1. Andrés Bonifacio
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This article is about the person Andrés Bonifacio. For the Philippine Navy ship, see BRP Andres
Bonifacio (PF-7). For other uses, see Bonifacio.
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro
An 1897 engraving of El Supremo in ', from the only
known extant photograph of Bonifacio.
President of the Philippines
(Unofficial)
Haring Bayang Katagalugan
In office
24 August 1896 – 22 March or 10 May 1897
Vice President Emilio Jacinto

2. (Unofficial)
Preceded by Post Established
Succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
Personal details
Born Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro
30 November 1863
Tondo, Manila,
Captaincy General of the
Philippines
Died 10 May 1897 (aged 33)
Maragondon, Cavite,
Captaincy General of the
Philippines
Resting place Remains lost
Nationality Filipino
Political party La Liga Filipina
Katipunan
Spouse(s) Monica (c. 1880–1890)
Gregoria de Jesús (1893–1897)
Children Andres Bonifacio y de Jesús (died
in infancy)
Profession Craftsman, Employee,
Revolutionary
Religion Roman Catholicism

3. Signature
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (30 November 1863 – 10 May 1897) was a Filipino
nationalist andrevolutionary. He is often called "the father of the Philippine Revolution". He was
a founder and later Supremo("supreme leader") of the Katipunan movement which sought the
independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine
Revolution.[1][2]
He is considered a de facto national hero of the Philippines,[3]
and is also
considered by some Filipino historians to be the first President, but officially he is not recognized
as such.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Family background
• 2 Education and early life
• 3 Marriages
• 4 Early political activism
• 5 Katipunan
• 6 Philippine Revolution
o 6.1 Start of the uprising
o 6.2 Campaigns around Manila
o 6.3 Bonifacio in Cavite
o 6.4 The Tejeros Convention
• 7 Capture, trial and death
• 8 Historical controversies
o 8.1 Trial and execution
o 8.2 Bonifacio as first Philippine President
o 8.3 Bonifacio as national hero
o 8.4 Bonifacio's bones
• 9 See also

4. • 10 Notes
• 11 References
• 12 External links
Family background[edit]
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Bonifacio was born in Tondo, Manila, the son of Santiago Bonifacio of Taguig and Catalina de
Castro, a native of Cabangan, Zambales. He was the eldest of six children. His siblings
were Ciriaco, Procopio, Troadio,Esperidiona and Maxima. His father was a tailor who served as
a teniente mayor of Tondo, Manila, while his mother was a mestiza born of a Spanish father and
a Filipino-Chinese mother who was a supervisor at a cigarette factory. As was custom, upon
baptism he was named for the saint on whose feast he was born,Andrew the Apostle.
Education and early life[edit]
Bonifacio learned his alphabet through his mother's sister and he was first enrolled in a private
school of one Guillermo Osmeña where he learned Latin and mathematics though his normal
schooling was cut short when he dropped out at about fourteen years old to support his siblings
after both of their parents died of illness one year apart.
Bonifacio was blessed with good hands in craftsmanship and visual arts that he made canes and
paper fans, which he and his young siblings sold, and he made posters for business firms. This
became their thriving family business that continued on when the men of the family, Andres,
Ciriaco, Procopio and Troadio, became employed with private and government companies which
provided them decent living condition.
In his late teens, he worked as a mandatorio for the British trading firm Fleming and Company,
where he rose to become a corregidor of tar, rattan and other goods. He later transferred to
Fressell and Company, a German trading firm, where he worked as a bodeguero (storehouse
keeper) where he is responsible for warehouse inventory. Bonifacio also founded a theater
company with his friends, Macario Sakay and Aurelio Tolentino, where he was also a part-time
actor performing in moro-moro plays.
Not finishing his normal education, Bonifacio enriched his natural intelligence with self-
education. He read books about the French Revolution, biographies of thePresidents of the
United States, books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and novels such

5. as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juif errant and José Rizal's Noli Me
Tángere and El Filibusterismo. Aside from Tagalog and Spanish, he could speak and understand
a little English, which he learned while working at J.M. Fleming and Co.
Marriages[edit]
Bonifacio was married twice: first to a certain Monica (of Palomar). She was Bonifacio's
neighbor in Tondo. Monica died of leprosy and they had no recorded children.
In 1892 Bonifacio, a 29-year old widower, met the 18-years old Gregoria de Jesús, through his
friend Teodoro Plata who was her cousin. Gregoria, also called Oriang, was the daughter of a
prominent citizen and landowner from Kalookan. Gregoria's parents did not agree at first to their
relationship as Andres was a freemason and freemasons were then against the Catholic church.
Her parents eventually gave in and Andrés and Gregoria were married through a Catholic
ceremony in Binondo Church on March 1893 or 1894. The couple also were married through
Katipunan rites in a friend's house in Sta. Cruz, Manila on the same day of their church wedding.
They had one son named Andrés, born on early 1896, who died of smallpox in infancy.
Early political activism[edit]
Main article: La Liga Filipina
In 1892 Bonifacio was one of the founding members of Rizal's La Liga Filipina, an organization
which called for political reforms in Spain's colonial government of the Philippines.
However, La Liga disbanded after only one meeting as Rizal was arrested and deported
to Dapitan in Mindanao. Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others revived La Liga in Rizal's
absence and Bonifacio was active at organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the
chief propagandist of the revived Liga.
La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of
Filipino reformists in Spain.
Andrés Bonifacio was also a member of Freemasonry with the lodge Taliba headed by Jose
Dizon; and his pseudonym was Sinukuan, possibly taken from a Philippine mythological
character Maria Sinukuan. Freemasons were the primary political activists during this period
and La Liga officers were also mostly freemasons.
Katipunan[edit]
Main article: Katipunan
On 7 July 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others founded
the Katipunan, or in full, Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang[6]
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Society of the Country's Children;" Bayan can also denote
community, people, and nation).[7]
Thesecret society sought independence from Spain through

6. armed revolt.[8][9]
It was influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, and
several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.[10]
Within the society Bonifacio
used the pseudonym May pag-asa ("There is Hope").[1]
For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina. La Liga eventually
split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reform and stopped their
monetary aid.[10]
The more conservative members, mostly wealthy members, who still believed in
peaceful reforms set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged continued support to the
reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.[8]
From Manila,
the Katipunanexpanded to several provinces,
including Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.[11]
Most of its
members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes, and many of its local
leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.[12]
At first exclusively male, membership
was later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jesús as a leading member.[13]
From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, although he did not
become its Supremo (supreme leader) or Presidente Supremo(Supreme President)[14]
until 1895.
He was the third head of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Román Basa. Prior to this, he
served as the society'scomptroller and then as its fiscal.[15][16]
The society had its own laws,
bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. For each province involved,
the KatipunanSupreme Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public
administration and military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district
or barrio level.[5][17]
Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with Emilio Jacinto, who served as
his adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted
Jacinto's Kartilya primer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own Decalogue,
which he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela collaborated on the society's
organ, Kalayaan (Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces
for the paper, including the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (approx. "Love for One's
Homeland[18]
) under the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. The publication ofKalayaan in March
1896 led to a great increase in the society's membership. The Katipunan movement spread
throughout Luzon, to Panay in the Visayas and even as far as Mindanao.[19]
From less than 300
members in January 1896,[11]
it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896.[19]
The rapid increase in Katipunan activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early
1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and suspects
were kept under surveillance and arrests made. On 3 May, Bonifacio held a general assembly
of Katipunan leaders in Pasig, where they debated when to start the revolution. While some
officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members,
especially Santiago Alvarez andEmilio Aguinaldo of Cavite, expressed reservations and
disagreement regarding the planned revolt due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to
consult José Rizal in Dapitan before launching armed action, so Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to
Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the revolution, believing it to be premature, He
recommended more preparation, but suggested that, in the event the revolution did break out,

7. they should seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, who was widely regarded as a brilliant military
leader.[20]
Philippine Revolution[edit]
Main article: Philippine Revolution
Start of the uprising[edit]
See also: Bonifacio Plan
The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the Katipunan on 19 August 1896. Hundreds
of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned for treason.[21]
José
Rizal was then on his way to Cuba to serve as a doctor in the Spanish colonial army in exchange
for his release from Dapitan.[22][23]
When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal,
quarantined aboard a ship in Manila Bay, to escape and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio,
Emilio Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay disguised themselves as sailors and went to the pier
where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue
offer.[24]
Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.[22]
Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of Katipunan members to a mass
gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The event, marked by the
tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates) was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry
of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location and date of the Cry are disputed.[25][26]
The Supreme Council
of the Katipunan declared a nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for a
simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital Manila on 29 August. Bonifacio appointed
generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed of their
plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into an open de
facto revolutionary government, with him as President and commander-in-chief (or
generalissimo[14]
) of the rebel army and the Supreme Council as his cabinet.[4][5][15]
On 28 August,
Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation:
This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible
time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now
suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren
know that on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according
to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack
Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be
considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he
shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August
1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO[1][27]
On 30 August 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on San Juan del Monte to capture the
town's powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards,
outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the
Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops

8. regrouped near Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban.[28]
Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and
Spanish forces occurred in Mandaluyong, Sampaloc, Santa
Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Marikina, Caloocan,[29]
Makati and Taguig.[28]
The conventional view
among Filipino historians is that the planned general Katipunan offensive on Manila was aborted
in favor of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan del Monte,[28][30]
which sparked a general state of
rebellion in the area.[31]
However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned
offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view,
Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a bigger whole – an unrecognized
"battle for Manila".[29][32]
Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was
still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the surrounding provinces by the end of
August.[29][32]
Campaigns around Manila[edit]
By December 1896, the Spanish government recognized three major centers of
rebellion: Cavite (under Mariano Alvarez, Emilio Aguinaldo and
others), Bulacan(under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (under Aquino). The revolt was most
successful in Cavite,[33]
which mostly fell under rebel control by September–October 1896.[34]
Apolinario Mabini, who later joined the rebels and served as Aguinaldo's adviser, wrote that the
government troops in Cavite were limited to small, scatteredconstabulary detachments and thus
the rebels were able to take virtually the entire province.[35]
The Spanish government had
transferred much of its troops from Cavite (and other provinces) to Manila in anticipation of
Bonifacio's attack. The Cavite rebels won prestige in defeating Spanish troops in set
piece battles, using tactics like trench warfare.
While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila
and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, becoming
a no man's land. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in hit-and-run guerrilla
warfare against Spanish positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.[34]
From
Morong, Bonifacio served as tactician for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other
than his personal sector,[5]
though his reputation suffered when he lost battles he personally led.
[36]
From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment
of Katipunan mountain and hill bases like Balara in Marikina, Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong in
Pasig and Tungko in Bulacan. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving
selections the troops themselves made.[14]
In November, Bonifacio led an assault on San Mateo, Marikina and Montalban. The Spanish
were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San
Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall,
other Katipunan forces set up defensive lines along the nearby Langka (or Nangka) river against
Spanish reinforcements from Marikina. After three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through
the Langka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and surprised
Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara.[14]
They were pursued, and

9. Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his
collar.[28]
In Balara, Bonifacio commissioned Julio Nakpil to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced
a hymn called Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalogs").
[37]
However, it was rejected years later in favor of the Marcha Nacional Filipina commissioned
by Emilio Aguinaldo.
Bonifacio in Cavite[edit]
There were two Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite that became rival factions: the Magdalo,
headed by Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang, headed
by Mariano Álvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper
class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial successes,
Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in the name of the Magdalo ruling council which
proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of
the Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for victories in the
province.[38]
The Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did not
help each other in battle. Bonifacio was called to Cavite to mediate between them and unify their
efforts. In late 1896 he travelled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his brothers Procopio and
Ciriaco, and some troops.
In Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the Magdalo leaders. Apolinario Mabini, who
later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point theMagdalo leaders "already
paid little heed to his authority and orders."[35]
Bonifacio was partial to the Magdiwang, perhaps
due to his kinship ties with Mariano Álvarez,[39]
or more importantly, due to their stronger
recognition of his authority.[40]
When Aguinaldo and Edilberto Evangelista went to receive
Bonifacio atZapote, they were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude of superiority. In
his memoirs Aguinaldo wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".[41][42]
Another time,
Bonifacio ordered the arrest of one Katipunan general from Laguna surnamed Fernandez, who
was accompanying the Magdalo leaders in paying their respect to Bonifacio, for failing to
support his attack in Manila, but the other Magdalo leaders refused to surrender him.
Townspeople in Noveleta (aMagdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the
Philippines, to the chagrin of the Magdalo leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "long live Philippine
Liberty!").[42]
Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him
for the capture of the town of Silang.[41]
The Spanish, through Jesuit Superior Pio Pi, wrote to
Aguinaldo about the possibility of peace negotiations.[41]
When Bonifacio found out, he and
the Magdiwang council rejected the proposed peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the
Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him.[41]
However, Aguinaldo
continued to arrange negotiations which never took place.[43]
Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was
willing to surrender the revolution.[43]
Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen Katipunan funds, his sister was the
mistress of a priest, and he was an agent provocateur paid by friars to foment unrest. Also
circulated were anonymous letters which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio
because he was a Mason, a mere Manila employee, allegedly an atheist, and uneducated.

10. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not deserve the title of Supremo since only God was
supreme. This last allegation was made despite the fact that Supremo was meant to be used in
conjunction with Presidente, i.e. Presidente Supremo (Supreme President) to distinguish the
president of the Katipunan Supreme Council from council presidents of
subordinate Katipunan chapters like the Magdalo and Magdiwang.[40]
Bonifacio suspected the
rumor-mongering to be the work of the Magdalo leader Daniel Tirona. He confronted Tirona,
whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such anger that he drew a gun and would have shot
Tirona if others had not intervened.[44][45]
On 31 December, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders held a meeting in Imus,
ostensibly to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two
factions. The issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government
was brought up by the Magdalo, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The Magdalo argued that
the Katipunan, as a secret society, should have ceased to exist once the Revolution was
underway. They also held that Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and
the Magdiwang contended that the Katipunan served as their revolutionary government since it
had its own constitution, laws, and provincial and municipal governments. Edilberto Evangelista
presented a draft constitution for the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it as it
was too similar to the Spanish Maura Law. Upon the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was
given carte blanche to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new government; he would
also be in charge of this committee. He tasked Emilio Aguinaldo to record the minutes of the
meeting and requested for it to establish this authority, but these were never done and never
provided.[46][47]
The Tejeros Convention[edit]
Main article: Tejeros Convention
The rebel leaders held another meeting in a friar estate house in Tejeros on 22 March 1897 on the
pretense of more discussion between the Magdalo andMagdiwang, but really to settle the issue
of leadership of the revolution.[48]
Amidst insinuations that the Katipunan government
was monarchical or dictatorial, Bonifacio maintained it was republican. According to him, all its
members of whatever rank followed the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity, upon
whichrepublicanism is founded.[14]
He presided over the elections that followed, despite his
misgivings over the lack of representation by other provinces.[49]
Before elections started, he
asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Cavite leaders voted their
own Emilio Aguinaldo President in absentia, as he was in the battlefield.[48][50][51]
That
revolutionary government, now known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato, styled itself as
the Philippine Republic or Republic of the Philippines. It lasted just over a month. A later
revolutionary government now commonly known as the First Philippine Republic and also with
Aguinaldo as President was inaugurated on 23 January 1899 as the Republica
Filipina (Philippine Republic).[52]
That later government is now considered to be the
first Republic of the Philippines, the present-day government of the Philippines being the fifth.
Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for President. Though it was suggested
that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and

11. elections continued. Mariano Trías of the Magdalo (originally Magdiwang) was elected Vice
President. Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior. Daniel Tirona, who
had helped distribute the ballots, protested Bonifacio's election to Director of the Interior on the
grounds that the position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona
suggested a prominent Cavite lawyer for the position. Hurt and angered, Bonifacio demanded an
apology, since the voters had agreed to respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's
demand for apology which drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and again nearly shot Tirona, who
hid among the people, but he was restrained by Artemio Ricarte of the Magdiwang, who had
been elected Captain-General.[53]
As people left the room, Bonifacio declared: "I, as chairman of
this assembly and as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not
deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."[53][54]
The next day, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office as President in a chapel officiated
by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of the Roman pope.
[55]:109
According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with strict instructions not
to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.
[56]
Artemio Ricarte also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he
found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the true will of the
people."[57]
Meanwhile Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew up theActa de
Tejeros (Act of Tejeros) wherein they gave their reasons for not accepting the election results.
Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason
due to his negotiations with the Spanish.[58]
In their memoirs Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano)
and Gregoria de Jesús both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being
distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters
present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the
rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing.[14][59]
Aguinaldo later sent a delegation to Bonifacio to get him to cooperate, but the latter refused.
[60]
Bonifacio appointed Emilio Jacinto general of the rebel forces in Manila, Morong, Bulacan
and Nueva Ecija.[61]
In Naik, Bonifacio met with Artemio Ricarte and others, including
generals Pío del Pilar and Mariano Noriel of theMagdalo who had gone over to his side.
[41]
Bonifacio asserted his leadership of the revolution with the Naik Military Agreement, a
document which appointed Pio del Pilar commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces.
[61]
Bonifacio's meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo himself, and del Pilar and Noriel promptly
returned to Aguinaldo's fold.[41]
In late April Aguinaldo fully assumed presidential office after
consolidating his position among the Cavite elite – most of Bonifacio's Magdiwangsupporters
declaring allegiance to Aguinaldo.[62]
Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of
Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.[60][61]
Capture, trial and death[edit]
A party of Aguinaldo's men led by Agapito Bonzón and José Ignacio Paua met with Bonifacio at
his camp in Indang. Unaware of the order for his arrest, Bonifacio received them cordially. The
next day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio did not fight back and ordered
his men to hold their fire, though shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the
arm by Bonzón and Paua stabbed him in the neck who was prevented from striking further by

12. one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to be killed instead. Andres' brother Ciriaco was shot dead,
while his other brother Procopio was beaten senseless, and his wife Gregoria may have been
raped by Bonzón.[63]
Bonifacio's party was brought to Naic, where he and Procopio stood trial on charges of sedition
and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.[62][64]
The jury
was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself
declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness for the charge
of conspiracy to murder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but after the trial
the witness was seen alive with the prosecutors.[65][66]
The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty despite insufficient evidence and recommended to be
executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on 8 May 1897 but Pío del Pilar and
Mariano Noriél persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they
were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other bona fide supporters of Aguinaldo.[67]
The
Bonifacio brothers were executed on 10 May 1897 in the mountains of Maragondon.[67]
[68]
Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from Manila,
Laguna and Batangas who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.[35]
In other
areas, Bonifacio's close associates like Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sakay continued the
Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.[37]
Historical controversies[edit]
The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is
alternately viewed as a justified execution for treason and a "legal murder" fueled by politics.
Some historians[who?]
consider him to be the rightful first President of the Philippines instead of
Aguinaldo. Some historians[who?]
have also called that Bonifacio share or even take the place of
José Rizal as the (foremost) Philippine national hero. The purported discovery of Bonifacio's
remains has also been questioned.
Trial and execution[edit]
Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely
composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he
himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was
not allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the
latter had been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.[69][70]
Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo
posed a danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain
defeat to their united and well-armed Spanish foe.[67]
In contrast, Renato Constantino contends
that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the
Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a
threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated.
Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the
Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato whereas the revolution

13. was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight
especially Katipunan leaders used to be close to Bonifacio (Aguinaldo eventually, unofficially
allied with the United States, did return to take charge of the revolution during the Spanish–
American War).[71]
Historians[who?]
have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio,
and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a
republican government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-
existing Katipunan government.[72][73]
Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write
Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of
violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.[72]
[74]
Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily
answerable for insubordination against the head of the Katipunan of which he was a member".
[35]
Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped
Cavite, he would have had the right as the Katipunan leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason
instead of the other way around.[75]
Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros
Convention as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by
Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower classes.[74]
[76]
Regionalism among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put
forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio.[77][78][79]
Mabini considered the execution
as criminal and "assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism."[citation
needed]
He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don Emilio
Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Trías, who were united, while Bonifacio, although he had
established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the
province: this explains his resentment."[35]
There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the
execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, said in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers
were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has
Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away.
Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets and marked
by twigs.[80]
However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and
hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was
carried to the site, being too weak to walk.[40]
This version was maintained by Guillermo
Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.[80]
Also,
one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed
he saw five men hacking a man in a hammock.[40]
Historian Milagros Guerrero also says
Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.[81]
After bones said to be
Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull - were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the
forensic evidence supported his version of events.[80]
Writer Adrian Cristobal notes that accounts
of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated;
he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal
claimed.[40]
Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also
doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.[80]

14. Bonifacio as first Philippine President[edit]
See also: List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines
Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, and Ramón Villegas have
pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first President of the Philippines instead of
Aguinaldo, the officially recognised one. This view is based on his position of
President/Supremo of the Katipunan revolutionary government from 1896–97. This view also
emphasises that Bonifacio established a government through the Katipunan before a government
headed by Aguinaldo was formed at the Tejeros Convention. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had
a concept of the Philippine nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog
Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of Filipinas. In documents predating
Tejeros and the First Philippine Republic, Bonifacio is called the president of the "Tagalog
Republic".[4][5][40][82]
The term Tagalog historically refers to an ethnic group, their language, and script. While
historians have thus tended to view Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation as restricted to
the Tagalog regions of Luzon, as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao (comprising the modern Philippines), Guerrero writes that Bonifacio and
the Katipunan in fact already had an all-encompassing view. The Kartilya defines "tagalog" as
"all those born in this archipelago; therefore, though visayan, ilocano, pampango, etc. they are all
tagalogs".[5]
In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo people claim Bonifacio became the head
of the Magdiwang, receiving the title Harì ng Bayan ("King of the People") with Mariano
Álvarez as his second-in-command.[41][83]
However, these claims are unsupported by documentary
evidence.[84]
Carlos Quirino suggests these claims stem from a misunderstanding or
misrepresentation of Bonifacio's title Pangulo ng Haring Bayan ("President of the Sovereign
Nation").[84]
Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between
the Magdiwang government and the Katipunan Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.[14]
Bonifacio as national hero[edit]
See also: National hero of the Philippines
José Rizal is generally considered the national hero, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more
worthy candidate on the grounds of having started the Philippine Revolution.[63]
Teodoro
Agoncillo notes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the
leader of its liberation forces".[85]
Renato Constantino writes that Rizal is a "United States-
sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial
period of the Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American War. The United States
promoted Rizal, who was taken to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical
figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule.[86]
Specifically, Rizal was
selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was
"unregenerate."[87]

15. Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on
the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired
Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to Rizal's banishment to Dapitan, he
was already regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary
president by the Katipunan.[63]
León María Guerrero notes that while Rizal did not give his
blessing to the Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the
aim of independence per se.[88]
Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not
replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".[85]
Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "the Philippine national hero", the title itself has no
explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are given the
implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated annually
nationwide – Rizal Day on 30 December andBonifacio Day on 30 November.[89]
According to the
website of the National Center for Culture and the Arts:
Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal
and Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes,
according to historians, should not be legislated.
Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be
recognition enough.[89]
Bonifacio's bones[edit]
In 1918, the American colonial government of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's
remains in Maragondon. A group consisting of government officials, former rebels, and a man
reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a
sugarcane field on 17 March. The bones were placed in an urn and put into the care of
the National Library of the Philippines. They were housed at the Library's headquarters in
the Legislative Building in Ermita, Manila, together with some of Bonifacio's papers and
personal belongings. The authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has been
challenged as late as 2001 by Ambeth Ocampo. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of
the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, his opponent Manuel L. Quezon (the eventual
victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the bones being the result of Bonifacio's
execution at Aguinaldo's hands. During World War II, the Philippines was invaded by Japan in
1941. The bones were lost due to the widespread destruction and looting during the Allied
capture of Manila in February 1945.[80][90][91]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio

16. Andrés Bonifacio
Mula sa Wikipediang Tagalog, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Tumalon sa: nabigasyon, hanapin
Andrés Bonifacio
Larawan ni Andres Bonifacio[1]
Kapanganakan 30 Nobyembre 1863
Tondo, Maynila
Kamatayan 10 Mayo 1897
Maragondon, Kabite
Kabansaan Filipino
Iba pang pangalan Supremo, Anak Bayan,
Agapito Bagumbayan

17. Pagkamamamayan Pilipinas
Kilala dahil sa Ama ng Himagsikang
Pilipino, Ang Dakilang
Maralita
Partidong
pampulitika
La Liga Filipina
Katipunan
Pananampalataya Katoliko Romano
Asawa Gregoria De Jesus
Anak Andres Bonifacio y de Jesús
(namatay noong sanggol pa)
Lagda
Si Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (30 Nobyembre 1863 – 10 Mayo 1897) ay
isang Pilipinong makabayan at rebolusyonaryo. Binansagan siyang "ama ng Himagsikang
Pilipino". Siya ang nagtatag at lumaon nagingSupremo ng kilusang Katipunan na naglayong
makamtan ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas mula sa Espanya at nagpasimula ng Himagsikang Pilipino.

18. [2][3]
Kinikilala rin siya ng ilang mga dalubhasa sa kasaysayan bilang unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas,
subalit hindi siya opisyal na kinikilala.[4][5]
Mga nilalaman
[itago]
• 1 Pagkabata at ang kanyang Pamilya
• 2 Katipunan
• 3 Himagsikang Pilipino
o 3.1 Simula ng pag-aaklas
• 4 Mga kontrobersiya sa kasaysayan
o 4.1 Paglitis at pagbitay
o 4.2 Si Bonifacio bilang Unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas
o 4.3 Si Bonifacio bilang pambansang bayani
• 5 Mga buto ni Bonifacio
• 6 Mga sanggunian
• 7 Mga kawing panlabas
Pagkabata at ang kanyang Pamilya[baguhin]
Anak si Andres nina Santiago Bonifacio at Catalina de Castro ng Tondo, Maynila, at panganay
sa limang magkakapatid. Ang kanyang mga kapatid ay sina Ciriaco, Procopio, Troadio,
Esperidiona at Maxima. Mananahi ang kanyang ama na naglingkod bilang teniente mayor ng
Tondo, Maynila, samantalang ang kanyang ina ay isang mestisang ipinanganak mula sa isang
Kastilang ama at isang inang may Pilipinong may lahing Tsino. Bilang kaugalian, isinunod ang
pangalan niya sa kapistahan ng santo ng araw ng kanyang kapanganakan, si San Andres.
Naulila sa magulang nang maaaga sa edad na 14. Naging tindero siya ng ratan at pamaypay na
gawa sa papel de hapon. Nagtrabaho din siya bilang clerk, sales agent at bodegista
(warehouseman). Nahilig siyang basahin ang mga nobela ni Jose Rizal at nang itinatag ang La
Liga Filipina, sumapi siya kasama ni Apolinario Mabini.
Bagamat mahirap ay mahilig bumasa at sumulat ng mga bagay na may kabuluhan lalo na kung
ito ay tungkol sa bayan, karapatang-pantao at kasarinlan ng inang-bayan. Siya ay may diwa ng
paghihimagsik laban sa malupit na mananakop na Kastila. Siya rin ay nagnais na magbangon ng
pamahalaang malaya na naging daan upang kanyang maitatag ang Katipunan na kakatawan sa
himagsikan at upang maging wasto at panatag sa kanyang adhikaing kalayaan ng bayan. Noong
1892, matapos dakpin at ipatapon si Dr. Jose Rizal sa Dapitan, itinatag ni Bonifacio
ang Katipunan o kilala rin bilang "Kataastaasan,Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan" (KKK), isang lihim na kapisanang mapanghimagsik, na di naglaon ay naging sentro

19. ng hukbong Pilipinong mapanghimagsik. Kasama ni Bonifacio ay sina Valentin Diaz, Deodato
Arellano (bayaw ni Marcelo H. del Pilar), Teodoro Plata (bayaw ni Bonifacio), Ladislao Diwa, at
ilang manggagawa sa pagtatag ng Katipunan sa Calle Azcarraga (ngayon ay Avenida Claro M.
Recto) malapit sa Calle Candelaria (ngayon ay Kalye Elcano).
Sa pagtatag ng Katipunan, kinilala si Andres Bonifacio bilang "Ama ng Rebolusyon" sa
Pilipinas. Si Bonifacio at ang kanyang mga kasamahan sa Katipunan ay may iisang layunin na
marahil ay siyang naging dahilan upang ang kanilang pakikidigma ay maging matagumpay.
Sa Katipunan, "Supremo" ang kanyang titulo at di naglaon nang itinatag niya ang Pamahalang
Mapaghimagsik ay tinawag siyang "Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan". Dito rin niya
nakilala si Gregoria de Jesus na tinawag niyang Lakambini. Noong 23 Agosto 1896, sa maliit na
baryo ng Pugad Lawin (ngayo'y Bahay Toro, Project 8, Lungsod Quezon) sa Balintawak ay
tinipon nya ang mga Katipunero at isa isa'y pinunit ang kanilang mga sedula.
Sa gitna ng rebolusyon, isang halalan ang naganap sa Tejeros, Cavite, sa kahilingan ng mga
Katipunerong Magdalo na ang lumahok ay mula sa Cavite lamang. Nanalo sa pagka-pangulo
si Emilio Aguinaldo, Lider ng Katipunang Magdalo at ang Supremo ay naihalal sa mababang
posisyong Tagapangasiwa ng Panloob (Interior Director).
Dahil sa ang mga kasapi ng Magdalo ay mga may kayang tao sa hilagang-kanlurang bahagi ng
Kabite at kanilang mga taga-sunod, ayaw nila kay Andres Bonifacio sapagkat ito ay isang laki sa
hirap at ayaw nilang tanggapin na sila ay pinamumunuan ng isang mahirap na kagaya ng
Supremo kaya't minamaliit nila ang kakayahan nito. Nang sinubukan ng mga kasapi ng lupon ng
mga Magdalo na usisain ang kakayahan ni Andrés Bonifacio na gawin ang tungkulin ng isang
Tagapangasiwa ng Panloob, na ayon sa kanila ay gawain lamang ng isang abogado, nainsulto si
Bonifacio. Idineklara ng Supremo, bilang pangulo ng Katipunan, na walang bisa ang naganap na
eleksiyon dahilan sa pandaraya sa botohan ng mga Magdalo. Dahil dito, kinasuhan si Bonifacio
ng sedisyon at pagtataksil ng mga Magdalo. Habang hindi pa naka-aalis ng Cavite, siya ay
ipinahuli at ipinapatay ni Aguinaldo sa kanyang mga tauhan. Iniutos kay Mariano Noriel na
ibigay ang hatol sa isang selyadong sobre kay Lazaro Makapagal. Iniutos ang pagbaril kay
Bonifacio kasama ang kanyang kapatid na lalaking si Procopio Bonifacio noong 10 Mayo 1897
malapit sa Bundok Nagpatong (o Bundok Buntis).
Noong 1918, sinikap ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas na hanapin ang labi ni Andrés Bonifacio sa
Maragondon. Ayon sa isang grupo ng mga opisyal ng pamahalaan, mga dating rebelde at isang
lalaking nagpakilala bilang dating kasambahay ni Bonifacio, nahanap daw ang kaniyang mga
buto sa isang taniman ng kawayan noong 17 Marso 1918. Inilagay ang mga labi sa huling
pamamahala ng Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas, at itinipon ito sa Lumang Gusaling
Batasan (ang kasalukuyangPambansang Museo ng Pilipinas) hanggang sa nawala ang urna
noong panahon ng Labanan sa Maynila ng 1945.
Katipunan[baguhin]
Noong 7 Hulyo 1892, isang araw pagkatapos ihayag ang pagpapatapon kay Rizal, itinatag ni
Bonifacio at ng iba pa ang Katipunan, o kapag binuo ayKataastaasang

20. Kagalanggalangang[6]
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.[7]
Ang lihim na samahan ay naglalayon
ng kasarinlan mula sa Espanya sa pamamagitan ng armadong himagsikan.[8][9]
Sa loob ng lipunan, nabuo ang pagkakaibigan nila Emilio Jacinto, na naglingkod bilang kanyang
tagapayo at katiwala, at bilang kasapi rin ng Kataastaasang Lupon. Ginamit ni Bonifacio ang
Kartilya ni Jacinto bilang opisyal na panturo sa samahan bilang kapalit ng kanyang dekalogo, na
ayon sa kanya ay mababa kung ihahambing sa gawa ni Jacinto.
Ang mabilis na mga kilos ng Katipunan ang nagbigay ng hinala sa mga Kastila. Noong unang
bahagi ng 1896, ang mga intelehensiyang Kastila ay alam na pagkakatatag ng lihim na samahan,
at ang mga pinaghihinalaang mga kasapi ay minatyagan at pinag-aaresto. Noong ika-3 ng Mayo,
nagsagawa ng pangkahatalang asemblea ng mga pinuno ng Katipunan sa Pasig, kung saan
pinagdebatehan nila kung kailan magsisimula ang paghihimagsik. Habang nais ni Bonifacio na
magsimula ang pag-aalsa sa lalong madaling panahon, nagpahayag ng pagpapasubali si Emilio
Aguinaldo ng Cavite dahil sa kawalan ng mga armas. Ang napagkasunduan ay sumangguni
muna kay José Rizal sa Dapitan bago pasimulan ang kanilang mga kilos, kaya pinadala ni
Bonifacio si Pio Valenzuela kay Rizal, na salungat sa hindi pa handang pag-aaklas at nagpayong
magdagdag pa ng paghahanda.[10]
Himagsikang Pilipino[baguhin]
Pangunahing lathalain: Himagsikang Pilipino
Simula ng pag-aaklas[baguhin]
Natiyak ng pamahalaang Kastila ang pagkakaroon ng Katipunan noong 19 Agosto 1896. Daan-
daanag mga pinaghihinalaang Pilipino, ang dinakip at ikinulong sa salang pagtataksil.[11]
Paalis
na noon si José Rizal patunong Cuba upang maglingkod bilang manggagamot sa sandatahan ng
kolonya ng Espanya bilang kapalit ng pagpapalaya sa kanya sa Dapitan.[12][13]
Nang kumalat ang
balita, unang sinubukan ni Bonifacio na kumbinsihin si Rizal, na nakakulong sa barkong patungo
sa Look ng Maynila, na tumakas at sumali sa napipintong pag-aaklas. Nagpanggap sina
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto at Guillermo Masangkay bilang mga marino at nagtungo sa daungan
kung saan dadaong ang barkong sinasakyan ni Rizal. Personal na nakita ni Jacinto si Rizal, na
tumanggi sa kanilang mungkahing pagpapatakas.[14]
Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and
executed.[12]
Upang maiwasan ang matinding paghahanap, ipinatawag ni Bonifacio ang libu-libong kasapi ng
Katipunan sa Kalookan, kung saan pinasimulan nila ang pag-aaklas. Ang kaganapan, na
minarkahan ng pagpunit ng mga sedula ay lumaong tinawag na "Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin"; ang
tiyak na pook at petsa ng pinagdausan ng pangyayari ay pinagtatalunan.[15][16]
Ang Kataastaasang
Lupon ng Katipunan ay naghayag ng malawakang himagsikang laban sa Espanya at nagpatawag
ng tuloy tuloy na pagsugod sa kabiserang Maynila noong ika-29 ng Agosto.
Mga kontrobersiya sa kasaysayan[baguhin]

21. Ang kasaysayan ni Bonifacio ay kinapapalooban ng maraming mga kontrobersiya. Ang kanyang
pagkamatay ay salitang tinitignan bilang isang paghatol sa salang pagtataksil sa bayan at isang
"legal na pagpaslang" na bunga ng politika.
Paglitis at pagbitay[baguhin]
Kinondena ng mga dalubhasa sa kasaysayan ang paglitis sa magkapatid na Bonifacio bilang
hindi makatarungan. Binubuo ang hukom ng halos mga kaanib ni Aguinaldo; Ang abogado ni
Bonifacio ay tila naging tagausig niya rin dahil inihayag din niya ang pagiging may sala ni
Bonifacio kaysa sa umapela para sa higit na mababang parusa; hindi rin pinayagan si Bonifacio
na harapin ang mga punong saksi para sa mga kasong pakikipagsabwatan sa kadahilanang
napaslang na ang mga ito sa mga labanan, subalit lumaon ay nakita ang mga saksi kasama ang
mga tagausig.[17][18]
Isinulat ni Teodoro Agoncillo na isang malaking hadlang si Bonifacio sa
pagpapahayag ng kapangyarihang sumasalungat kay Aguinaldo sa himagsikan, dahil hinahati
nito ang lakas ng mga rebelde na maaaring magdulot ng tiyak na pagkatalo sa kanilang kalabang
mga Kastila.[19]
Sa kabaligtaran, isinulat ni Renato Constantino na hindi hadlang si Bonifacio sa himagsikan sa
pangkalahatan dahil nais pa rin niyang labanan ang mga Kastila, at hindi rin hadlang sa
himagsikan sa Kabite dahil siya ay aalis na; subalit tiyak na hadlang si Bonifacio sa mga pinuno
sa Kabite na nais makuha ang pamamahala ng himagsikan, kaya siya pinatay.
Si Bonifacio bilang Unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas[baguhin]
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro

22. Si "Presidenté" Bonifacio sa La Ilustración Española
y Americana, 8 Pebrero 1897
Pangulo ng Pilipinas
(Hindi Opisyal)
Republikang Tagalog
Panunungkulan
24 Agosto 1896 – Ika-10 o 22 Marso 1897
Pangalawang Pangulo Gregoria de Jesús
(Unofficial)
Sinundan si Itinatag ang posisyon
Sinundan ni Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
Kapanganakan 30 Nobyembre 1863
Tondo, Maynila, Pilipinas
Kamatayan 10 Mayo 1897 (edad 33)

23. Maragondon, Cavite,
Pilipinas
Partidong politikal La Liga Filipina
Katipunan
Asawa Monica
Gregoria de Jesús
Propesyon Rebolusyonaryo
Relihiyon Katoliko
May ilang mga dalubhasa sa kasaysayan tulad nina Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación,
at Ramón Villegas ang nagtutulak na kilalanin si Bonifacio bilang unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas
kaysa kay Aguinaldo, ang opisyal na kinikilalang pangulo. Ang paniniwalang ito ay nakabatay sa
posisyon nitong Supremo sa pamahalaang himagsikan ng Katipunan mula 1896-1897. Ang
paniniwalang ito ay nagbibigay diin na si Bonifacio ang nagtatag ng pamahalaan sa
pamamagitan ng Katipunan bago pa nakabuo ng pamahalaang pinamunuan ni Aguinaldo sa
pamamagitan ng Kapulungan ng Tejeros. Isinulat ni Guerrero na mayroong konsepto si
Bonifacio na bansang Pilipinas na tinawag na Haring Bayang Katagalugan, na pinalitan ni
Aguinaldo ng konseptong Filipinas.[4][5][20][21]
Si Bonifacio bilang pambansang bayani[baguhin]
Pangkahalatang tinuturing si José Rizal bilang Pambansang bayani, subalit iminumungkahi si
Bonifacio bilang higit na karapat-dapat na kandidato bilang pambansang bayani dahil siya ang
nagpasimula ng Himagsikang Pilipino.[22]
Napansin ni Teodoro Agoncillo na ang pambansang
bayani ng Pilipinas, hindi gaya ng sa ibang bansa, ay hindi ang "pinuno ng puwersa ng
liberasyon".[23]
Isinulat ni Renato Constantino na si Rizal ay "bayaning itinaguyod ng Estados
Unidos" na itinaguyod bilang pinakadakilang bayaning Pilipino noong panahon ng pananakop ng
mga Amerikano sa Pilipinas - pagkatapos matalo si Aguinaldo sa Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano.
Itinaguyod ng Estados Unidos si Rizal, na piniling ang mapayapang pamamaraan , kaysa sa mga
radikal na tao na ang mga ideya ay maaaring pumukaw na lumaban sa pamumunong Amerikano.
[24]
Mga buto ni Bonifacio[baguhin]
Noong 1918, ang pamahalaang ginawa ng Amerika sa Pilipinas ay nagpasimula ng paghahanap
sa mga labi ni Bonifacio sa Maragondon. Isang pangkat ng mga pinuno ng pamahalaan, mga
dating rebelde, at isang kinilalang tagapaglingkod ni Bonifacio ang nakahanap ng mga buto na
sinasabi nilang mula kay Bonifacio sa isang tubuhan noong ika-17 ng Marso. Inilagay nila ang
mga buto sa isang uma at ibinigay sa pangangalaga ng Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas. Noong
Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, sinakop ng mga Hapon ang Pilipinas. Ang mga buto ay
nawala dahil sa malawakang pagkasira at nakawan noong Digmaan ng Maynilanoong Pebrero
1945.[1][25][26]

24. http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio
Andres Bonifacio simmered with rage and humiliation. The movement that he had created to
oppose Spanish colonial rule inthe Philippines had just voted (likely in a rigged election) to make
his rival Emilio Aguinaldo president in his stead. Bonifacio was given the lowly consolation
prize of an appointment as Secretary of the Interior in the revolutionary government.
When this appointment was announced, however, delegate Daniel Tirona objected on the
grounds that Bonifacio did not have a law degree (or any university diploma, for that matter).
Incensed, the fiery rebel leader demanded an apology from Tirona. Instead, Daniel Tirona turned
to leave the hall; Bonifacio pulled out a gun and tried to shoot him down, but General Artemio
Ricarte y Garcia tackled the former president and saved Tirona's life.
Who was this scrappy and hot-headed rebel leader, Andres Bonifacio? Why is his story still
remembered today in the Republic of the Philippines?
Bonifacio's Birth and Early Life:
Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila. His father Santiago was a
tailor, a local politician and a boatman who operated a river-ferry; his mother, Catalina de
Castro, was employed in a cigarette-rolling factory. The couple worked extremely hard to
support Andres and his five younger siblings, but in 1881 Catalina
caught tuberculosis ("consumption") and died. The following year, Santiago also became ill and
passed away.
At the age of 19, Andres Bonifacio was forced to give up plans for higher education and begin
working full-time to support his orphaned younger siblings. He worked for the British trading
company J.M. Fleming & Co. as a broker or corredor for local raw materials such as tar and

25. rattan. He later moved to the German firm Fressell & Co., where he worked as a bodeguero or
grocer.
Family Life:
Andres Bonifacio's tragic family history during his youth seems to have followed him in to his
adulthood. He married twice, but had no surviving children at the time of his death.
His first wife, Monica, came from the Palomar neighborhood of Bacoor. She died young
ofleprosy (Hansen's disease).
Bonifacio's second wife, Gregoria de Jesus, came from the Calookan area of metro Manila. They
married when he was 29 and she was just 18; their only child, a son, died as an infant.
Establishment of Katipunan:
In 1892, Bonifacio joined Jose Rizal's new organization La Liga Filipina, which called for
reform of the Spanish colonial regime in the Philippines. The group met only once, however,
since Spanish officials arrested Rizal immediately after the first meeting and deported him to the
southern island ofMindanao.
After Rizal's arrest and deportation, Andres Bonifacio and others revived La Liga to continue
pressure on the Spanish government to free the Philippines. Along with his friends Ladislao
Diwa and Teodoro Plata, however, he also founded a group called Katipunan.
Katipunan, or Kataastaasang Kagalannalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan to give its
full name (literally "Highest and Most Respected Society of the Children of the Country"), was
dedicated to armed resistance against the colonial government. Made up mostly of people from
the middle and lower classes, the Katipunan organization soon established regional branches in a
number of provinces across the Philippines. (It also went by the rather unfortunate
acronym KKK.)

26. In 1895, Andres Bonifacio became the top leader or Presidente Supremo of the Katipunan.
Along with his friends Emilio Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela, Bonifacio also put out a newspaper
called the Kalayaan, or "Freedom." Over the course of 1896, under Bonifacio's leadership,
Katipunan grew from about 300 members at the beginning of the year to more than 30,000 in
July. With a militant mood sweeping the nation, and a multi-island network in place, Bonifacio's
Katipunan was prepared to start fighting for freedom from Spain.
Philippines Uprising Begins:
Over the summer of 1896, the Spanish colonial government began to realize that the Philippines
was on the verge of revolt. On August 19, the authorities tried to preempt the uprising by
arresting hundreds of people and jailing them under charges of treason - some of those swept up
were genuinely involved in the movement, but many were not.
Among those arrested was Jose Rizal, who was on a ship in Manila Bay waiting to ship out for
service as a military doctor in Cuba (this was part of his plea bargain with the Spanish
government, in exchange for his release from prison in Mindanao). Bonifacio and two friends
dressed up like sailors and made their way onto the ship and tried to convince Rizal to escape
with them, but he refused; he was later put on trial in a Spanish kangaroo court and executed.
Bonifacio kicked off the revolt by leading thousands of his followers to tear up their community
tax certificates or cedulas. This signaled their refusal to pay any more taxes to the Spanish
colonial regime. Bonifacio named himself President and commander-in-chief of the Philippines
revolutionary government, declaring the nation's independence from Spain on August 23. He
issued a manifesto, dated August 28, 1896, calling for "all towns to rise simultaneously and
attack Manila," and sent generals to lead the rebel forces in this offensive.
Attack on San Juan del Monte:

27. Andres Bonifacio himself led an attack on the town of San Juan del Monte, intent on capturing
Manila's metro water station and the powder magazine from the Spanish garrison. Although they
were vastly outnumbered, the Spanish troops inside managed to hold off Bonifacio's forces until
reinforcements arrived.
Bonifacio was forced to withdraw to Marikina, Montalban, and San Mateo; his group suffered
heavy casualties. Elsewhere, other Katipunan groups attacked Spanish troops all around Manila.
By early September, the revolution was spreading across the country.
Fighting Intensifies:
As Spain pulled all its resources back to defend the capital at Manila, rebel groups in other areas
began to sweep up the token Spanish resistance left behind. The group in Cavite (a peninsula
south of the capital, jutting into Manila Bay), had the greatest success in driving the Spanish out.
Cavite's rebels were led by an upper-class politician called Emilio Aguinaldo. By October of
1896, Aguinaldo's forces held most of the peninsula.
Bonifacio led a separate faction from Morong, about 35 miles (56 kilometers) to the east of
Manila. A third group under Mariano Llanera was based in Bulacan, north of the capital.
Bonifacio appointed generals to establish bases in the mountains all over Luzon island.
Despite his earlier military reverses, Bonifacio personally led an attack on Marikina, Montalban,
and San Mateo. Although he initially succeeded in driving the Spanish out of those towns, they
soon recaptured the cities, nearly killing Bonifacio when a bullet went through his collar.
Rivalry with Aguinaldo:
Aguinaldo's faction in Cavite was in competition with a second rebel group headed by an uncle
of Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife. As a more successful military leader and a member of a
much wealthier, more influential family, Emilio Aguinaldo felt justified in formed his own rebel

28. government in opposition to Bonifacio's. On March 22, 1897, Aguinaldo rigged an election at the
rebels' Tejeros Convention to show that he was the proper president of the revolutionary
government.
To Bonifacio's shame, he not only lost the presidency to Aguinaldo, but was appointed to the
lowly post of Secretary of the Interior. When Daniel Tirona questioned his fitness even for that
job, based on Bonifacio's lack of a university education, the humiliated former president pulled a
gun and would have killed Tirona if a bystander had not stopped him.
Sham Trial and Execution:
After Emilio Aguinaldo "won" the rigged election at Tejeros, Andres Bonifacio refused to
recognize the new rebel government. Aguinaldo sent a group to arrest Bonifacio; the opposition
leader did not realize that they were there with ill intent, and allowed them into his camp. They
shot down his brother Ciriaco, seriously beat his brother Procopio, and some reports say that they
also raped his young wife Gregoria.
Aguinaldo had Bonifacio and Procopio tried for treason and sedition. After a one-day sham trial,
in which the defense lawyer averred their guilt rather than defending them, both Bonifacios were
convicted and sentenced to death.
Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence on May 8, but then reinstated it. On May 10, 1897, both
Procopio and Andres Bonifacio likely were shot dead by a firing squad on Nagpatong Mountain.
Some accounts say that Andres was too weak to stand, due to untreated battle wounds, and was
actually hacked to death in his stretcher instead. Andres was just 34 years old.
Andres Bonifacio's Legacy:

29. As the first self-declared President of the independent Philippines, as well as the first leader of
the Philippine Revolution, Andres Bonifacio is a crucial figure in that nation's history. However,
his exact legacy is the subject of dispute among Filipino scholars and citizens.
Jose Rizal is the most widely recognized "national hero of the Philippines," although he
advocated a more pacifist approach of reforming Spanish colonial rule rather than overthrowing
it by force. Aguinaldo is generally cited as the first president of the Philippines, even though
Bonifacio took on that title before Aguinaldo did. Some historians feel that Bonifacio has gotten
short shrift, and should be set beside Rizal on the national pedestal.
Andres Bonifacio has been honored with a national holiday on his birthday, however, just like
Rizal. November 30 is Bonifacio Day in the Philippines.
Sources:
Bonifacio, Andres. The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio, Manila: University of the
Philippines, 1963.
Constantino, Letizia. The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Manila: Tala Publishing Services, 1975.
Ileta, Reynaldo Clemena. Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and Historiography,
Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998.
http://asianhistory.about.com/od/philippines/p/Biography-of-Andres-Bonifacio-Filipino-Anti-
Colonial-Leader.htm

30. Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897), Father of Philippine Revolution.
[Source of Photo: www.bakbakan.com.heroes.html]
Andres Bonifacio is known in the Philippines as the Great Plebeian. He was born to a poor
family in Tondo, Manila, on November 30, 1863. His parents were Santiago Bonifacio and
Catalina de Castro.
Although not well-schooled (he reached only primary school), he was quite literate and fluent
enough to read and write in Spanish. He admired Jose Rizal, whose works on Noli Mi
Tangere and El Filibusterismo inspired him and developed a strong sense of nationalism. He
organized a secret society and revolutionary group, Katipunan, in 1892 when Rizal was arrested
and deported to Dapitan. Shortly after, Bonifacio became the Supremo (head) of the Katipunan.
Unlike those in the middle class, Bonifacio and his circle of plebeians did not seek reforms from
the Spanish government. Their aim was to liberate the native Filipinos from tyranny and procure
their independence. The Katipunan became the core of the revolutionary army under Emilio
Aguinaldo whose election as President of the Philippine Revolutionary Government cost
Bonifacio's downfall. After being tried by the council of war on charges of treason, General
Lazaro Makapagal led a group of soldiers who executed Bonifacio and his brother Procopio on
May 10, 1897.

31. http://www.hawaii.edu/cps/bonifacio.html
Andres Bonifacio
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| }}
Andrés Bonifacio
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Kapanganakan Nobyembre 30, 1863
Tondo, Maynila
Kamatayan Mayo 10, 1897
Maragondon, Cavite
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32. Palayaw {{{othernames}}}
Talaksan:Gat Andres Bonifacio.jpg
200px
Si Andrés Bonifacio (Nobyembre 30, 1863 - Mayo 10, 1897) ay siyang namuno sa rebolusyon
ng Pilipinas laban sa Espanya, ang unang rebolusyon sa Asya na lumaban sa pananakop ng mga
bansang imperyalista sa Europa.
Siya ay isinilang noong ika-30 ng Nobyembre, 1863 sa Tundo, Maynila. Ang kanyang magulang
ay sina Santiago Bonifacio at Catalia de Castro. Siya ay nagsimulang mag-aral sa paaralan ni
Don Guillermo Osmeña sa Melsic subalit siya'y maagang nahinto sa pag-aaral. Bagamat siya'y
nahinto sa pag-aaral, marunong siyang bumasa at sumulat, at dalubhasa na rin sa pagsasalita sa
wikang Kastila.
Naulila sa magulang nang maaaga sa edad na 14. Naging tindero siya ng ratan at pamaypay na
gawa sa papel de japon. Nagtrabaho din siya bilang clerk, sales agent at bodegista
(warehouseman). Nahilig siyang basahin ang mga nobela ni Jose Rizal at nang itinatag ang La
Liga Filipina, sumapi siya kasama ni Apolinario Mabini.
Bagamat mahirap ay mahilig bumasa at sumulat ng mga bagay na may kabuluhan lalo na kung
ito ay tungkol sa himagsikan at digmaan. Siya ay may diwa ng paghihimagsik. Siya rin ay
nagnais na magbangon ng pamahalaang malaya na naging daan upang kanyang maitatag ang
Katipunan na kakatawan sa himagsikan at upang maging wasto at panatag sa kanyang itinatag.
Noong 1892, matapos dakpin at ipatapon si Dr. Jose Rizal sa Dapitan, itinatag ni Bonifacio
ang Katipunan o kilala rin bilang "Kataastasan,Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan" (KKK), isang lihim na kapisanang mapanghimagsik, na di naglaon ay naging sentro ng
hukbong Pilipinong mapanghimagsik. Kasama ni Bonifacio ay sina Valentin Diaz, Deodato
Arellano (bayaw ni Marcelo H. del Pilar), Teodoro Plata(bayaw ni Bonifacio), Ladislao Diwa, at
ilang mangagawa ang pagtatag ng Katipunan sa Calle Azcarraga (ngayon ay Avenida Claro M.
Recto) malapit sa Calle Candelaria (ngayon ay Kalye Elcano).
Sa pagtatag ng Katipunan, kinilala si Andres Bonifacio bilang "Ama ng Rebolusyon" sa
Pilipinas. Si Bonifacio at ang kanyang mga kasamahan sa Katipunan ay may isang layunin na
marahil ay siyang naging dahilan upang ang kanilang pakikidigma ay maging matagumpay.
Sa Katipunan, "Supremo" ang kanyang titulo at di naglaon nang itinatag niya ang Pamahalang
Mapaghimagsik ay tinawag siyang "Pangulong Hari ng Katagalugan". Dito rin niya nakilala
si Gregoria de Jesus na tinawag niyang Lakambini. Noong Agosto 23, 1896, sa maliit na baryo

33. ng Pugad Lawin (ngayo'y Bahay Toro, Project 8, Lungsod Quezon) sa Balintawak ay tinipon nya
ang mga Katipunero at isa isa'y pinunit ang kanilang mga cedula.
Sa gitna ng rebolusyon, isang halalan ang naganap sa Tejeros, Cavite, sa kahilingan ng mga
Katipunerong Magdalo na ang lumahok ay mula sa Cavite lamang. Nanalo sa pagka-pangulo
si Emilio Aguinaldo, Lider ng Katipunang Magdalo at ang Supremo ay naihalal sa mababang
posisyong Tagapangasiwa ng Panloob (Interior Director).
Nang sinubukan ng mga miyembro ng lupon ng mga Magdalo na kuwistiyunin ang kakayahan ni
Andrés Bonifacio, idineklara ni Bonifacio na walang bisa ang naganap na eleksyon dahilan sa
pandaraya sa botohan ng mga Magdalo. Dahil dito, kinasuhan si Bonifacio ng sedisyon at
pagtataksil. Ipinahuli at ipinapatay ni Aguinaldo sa kanyang mga tauhan. Iniutos kay Mariano
Noriel na ibigay ang hatol sa isang selyadong sobre kay Lazaro Makapagal. Iniutos ang pagbaril
kay Bonifacio kasama ang kanyang kapatid na lalaki na si Procopio Bonifacio noong ika-10 ng
Mayo, 1897 malapit sa Bundok Nagpatong (o Bundok Buntis). Hanggang ngayon, hindi pa rin
natatagpuan ang labi niya.
http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Andres_Bonifacio