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Cognitive Therapy and
           Recidivism




Jerry Traylor, BA, QMRP  PSY 6659  Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions  Troy University-Dothan  Fall 2010 © 2010
AMERICANS
In Criminal Justice System

1,404, 053   State Prisons
 208,118     U.S. BOP
5,000,000    Probation/Parole

    Total 6,612,171
How to make a sociopath aka criminal
           in 2 easy steps
Step one                        Step Two

HERIDITY                  ENVIRONMENT
                                   neglect
neurochemicals
                             poverty

                                          family
   traits
                                        structure

                            parenting
 personality                practices
characteristics
                                        education
                              abuse


            Peer Groups    aggressive/violent/criminal
                                  role models
Neurochemicals
                                .
 Neurochemicals are responsible for the activation of behavioral
     patterns and tendencies in specific areas of the brain

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
                                                 Dopamine
  disinhibition
                                                   pleasure
  impulsivity
                                                   aggression
  aggression
                                                   ADHD
  antisocial behavior
                                                   impulsivity, ADHD
  aggressive behavior
                                                   violent offenders




Serotonin
   depression                                       Epinephrine
   anxiety                                         Norepinephrine
   bipolar disorder
   impulsive aggression
   impulsive behavior
   emotional aggression
Traits and Personality Disorders
                     .
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
     hyperactivity and inattention are the most highly related predisposing factors
     antisocial behavior
     inability to analyze and anticipate consequences
     learn from their past behavior


Conduct Disorder (CD)
     violation of societal rules and norms
     demonstrated disregard for the rights of others
     Diagnosed over the age of 18



Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD)
     argumentativeness, noncompliance, and irritability
     the first disorder that is identified in children
     if sustained can lead to the diagnosis of CD
Sociopaths and Antisocial Behavior
                          Primary Sociopath
lacks moral development
does not feel socially responsible for their actions
dependent on their genetic makeup and personality
product of the individual's         personality        physiotype   genotype


                          Secondary Sociopath
develops in response to environment
Unsuccessful in reaching their needs in a socially desireable way
Greater dependence on environmental factors


an individual's antisocial or criminal behavior can be the result of
       both their genetic background and the environment
                     in which they were raised
Cognitive Therapy And Recidivism
between seventy and ninety percent of violent offenders
    have been highly aggressive as young children
RECIDIVISM


2008 — 133,947 individuals — returned to prison as a result of violating
                             their terms of supervision
9% of adults exiting parole returned to prison as a result of a new conviction



Cost Per Day For Prison Incarceration
           $55 to $75.00
RECIDIVISM
              BASED ON 2 FACTORS

Static Factors
 Can’t Be Changed: Will not respond to any type of intervention


Criminogenic Factors
Can Be Changed through the correct intervention

      With proper assessment of these factors, researchers and
    practitioners have demonstrated that it is possible to classify
 offenders according to their relative likelihood of committing new
            offenses with as much as 80 percent accuracy
STATIC FACTORS

 In predicting recidivism, we know
that there are a number of "static"
     factors that are predictive

      Programming
Cannot Change These Static
         Factors
Predictive Static Factors


      Adolescent Criminal
            History
Predictive Criminogenic Factors

  Criminogenic Needs are factors in an offender’s
    life that are directly related to recidivism.

Anti-social personality
Anti-social attitudes and values
Anti-social associates
Family dysfunction
Poor self-control, poor problem-solving skills
Substance abuse
Lack of employment/employment skills
Criminal Peers
Associating with other criminals increases the likelihood of an offender recidivating. If
an offender is immersed in a group of peers who continue to commit unlawful acts, it
will be more likely that this offender will commit more crimes. Offenders are more
susceptible to peer pressure just like everyone else and if their peers are committing
crimes, they will feel it is necessary to break the law in order to fit in.


Substance Abuse
Research has shown that there is a relationship between substance abuse and criminal
behavior. Continued substance abuse is an illegal act itself for offenders on supervision.
There are other issues related to substance abuse, i.e. the need for money that can lead
offenders to committing a crime to get money for drugs.

Dysfunctional Family
If an offender comes from a dysfunctional family, the offender is more likely to be in a
setting where they can learn criminal or substance abuse behaviors. In these situations,
offenders may not have ever had a positive role model within the home to help teach
morals and values. These offenders are at a disadvantage because from an early age,
they are taught that certain values and norms are acceptable.
Low Self-Control
The inability to control one’s own behavior has been directly linked to crime. Offenders
are more likely to commit illegal acts when they do not have the ability to control their
impulses. For example, an offender who has low self control is more likely to use
narcotics than an offender who has a higher level of self-control. Self-control helps
dictate the way offenders behave themselves.


Anti-Social Personality
Certain personality traits, i.e. callousness, are another factor that have been directly
linked to criminality. Offenders who display anti-social personality traits often will not
care how their actions affect others and therefore may not feel any remorse for what
they have done. The criminal personality helps justify the actions of the offender by
making it easier for offenders to commit illegal acts.


Anti-Social Values
Anti-social values allow offenders to disassociate themselves not only with the
community but with the values and norms of the community. These types of attitudes
help offenders retreat from their surroundings where they are alone with their thoughts
and ideas while having minimal interaction within others within the community who are
not engaged in criminal conduct.
TREATMENT
   Cognitive behavioral and social
     learning approaches have
answered the question “What Works?”
    to change offender behavior
COGNITIVE THERAPY
disputes the automatic thoughts

provides skills training and role-playing are
well-established                                Cognitive behavior is the key to
                                                social behavior.
targets interpersonal skills and the            Problem behavior is almost
acceptance of community standards for           always rooted in modes of
responsible behavior                            thinking that promote and
                                                support that behavior
offenders develop coping mechanisms for
managing the thoughts and feelings              Permanent change in problem
                                                behavior demands change at a
                                                cognitive level, i.e., change in the
                                                underlying beliefs, attitudes, and
                                                ways of thinking;
Thinking Patterns
 How                             What
 Offenders                       Offenders
 Think                           Think

• Impulsive                     • Entitlement
• Concrete                      • Deny victims
• Poor problem solving          • Blame Others
• Lack empathy                  • Deny responsibility
• Extremes                      • Uniqueness


        dealing effectively with anti-social logic
is the single most important part of…offender change
COGNITIVE SKILLS
             COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING

COGNITIVE SKILLS TRAINING
        based on the premise that offenders have never learned the “thinking skills”
        required to function productively and responsibly in society
        This skill deficit is remedied by systematic training in skills, such as problem
        solving, negotiation, assertiveness, anger control, and social skills focused on
        specific social situations, like making a complaint or asking for help



COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING
       based on the premise that offenders have learned destructive attitudes and
      thinking habits that point them to criminal behavior
        consists of identifying the specific attitudes and ways of thinking that point to
        criminality and systematically replacing them with new attitudes and ways of
        thinking
COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING AND COGNITIVE SKILLS

        are complementary
        can be combined in a single program
        resocialization can be enhanced and accelerated.
        strategies take an objective and systematic approach to
        change
        Change is not coerced:           offenders are taught how to think
                                         for themselves and to make their
                                         own decision
                   COGNITIVE CORRECTIONS PROGRAMS
           regard offenders as fully responsible for their behavior
               Thinking is viewed as a type of learned behavior
      dishonesty and irresponsibility are the primary targets for change
limit setting and accountability for behavior do not conflict with the cognitive
                approach to offender change - they support it.

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Cognitive Therapy And Recidivism

  • 1. Cognitive Therapy and Recidivism Jerry Traylor, BA, QMRP  PSY 6659  Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions  Troy University-Dothan  Fall 2010 © 2010
  • 2. AMERICANS In Criminal Justice System 1,404, 053 State Prisons 208,118 U.S. BOP 5,000,000 Probation/Parole Total 6,612,171
  • 3. How to make a sociopath aka criminal in 2 easy steps
  • 4. Step one Step Two HERIDITY ENVIRONMENT neglect neurochemicals poverty family traits structure parenting personality practices characteristics education abuse Peer Groups aggressive/violent/criminal role models
  • 5. Neurochemicals . Neurochemicals are responsible for the activation of behavioral patterns and tendencies in specific areas of the brain Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Dopamine disinhibition pleasure impulsivity aggression aggression ADHD antisocial behavior impulsivity, ADHD aggressive behavior violent offenders Serotonin depression Epinephrine anxiety Norepinephrine bipolar disorder impulsive aggression impulsive behavior emotional aggression
  • 6. Traits and Personality Disorders . Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) hyperactivity and inattention are the most highly related predisposing factors antisocial behavior inability to analyze and anticipate consequences learn from their past behavior Conduct Disorder (CD) violation of societal rules and norms demonstrated disregard for the rights of others Diagnosed over the age of 18 Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) argumentativeness, noncompliance, and irritability the first disorder that is identified in children if sustained can lead to the diagnosis of CD
  • 7. Sociopaths and Antisocial Behavior Primary Sociopath lacks moral development does not feel socially responsible for their actions dependent on their genetic makeup and personality product of the individual's personality physiotype genotype Secondary Sociopath develops in response to environment Unsuccessful in reaching their needs in a socially desireable way Greater dependence on environmental factors an individual's antisocial or criminal behavior can be the result of both their genetic background and the environment in which they were raised
  • 9. between seventy and ninety percent of violent offenders have been highly aggressive as young children
  • 10. RECIDIVISM 2008 — 133,947 individuals — returned to prison as a result of violating their terms of supervision 9% of adults exiting parole returned to prison as a result of a new conviction Cost Per Day For Prison Incarceration $55 to $75.00
  • 11. RECIDIVISM BASED ON 2 FACTORS Static Factors Can’t Be Changed: Will not respond to any type of intervention Criminogenic Factors Can Be Changed through the correct intervention With proper assessment of these factors, researchers and practitioners have demonstrated that it is possible to classify offenders according to their relative likelihood of committing new offenses with as much as 80 percent accuracy
  • 12. STATIC FACTORS In predicting recidivism, we know that there are a number of "static" factors that are predictive Programming Cannot Change These Static Factors
  • 13. Predictive Static Factors Adolescent Criminal History
  • 14. Predictive Criminogenic Factors Criminogenic Needs are factors in an offender’s life that are directly related to recidivism. Anti-social personality Anti-social attitudes and values Anti-social associates Family dysfunction Poor self-control, poor problem-solving skills Substance abuse Lack of employment/employment skills
  • 15. Criminal Peers Associating with other criminals increases the likelihood of an offender recidivating. If an offender is immersed in a group of peers who continue to commit unlawful acts, it will be more likely that this offender will commit more crimes. Offenders are more susceptible to peer pressure just like everyone else and if their peers are committing crimes, they will feel it is necessary to break the law in order to fit in. Substance Abuse Research has shown that there is a relationship between substance abuse and criminal behavior. Continued substance abuse is an illegal act itself for offenders on supervision. There are other issues related to substance abuse, i.e. the need for money that can lead offenders to committing a crime to get money for drugs. Dysfunctional Family If an offender comes from a dysfunctional family, the offender is more likely to be in a setting where they can learn criminal or substance abuse behaviors. In these situations, offenders may not have ever had a positive role model within the home to help teach morals and values. These offenders are at a disadvantage because from an early age, they are taught that certain values and norms are acceptable.
  • 16. Low Self-Control The inability to control one’s own behavior has been directly linked to crime. Offenders are more likely to commit illegal acts when they do not have the ability to control their impulses. For example, an offender who has low self control is more likely to use narcotics than an offender who has a higher level of self-control. Self-control helps dictate the way offenders behave themselves. Anti-Social Personality Certain personality traits, i.e. callousness, are another factor that have been directly linked to criminality. Offenders who display anti-social personality traits often will not care how their actions affect others and therefore may not feel any remorse for what they have done. The criminal personality helps justify the actions of the offender by making it easier for offenders to commit illegal acts. Anti-Social Values Anti-social values allow offenders to disassociate themselves not only with the community but with the values and norms of the community. These types of attitudes help offenders retreat from their surroundings where they are alone with their thoughts and ideas while having minimal interaction within others within the community who are not engaged in criminal conduct.
  • 17. TREATMENT Cognitive behavioral and social learning approaches have answered the question “What Works?” to change offender behavior
  • 18. COGNITIVE THERAPY disputes the automatic thoughts provides skills training and role-playing are well-established Cognitive behavior is the key to social behavior. targets interpersonal skills and the Problem behavior is almost acceptance of community standards for always rooted in modes of responsible behavior thinking that promote and support that behavior offenders develop coping mechanisms for managing the thoughts and feelings Permanent change in problem behavior demands change at a cognitive level, i.e., change in the underlying beliefs, attitudes, and ways of thinking;
  • 19. Thinking Patterns How What Offenders Offenders Think Think • Impulsive • Entitlement • Concrete • Deny victims • Poor problem solving • Blame Others • Lack empathy • Deny responsibility • Extremes • Uniqueness dealing effectively with anti-social logic is the single most important part of…offender change
  • 20. COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING COGNITIVE SKILLS TRAINING based on the premise that offenders have never learned the “thinking skills” required to function productively and responsibly in society This skill deficit is remedied by systematic training in skills, such as problem solving, negotiation, assertiveness, anger control, and social skills focused on specific social situations, like making a complaint or asking for help COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING based on the premise that offenders have learned destructive attitudes and thinking habits that point them to criminal behavior consists of identifying the specific attitudes and ways of thinking that point to criminality and systematically replacing them with new attitudes and ways of thinking
  • 21. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING AND COGNITIVE SKILLS are complementary can be combined in a single program resocialization can be enhanced and accelerated. strategies take an objective and systematic approach to change Change is not coerced: offenders are taught how to think for themselves and to make their own decision COGNITIVE CORRECTIONS PROGRAMS regard offenders as fully responsible for their behavior Thinking is viewed as a type of learned behavior dishonesty and irresponsibility are the primary targets for change limit setting and accountability for behavior do not conflict with the cognitive approach to offender change - they support it.