHIEMER	
  (1895	
  –	
  1973)	
  

SOCILOGOIST,	
  PHILOSOPHER,	
  MUSICOLOGIST	
                           PHILOSOPHER-­‐SOCIALOGIST	
  

MEMBER	
  OF	
  FRANKFURT	
  SCHOOL	
  OF	
  SOCIAL	
                    MEMBER	
  OF	
  FRANKFURT	
  SCHOOL	
  OF	
  SOCIAL	
  
   RESEARCH	
                                                               RESEARCH	
  

1	
  NOTED	
  IMPORTANT	
  WORK	
  –	
  MINIMA	
                         1	
  NOTED	
  IMPORTANT	
  WORK	
  –	
  ECLIPSE	
  OF	
  
        MORALIA	
  (1951)	
                                                      REASON	
  (1947)	
  	
  
THE	
  CULTURE	
  INDUSTRY	
  –	
  THE	
  CRUX	
  

                        A	
  CRITICAL	
  CONCEPT	
  THAT	
  STATES	
  THAT	
  THE	
  
                         ENTERTAINMENT	
  BUSINESS	
  PRODUCES	
  PRODUCTS	
  
                         THAT	
  ARE	
  MEANINGLESS,	
  MASS-­‐PRODUCED	
  AND	
  ARE	
  
                         AIMED	
  AT	
  DECEIVING	
  THE	
  MASSES	
  AT	
  SEVERAL	
  
                         PSYCHOLOGICAL	
  LEVELS	
  –	
  BY	
  CREATING	
  ILLUSIONS	
  
                         AND	
  STEREOTYPES,	
  BY	
  MANUFACTURING	
  DESIRE	
  FOR	
  
                         COMMODITIES	
  THAT	
  ARE	
  PRODUCTS	
  OF	
  CAPITALISM.	
  

                        PRE-­‐DETERMINED	
  NORMS	
  OF	
  WHAT	
  “SHOULD	
  BE”	
  

                        MAJOR	
  CONCEPTS	
  UNDER	
  THE	
  THEORY	
  –	
  	
  

                   1.    STYLE	
  OVER	
  CONTENT	
  

                   2.    PSEUDO-­‐INDIVIDUALITY	
  

                   3.    PASSIVE	
  CONSUMERISM	
  

                   4.    ADVERTISING	
  AND	
  THE	
  CULTURE	
  INDUSTRY	
  
STYLE	
  OVER	
  CONTENT	
  

  REPETITION	
  EVERYWHERE	
  

  PACKAGING	
  DIFFERS	
  	
  

  “READY	
  MADE	
  CLICHES”	
  

  CONFORMISM	
  OF	
  THE	
  BUYERS	
  

  EFFRONTORY	
  OF	
  THE	
  PRODUCERS	
  

     RESULT	
  :	
  THE	
  SAME	
  THING	
  
PSEUDO-­‐INDIVIDUALITY	
  



 YOU	
  WANT	
  THAT	
  
  VERY	
  UNIQUE	
  
  PHONE?	
  	
  
PSEUDO-­‐INDIVIDUALITY	
  


                                                                   A	
  CONSUMER	
  SAYS	
  :	
  BECAUSE	
  IT’S	
  
                                                                        VERY	
  	
  “ME”	
  	
  

                                                                   ILLUSION?	
  YES.	
  IT’S	
  NEVER	
  ONLY	
  
                                                                        YOU.	
  IT’S	
  THE	
  MILLION	
  OTHERS	
  
                                                                        THAT	
  THINK	
  IT’S	
  VERY	
  “ME”	
  	
  	
  




“PSEUDO	
  INDIVIDUALITY	
  IS	
  THE	
  PREREQUISITE	
  FOR	
  COMPREHENDING	
  TRAGEDY	
  AND	
  REMOVING	
  ITS	
  POISON:	
  
ONLY	
  BECAUSE	
  INDIVIDUALS	
  HAVE	
  CEASED	
  TO	
  BE	
  THEMSELVES	
  AND	
  ARE	
  NOW	
  MERELY	
  CENTERS	
  WHERE	
  THE	
  
GENERAL	
  TENDENCIES	
  MEET”	
  (HORKHEIMER	
  &	
  ADORNO,	
  1976).	
            THE	
  INDIVIDUAL,	
  LIKE	
  A	
  
PRODUCT,	
  IS	
  MASS-­‐PRODUCED.”	
  	
  
PASSIVE	
  CONSUMERISM	
  

“THERE	
  IS	
  NOTHING	
  LEFT	
  FOR	
  THE	
  
     CONSUMER	
  TO	
  CLASSIFY.	
  
    PRODUCERS	
  HAVE	
  DONE	
  IT	
  
                  FOR	
  HIM”	
  




“LANGUAGE	
  IN	
  COMMUNICATION	
  
   SIMPLY	
  BECOMES	
  A	
  MEANS	
  TO	
  
      TRIGGER	
  CONDITIONED	
  
              RESPONSES”	
  
ADVERTISING	
  AND	
  THE	
  CULTURE	
  INDUSTRY	
  

                  TECHNICAL	
  AND	
  ECONOMICAL	
  MERGER	
  BETWEEN	
  THE	
  TWO	
  

                  BOTH	
  SEEN	
  EVERYWHERE	
  

                  BOTH	
  MECHANICAL	
  REPETITIONS	
  TIME	
  AND	
  TIME	
  AGAIN	
  

                  BOTH	
  VIEWED	
  AS	
  MANIPULATIVE	
  

                  “IN	
  BOTH	
  CASES,	
  STANDARDS	
  ARE	
  THE	
  STRIKING	
  YET	
  
                       FAMILIAR,	
  THE	
  EASY	
  YET	
  CATCHY,	
  THE	
  SKILLFUL,	
  YET	
  
                       SIMPLE”	
  

                                           OBJECTIVE	
  OF	
  BOTH	
  :	
  	
  

                 OVER	
  POWER	
  THE	
  CUSTOMER,	
  WHO	
  IS	
  CONCIEVED	
  AS	
  
                              ABESNT	
  MINDED	
  OR	
  RESISTANT	
  	
  	
  
SOME	
  MODERN	
  CRITICISMS	
  OF	
  	
  
THE	
  CULTURE	
  INDUSTRY	
  THEORY	
  

  WHAT	
  ABOUT	
  CURRENT	
  DIVERSITY	
  
     AND	
  MARKET	
  SEGMENTATION?	
  	
  

  WHAT	
  ABOUT	
  NICHE	
  PRODUCTS?	
  	
  

  WHAT	
  ABOUT	
  THE	
  FACT	
  THAT	
  
     CONSUMERS	
  ARE	
  NOT	
  TOTALLY	
  
     PASSIVE?	
  	
  

  ILLUSION	
  OF	
  REALITY	
  –	
  WHO	
  DEFINES	
  
     REALITY?	
  	
  
THANK	
  YOU	
  




  “…	
  BEAR	
  WITNESS	
  TO	
  MAN’S	
  ATTEMPT	
  TO	
  MAKE	
  
    HIMSELF	
  A	
  PROFICIENT	
  APPARATUS,	
  SIMILAR	
  (EVEN	
  
    IN	
  EMOTIONS)	
  TO	
  THE	
  MODEL	
  SERVED	
  UP	
  BY	
  THE	
  
    CULTURE	
  INDUSTRY.”	
  

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The Culture Industry Critique

  • 1. THE  CULTURE  INDUSTRY  :      ENLIGHTENMENT  AS  MASS  DECEPTION   THEODOR  ADORNO  AND  MAX  HORKHEIMER  (1944)   A  Project  By  –     Adi?  Jajal   Ja?n  Mehta   Jaishree  Bansal     Shru?  Dua  
  • 2. THE  THINKERS   COLLABORATIVE  WORK  :     THE  DIALECTIC  OF  ENLIGHTENMENT   (1947)     THEODOR  ADORNO  (1903  –  1969)     MAX  HORKEHIEMER  (1895  –  1973)   SOCILOGOIST,  PHILOSOPHER,  MUSICOLOGIST   PHILOSOPHER-­‐SOCIALOGIST   MEMBER  OF  FRANKFURT  SCHOOL  OF  SOCIAL   MEMBER  OF  FRANKFURT  SCHOOL  OF  SOCIAL   RESEARCH   RESEARCH   1  NOTED  IMPORTANT  WORK  –  MINIMA   1  NOTED  IMPORTANT  WORK  –  ECLIPSE  OF   MORALIA  (1951)   REASON  (1947)    
  • 3. THE  CULTURE  INDUSTRY  –  THE  CRUX     A  CRITICAL  CONCEPT  THAT  STATES  THAT  THE   ENTERTAINMENT  BUSINESS  PRODUCES  PRODUCTS   THAT  ARE  MEANINGLESS,  MASS-­‐PRODUCED  AND  ARE   AIMED  AT  DECEIVING  THE  MASSES  AT  SEVERAL   PSYCHOLOGICAL  LEVELS  –  BY  CREATING  ILLUSIONS   AND  STEREOTYPES,  BY  MANUFACTURING  DESIRE  FOR   COMMODITIES  THAT  ARE  PRODUCTS  OF  CAPITALISM.     PRE-­‐DETERMINED  NORMS  OF  WHAT  “SHOULD  BE”     MAJOR  CONCEPTS  UNDER  THE  THEORY  –     1.  STYLE  OVER  CONTENT   2.  PSEUDO-­‐INDIVIDUALITY   3.  PASSIVE  CONSUMERISM   4.  ADVERTISING  AND  THE  CULTURE  INDUSTRY  
  • 4. STYLE  OVER  CONTENT     REPETITION  EVERYWHERE     PACKAGING  DIFFERS       “READY  MADE  CLICHES”     CONFORMISM  OF  THE  BUYERS     EFFRONTORY  OF  THE  PRODUCERS   RESULT  :  THE  SAME  THING  
  • 5. PSEUDO-­‐INDIVIDUALITY    YOU  WANT  THAT   VERY  UNIQUE   PHONE?    
  • 6. PSEUDO-­‐INDIVIDUALITY     A  CONSUMER  SAYS  :  BECAUSE  IT’S   VERY    “ME”       ILLUSION?  YES.  IT’S  NEVER  ONLY   YOU.  IT’S  THE  MILLION  OTHERS   THAT  THINK  IT’S  VERY  “ME”       “PSEUDO  INDIVIDUALITY  IS  THE  PREREQUISITE  FOR  COMPREHENDING  TRAGEDY  AND  REMOVING  ITS  POISON:   ONLY  BECAUSE  INDIVIDUALS  HAVE  CEASED  TO  BE  THEMSELVES  AND  ARE  NOW  MERELY  CENTERS  WHERE  THE   GENERAL  TENDENCIES  MEET”  (HORKHEIMER  &  ADORNO,  1976).   THE  INDIVIDUAL,  LIKE  A   PRODUCT,  IS  MASS-­‐PRODUCED.”    
  • 7. PASSIVE  CONSUMERISM   “THERE  IS  NOTHING  LEFT  FOR  THE   CONSUMER  TO  CLASSIFY.   PRODUCERS  HAVE  DONE  IT   FOR  HIM”   “LANGUAGE  IN  COMMUNICATION   SIMPLY  BECOMES  A  MEANS  TO   TRIGGER  CONDITIONED   RESPONSES”  
  • 8. ADVERTISING  AND  THE  CULTURE  INDUSTRY     TECHNICAL  AND  ECONOMICAL  MERGER  BETWEEN  THE  TWO     BOTH  SEEN  EVERYWHERE     BOTH  MECHANICAL  REPETITIONS  TIME  AND  TIME  AGAIN     BOTH  VIEWED  AS  MANIPULATIVE     “IN  BOTH  CASES,  STANDARDS  ARE  THE  STRIKING  YET   FAMILIAR,  THE  EASY  YET  CATCHY,  THE  SKILLFUL,  YET   SIMPLE”   OBJECTIVE  OF  BOTH  :     OVER  POWER  THE  CUSTOMER,  WHO  IS  CONCIEVED  AS   ABESNT  MINDED  OR  RESISTANT      
  • 9. SOME  MODERN  CRITICISMS  OF     THE  CULTURE  INDUSTRY  THEORY     WHAT  ABOUT  CURRENT  DIVERSITY   AND  MARKET  SEGMENTATION?       WHAT  ABOUT  NICHE  PRODUCTS?       WHAT  ABOUT  THE  FACT  THAT   CONSUMERS  ARE  NOT  TOTALLY   PASSIVE?       ILLUSION  OF  REALITY  –  WHO  DEFINES   REALITY?    
  • 10. THANK  YOU     “…  BEAR  WITNESS  TO  MAN’S  ATTEMPT  TO  MAKE   HIMSELF  A  PROFICIENT  APPARATUS,  SIMILAR  (EVEN   IN  EMOTIONS)  TO  THE  MODEL  SERVED  UP  BY  THE   CULTURE  INDUSTRY.”