2. AMERICANS
In Criminal Justice System
1,404, 053 State Prisons
208,118 U.S. BOP
5,000,000 Probation/Parole
Total 6,612,171
3. How to make a sociopath aka criminal
in 2 easy steps
4. Step one Step Two
HERIDITY ENVIRONMENT
neglect
neurochemicals
poverty
family
traits
structure
parenting
personality practices
characteristics
education
abuse
Peer Groups aggressive/violent/criminal
role models
5. Neurochemicals
.
Neurochemicals are responsible for the activation of behavioral
patterns and tendencies in specific areas of the brain
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Dopamine
disinhibition
pleasure
impulsivity
aggression
aggression
ADHD
antisocial behavior
impulsivity, ADHD
aggressive behavior
violent offenders
Serotonin
depression Epinephrine
anxiety Norepinephrine
bipolar disorder
impulsive aggression
impulsive behavior
emotional aggression
6. Traits and Personality Disorders
.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
hyperactivity and inattention are the most highly related predisposing factors
antisocial behavior
inability to analyze and anticipate consequences
learn from their past behavior
Conduct Disorder (CD)
violation of societal rules and norms
demonstrated disregard for the rights of others
Diagnosed over the age of 18
Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD)
argumentativeness, noncompliance, and irritability
the first disorder that is identified in children
if sustained can lead to the diagnosis of CD
7. Sociopaths and Antisocial Behavior
Primary Sociopath
lacks moral development
does not feel socially responsible for their actions
dependent on their genetic makeup and personality
product of the individual's personality physiotype genotype
Secondary Sociopath
develops in response to environment
Unsuccessful in reaching their needs in a socially desireable way
Greater dependence on environmental factors
an individual's antisocial or criminal behavior can be the result of
both their genetic background and the environment
in which they were raised
9. between seventy and ninety percent of violent offenders
have been highly aggressive as young children
10. RECIDIVISM
2008 — 133,947 individuals — returned to prison as a result of violating
their terms of supervision
9% of adults exiting parole returned to prison as a result of a new conviction
Cost Per Day For Prison Incarceration
$55 to $75.00
11. RECIDIVISM
BASED ON 2 FACTORS
Static Factors
Can’t Be Changed: Will not respond to any type of intervention
Criminogenic Factors
Can Be Changed through the correct intervention
With proper assessment of these factors, researchers and
practitioners have demonstrated that it is possible to classify
offenders according to their relative likelihood of committing new
offenses with as much as 80 percent accuracy
12. STATIC FACTORS
In predicting recidivism, we know
that there are a number of "static"
factors that are predictive
Programming
Cannot Change These Static
Factors
14. Predictive Criminogenic Factors
Criminogenic Needs are factors in an offender’s
life that are directly related to recidivism.
Anti-social personality
Anti-social attitudes and values
Anti-social associates
Family dysfunction
Poor self-control, poor problem-solving skills
Substance abuse
Lack of employment/employment skills
15. Criminal Peers
Associating with other criminals increases the likelihood of an offender recidivating. If
an offender is immersed in a group of peers who continue to commit unlawful acts, it
will be more likely that this offender will commit more crimes. Offenders are more
susceptible to peer pressure just like everyone else and if their peers are committing
crimes, they will feel it is necessary to break the law in order to fit in.
Substance Abuse
Research has shown that there is a relationship between substance abuse and criminal
behavior. Continued substance abuse is an illegal act itself for offenders on supervision.
There are other issues related to substance abuse, i.e. the need for money that can lead
offenders to committing a crime to get money for drugs.
Dysfunctional Family
If an offender comes from a dysfunctional family, the offender is more likely to be in a
setting where they can learn criminal or substance abuse behaviors. In these situations,
offenders may not have ever had a positive role model within the home to help teach
morals and values. These offenders are at a disadvantage because from an early age,
they are taught that certain values and norms are acceptable.
16. Low Self-Control
The inability to control one’s own behavior has been directly linked to crime. Offenders
are more likely to commit illegal acts when they do not have the ability to control their
impulses. For example, an offender who has low self control is more likely to use
narcotics than an offender who has a higher level of self-control. Self-control helps
dictate the way offenders behave themselves.
Anti-Social Personality
Certain personality traits, i.e. callousness, are another factor that have been directly
linked to criminality. Offenders who display anti-social personality traits often will not
care how their actions affect others and therefore may not feel any remorse for what
they have done. The criminal personality helps justify the actions of the offender by
making it easier for offenders to commit illegal acts.
Anti-Social Values
Anti-social values allow offenders to disassociate themselves not only with the
community but with the values and norms of the community. These types of attitudes
help offenders retreat from their surroundings where they are alone with their thoughts
and ideas while having minimal interaction within others within the community who are
not engaged in criminal conduct.
17. TREATMENT
Cognitive behavioral and social
learning approaches have
answered the question “What Works?”
to change offender behavior
18. COGNITIVE THERAPY
disputes the automatic thoughts
provides skills training and role-playing are
well-established Cognitive behavior is the key to
social behavior.
targets interpersonal skills and the Problem behavior is almost
acceptance of community standards for always rooted in modes of
responsible behavior thinking that promote and
support that behavior
offenders develop coping mechanisms for
managing the thoughts and feelings Permanent change in problem
behavior demands change at a
cognitive level, i.e., change in the
underlying beliefs, attitudes, and
ways of thinking;
19. Thinking Patterns
How What
Offenders Offenders
Think Think
• Impulsive • Entitlement
• Concrete • Deny victims
• Poor problem solving • Blame Others
• Lack empathy • Deny responsibility
• Extremes • Uniqueness
dealing effectively with anti-social logic
is the single most important part of…offender change
20. COGNITIVE SKILLS
COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING
COGNITIVE SKILLS TRAINING
based on the premise that offenders have never learned the “thinking skills”
required to function productively and responsibly in society
This skill deficit is remedied by systematic training in skills, such as problem
solving, negotiation, assertiveness, anger control, and social skills focused on
specific social situations, like making a complaint or asking for help
COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING
based on the premise that offenders have learned destructive attitudes and
thinking habits that point them to criminal behavior
consists of identifying the specific attitudes and ways of thinking that point to
criminality and systematically replacing them with new attitudes and ways of
thinking
21. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING AND COGNITIVE SKILLS
are complementary
can be combined in a single program
resocialization can be enhanced and accelerated.
strategies take an objective and systematic approach to
change
Change is not coerced: offenders are taught how to think
for themselves and to make their
own decision
COGNITIVE CORRECTIONS PROGRAMS
regard offenders as fully responsible for their behavior
Thinking is viewed as a type of learned behavior
dishonesty and irresponsibility are the primary targets for change
limit setting and accountability for behavior do not conflict with the cognitive
approach to offender change - they support it.