18. Here’s why..
To get rid 0f the
metabolic wastes
and
To regulate the
concentration of
solutes and water to
achieve osmoregulation
Vocabulary check:
Osmoregulation is the ability to
regulate water and solute
concentrations.
19. What will happen if we don’t do excretion?
Hmm..
It’s either of the two
27. This is made possible by an
organ system
that allows organisms to
excrete metabolic wastes,
at the same time,
regulates the concentration
of solutes and water
in their body.
29. At the end of this lesson, we will be able to
• Know the structure and structure of
different excretory organs/systems
• Determine the different types of
excretory organs in animals
• To identify the different nitrogen
excretion in animals
• Medical aspects concerning excretory
organs
35. This is his contractile vacuole.
It fuses with the membrane of the protozoan and the water
is expelled to the environment.
ATP is required for both entry of water into the vacuole and
for the emptying process.
37. There are two types of nephridia
protenephridia is the primitive kind.
Greek protos, first + nephros, kidney
metanephridia is the advanced kind.
Greek meta, after + nephros, kidney
38. Here is Ms. Flatworm.
She uses protonephridia.
39. This is what a protonephridialook like
They exist as closed, or blind-ended, tubules, and which
do not connect with the coelomic cavity.
Vocabulary check:
Coelomic cavity is a body cavity
formed in animals which is lined
with mesodermal tissue.
40. The cell which forms the tip of the blind-
ended tube is ciliated. If it contains a
single cilia it is called a
solenocyte, whereas if it contains
several cilia it is called a flame cell.
Identify the parts.
41. Here’s how it works.
Cilia within the tubules beats
up
Body fluid is drawn to the tip of
the tubule
Fluid passes to the cell
membrane
Ultrafiltration occurs
Reabsorption and
secretion
Excretory pores
Ultrafiltration : filtration of body fluids which results in the
formation of a protein-free filtrate, i.e. the filter allows all
molecules, with the exception of proteins, pass through it.
42. On the other hand, Sir Annelid worm here uses
metanephridia
43. And this what it looks like.
They have a ciliated opening called the nephridiostome
and which ends in pores which open to the external
environment, called nephridiospores.
44. Blood enters the membrane Ultrafiltration occurs
Fluid produced enter coelomic
space
Fluid enters metanephridia
through nephridiostomes
Initial urine goes
reabsorption and secretion
Hypoosmotic urine leaves
through nephridiospores
Here’s how it works.
Hypoosmotic: less concentrated
47. Here’s a Malphigian tubule.
They have a closed end which lies in the fluid-filled activity
known as the hemocoel, and an open end which opens
into the gut between the midgut and the rectum.
48. K+ ions, Na+ ions, nitrogenous
waste products and amino
acids enters the tubules
Urine enters the midgut
and rectum
Solute and water
reabsorption
Urine is excreted – semi-solid
Here’s how it works.
There is a tremendous amount of water
reabsorption in the rectum and the urates
precipitates as uric acid.
50. My friend, Crab, has this
Crustacean green glands
or antennal glands
51. Here’s a crustacean green gland
(Find it, actually. It’s green.)
Consists of blind-ending sac called the end sac connected
to a tubule, the nephridial canal, which terminates in a
region called the bladder which exits to the external
environment via an excretory pore situated near at the
base of the antenna.
52. Coelomic fluid surrounds
end sac
Coelomic fluid is filtered and
stored in antennal glands
Initial urine is produced
Urine passes through
nephridial canal
Bladder Excretory pore
Here’s how it works.
initial urine produced doesn’t have substances with
high molecular weight, such as proteins
water and solutes are reabsorb in nephridial canal
55. You might be wondering why
the respiratory system
included here.
If you are
then, you must have forgotten that
the respiratory system
excrete
Carbon dioxide
57. So, I heard you’re familiar with
The respiratory system
It is responsible for providing oxygen and for the elimination
of carbon dioxide.
58. We all know how it works.
Nose Larynx Trachea
BronchiBronchiolesAlveoli sacs
Nose Larynx
TracheaBronchioles Bronchi
The exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli sacs
wherein the carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated
blood diffuses inside its capillaries and is eliminated
through the nose.
64. The skin,
like everyone says, is the largest outer organ
in an animal’s body.
Because it covers everything in them to protect the animal
and for the regulation of temperature in their bodies.
65. The skin,
contains 1.6 to 4 million of sudoriferous glands or
sweat glands.
Sweat glands: small tube-shaped gland in the skin of most
parts of the body from which sweat is released
67. Cells under the eccrine sweat
glands produces sweat
Moves to the coiled duct
connected to the skin
Salts are reabsorbed
Sweat surfaces and
evaporates
Sweat: mixture of salt and water, with little amounts
of metabolic wastes that are produced when
someone’s body is hot or due to anxiety, fear, illness
or strenuous activity
Here’s how it works.
68. Do you know why the
The liver
is included here?
Because it excretes metabolic wastes to form
bile to be used by the body in emulsifying fats.
69. Bile is released to
emulsify fats
The gall bladder produces the
mucous, salts and bile salts,
proteins, hormones and enzymes
for the bile
Blood enters the liver
through hepatic artery
Blood enters the
lobules
Wastes are removed, bile
is produced
Bile goes to the gall
bladder
71. The are
- shaped organs
and are the major/main excretory organ used
by the vertebrates . They are responsible in
removing wastes in the body and in regulating
the amount of fluids in the body
72. Nephron is its
functional unit. It
filter the blood and
cause wastes to be
removed as urine.
Nephron performs
ultrafiltration,
secretion and
absorption.
Filtration occurs in
Malphigian
body, which is
composed of a tuft
of capillaries called
glomerulus together
with the cupped end
of the renal tubule
called Bowman’s
capsule.
Loop of Henle is the
region of the
nephron of a kidney
where the
production of
concentration
gradients allows the
kidney to produce
concentrated urine.
73. Blood enters the renal
artery
Arterioles
Capillaries of
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
, where ultrafiltration
occurs
Renal tubuleUrine is produced
Renal cavity ureters Bladder
Urethra
Here’s how it works.
74. Other functions of the kidney
Regulates the water on the blood through
antidiuretic hormones; also called vasopressin
Helps regulating the blood’s sodium and potassium
through hormone aldosterone
Adjusts the acid-base balance
Secretes the hormone erythropoietin that influences
the production of red blood cells
75. On the past slides, you learned that animals excrete
the excess nitrogen…
76. These metabolic wastes are:
Carbon dioxide and water
Excess nitrogen
solutes
produced by the body in some ways.
77. So , what are these
Excess nitrogen
all about?
78. It all starts with this statement:
AnimAls cAn’t excrete excess Amino Acids
Therefore, these amino acids are subsequently metabolized
to produce glucose. This is called deamination and it
leads to the production of ammonia.
79. And take note:
Ammonia is a
highly toxic
compound.
So, it’s very dangerous to animals.
And they have to deal with that newly-formed substance.
80. They deal with it in three ways:
By excreting it unchanged
By converting it to urea
before excreting it
By converting it to uric acid
and then excreting it
81. Animals who excrete
ammonia unchanged are the
Aquatic animals
and they are called Ammonotelic.
Because ammonia is
soluble in water, it easily
diffuses through the gills
to the immediate
environment.
82. The term uricotelic,
applies for the terrestial animals,
that excrete ammonia through urea.
This one’s and other
mammals are
uricotelic. Urea is very
common and
abundant in their
urine.
83. And lastly, animals who excrete ammonia in the form of
Uric acid are called
Uricotelic.
These three are uricotelic.
84. Excreting
is very important to an animal
especially on humans.
But there are those times wherein excreting is very hard to do.
Just like having..
85. Urinary tract infections
which are usually caused by bacteria.
This usually cause pain in urinating.
And it actually can cause..
86. Kidney stones
which are small, crystallized substances, such as
calcium, that form in the kidney or other parts of the
urinary tract.Treatment is to get rid of these stones before things get
worse.
87. And some people, unfortunately,
can’t Perspire.
They have
Anhidrosis.
Their sweat glands don’t work properly and it’s genetic.
There’s no treatment. Just the lifestyle.
88. So
Do you know now what is
Excretory system,
and its importance ?
its different structures
I hope you do.
Because without it…
91. References
• Ian Kay, “Introduction to Animal
Physiology”, 1998, pp. 160-174
• "Liver." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD].
Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
• "Kidney." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD].
Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
• Edelson, Richard L. "Skin." Microsoft®
Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA:
Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
Notas do Editor
The removal of waters depends on the concentration of the surrounding waters.
The urine formed in the protonephridia are more dilute than the body fluid where it came from. It indicates that it is involved in active reabsorption. The active transport of ions makes the urine more concentrated thus inducing the passive movement of other substances, such as water.The urine formed in the protonephridia are more dilute than the body fluid where it came from. It indicates that it is involved in active reabsorption. The active transport of ions makes the urine more concentrated thus inducing the passive movement of other substances, such as water.
Because insects have an open circulatory system that operates at law pressure, there is no driving force for the ultrafiltration of body fluids. It’s different from other excretory organs.
The pressure of blood within the capillaries is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the fluid in the Bowman’s capsule, and fluid is forced out of the blood and into the Bowman’s capsule.
exposure to birds can irritate its respiratory tract and affects intracellular metabolism in animals
In some cases (e.g. in the sharks and rays), the urea that is produced is not excreted, but is reabsorbed and enters the circulatory system where it contributes to the total osmolarity of the blood needed for osmoregulation. Urea is essential to this animals instead of being waste product
Very little water is lost in excreting uric acid that’s why their feces are semi-solid.Terrestrial animals and some of them are living in the environment where water is less available, excrete uric acid at the same time conserving water.
Smaller kidney stones can pass out of the body on their own, although this can be painful. Larger stones may require surgery, or they may be broken into smaller pieces with sound waves in a procedure called ultrasonic lithotripsy
