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Soil Densification is a Strategic Need for the Palm Island Development Sustainability.
1. Soil Densification
A Necessity for the
Palm Island
Development Sustainability
I Al JANABI
Nakheel Marine Group
Nakheel Corporation
A Dubai World Company
American Society of Civil Engineers
5th International Engineering and Construction Conference
Irvine, CA, USA
August 27–29, 2008
3. Nakheel: Where Vision Inspires Humanity
The Vision
The roots of the vision can be traced to a period at the end of the last
century when the leaders of Dubai took hold of a belief that THE CITY
could become one of the leading tourist destination in the World.
The development, stylized in the shape of a Palm Tree, pays homage to
Dubai’s two most important symbols – The Palm Tree, also known as ‘
‘The Bride of the Orchard’ and water, the regions primary source of
nourishment, pleasure and trade.
Nakheel is a key player in realizing the vision to develop the Palm as a
city by itself, hence the process will create a world-class destination for
business and tourism.
• Enhancing the Prosperity, Enjoyment and Safety of People
• Maximizing Beachfront Areas Leading to New Leisure Resorts by 78 Km
• Creation of a Peculiar Maritime Transportation Plan
• Generating Exclusive Underwater Coral Reefs and Marinas
• Boost Tourism Industry
• Generate Alternative Revenues to Oil
• Recognize Dubai as One of the World’s Leaders in Business
and Leisure Hubs.
4. Nakheel: Where Vision Inspires Humanity
• Such ambition is embodied by Nakheel’s signature development by bringing plans into
realization through involving into the creation of the World’s largest 3 man made islands
• After several years of feasibility studies, the Palm was
launched in 2001 and the reclamation program began in earnest
• The first two Palm Islands in “Jumeirah and Jebel Ali” consumed approximately 100 million
cubic meters of rock and sand,
• The Palm Island in Deira will take in 1.2 billion cubic meters of rock and sand – all of which
will be quarried in the UAE.
• Between the three Islands’ there will be over 100 luxury hotels including the Trump , 10,000
exclusive residential beachside villas, 5,000 shoreline apartments, marinas that will house
more than 50,000 yachts, water theme parks such as Sea World by Bush Enterprise,
restaurants, malls, sports facilities, health spas, cinemas and extensive dive sites
• AWARDS
• ARDA'S (American Resort Development Association) Global Award for Resort Design – 2005
• 'International Samoter Award' , The International Exhibition of Earth Moving, Site and Building Industry
Machinery - 2005
• The Visual Identity of The Palm has Already Won the Prestigious “American Corporate Identity Award”
5. A VISION COME TO LIFE
• The Palm Island in Jumeirah
•
• The finished Palm includes 500,000 sq.m.
ATLANTIS water park and hotel at the head of
the Crescent
• 1,500 luxurious beach side smart developed
villas
• 2200 shoreline apartments offering the
beauty of waterfront
• The Trump Hotel and Tower provides over
800 condominium units for the fast paced jet
setter
• Exclusive mega yachts marinas with more
than 2000 berths
• Cirque de Soleil will be permanently stationed
at the tip of the Trunk
• Exquisite underwater facilities for diving and
snorkeling enjoying one of the World’s
beautiful coral reef
• Waterways transportation facilities
• Cruising dhows restaurants and malls
• 5 Km monorail taking directly from the shore
to the Atlantis resort
• Underwater tunnels
•
6. A DREAM COME TRUE
• The Palm Island Development in Jebel Ali
15. The Palm Island - Jumeirah
Mainly soil is Carbonate type made up of Calcareous shelly materials. Although neither the actual shell
nor carbonate content appear to have been measured in samples of the actual hydraulic fill. It is highly
recommended to assume that we are dealing with Carbonate sand. Soil in deemed amenable for the
dumping of the Island if content of the grains after sieve analysis is less than 10% fines (grain size 0.063
mm) and less than 2% clay (American Standard).
Standard soil particle size distribution curve used to refer to soil particles
grain-sizes after performing The Dry Soil Mechanical Sieve Analysis
(ASTM D – 422). The adjoining table shows ranges of soil sizes.
Soil type based on particle size
Soil Type Particle-Size Range
Boulder > 0.3 m
Cobble 0.15 – 0.3 m
Gravel 2.0 mm – 0.15 m
Sand 0.075 – 2.0 mm
Silt 0.002 – 0.0075 mm
Clay < 0.002 mm
21. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
Location :
Crescent
Static loading
reached up to
650 tons.
185 kN/sq.m.
Test duration 14
days.
Settlements
gradually
increased from
0.00 to 11.00 mm
(approximately).
22. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
Location: Crescent
Location: Crescent
Weight loaded: 650 Tons
Weight Used: 650 Tons
Location : Frond E
Periodic Measurements of Settlements
23. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
Penetration resistance, qc, (MPa) Penetration resistance, qc, (MPa)
0 4 8 12 16 0 4 8 12 16
0 0
4 4
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
8 8
12 12
16 16
Penetration Resistance Versus Penetration Resistance Versus
Depth on the Fronds Depth on the Trunk
26. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) as a Vibro Compaction Test Criteria
Before and After Trial Tests
27. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
C stress
yclic
Relativedensity, Dr ratio, C R
S
Liquefaction
H com
igh pressibility
shelly sands N liquefaction
o
Lowcom pressibility
silicasands
S sands
ilica
S sands
helly
CorrectedC Tresistance, qc1N
P
Log(qc/(σ’vo)0.5)
Assessment of liquefaction potential
28. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
25
25
Trial - Trunk
Production - Frond E
20 20
Cone penetration resistance, qc, (MPa)
Cone penetration resistance, qc, (MPa)
15 15
Zone of improvement Zone of improvement
in trial
10 10
5 5
Range of qc pre-treatment Range of qc pre-treatment
0
0 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 Distance from vibroflot (m)
Distance from vibroflot (m)
Results of Bauer Vibro Compaction
Results of Keller Vibro Compaction Trial
Trial at the Trunk 2004
at the Trunk 2004
29. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
• Dubai is in the Seismic Zone 2A (UBC) that could be subjected to an
earthquake for the magnitude of 5.5 – 6.0 Richter. This will affect the
medium and lower layers creating large damage to the Island’s stability,
hence leading to huge cracks in soil strata, thus endangering civil safety
and structural failure.
• Crescent’s slopes are unstable due to erosion effect, thus needs to be
stabilized to achieve a sustainable slope rate of 1:7.
• For the villas on the Fronds, design Bearing Capacity was found to be in
the range of 50 kN/m2 for G+1 type and 80 kN/m2 for G+2 type, swimming
pool of size 3x6 and 5x8 meters yields a pressure of 190 kN/m2 and an
underground concrete water tank (2x2x3 meters) yields a pressure of 190
kN/m2 acting as a concentrated load. Both the swimming pools and the
water tanks would settle during construction yielding large differential
settlements after a period of 30 – 60 days leading to failure effect in lots
utility connections and hence effecting the development’s stability.
30. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
Advantages of Soil densification will Achieve a Geotechnical Profile that
Would Meet the Following Technical Requirements:
•Abolishing the hazards of liquefactions and its consequences including
lateral spreading of the fill and earthquake induced settlements.
•Acceptable long-term self weight settlement of the fill, including creep.
•Minimize differential settlement, hence eliminate structural and utilities
failures.
• Reduce long term upper-flow of sea water table under structure's
foundation. Thereby eliminating material corrosion and high acidic water
attack on sweet soil level.
•Upkeep Nakheel quality reputed products and gain Client’s satisfaction.
•Minimize long term maintenance costs.
31. Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah
To achieve Island’s stability an
optimized system has been analyzed,
studied, and recommended to obtain
optimum results preventing imminent
structural damage due to immediate and
differential settlement and mitigating
liquefaction due to seismic effects.
• Utility Lots minimum 200 kN/sq.m.
• Roads minimum 150 kN/sq.m.
• ROW for Utility Services minimum 150 kN/sq.m.
• Maximum Long Term Settlement Inferior or Equal to 25 mm
• The Differential Settlement for any Individual Structure shall not
Exceed L/750 (length of any dimension of the structure divided
by the Newton factor of 750.)
• ZERO RISK OPTION ONLY
41. Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah
Compaction Points by Triangle Method of 3.0 meters Distance
to Achieve the Densification Weigh Criteria
As the spacing decreases, the better the densification of soil and the higher the
bearing capacity reaching up to 200 kN/sq.m. and Post CPT test results have
increased to 15 MPa; moreover, the relative density has increased from 25 % to
approximately 75 %. These tests results had shown that the existing dredged soil is
susceptible to improvement using imported selected sand to densify it alleviating its
characteristics values, hence would decrease the risk of differential settlements and
effect of liquefaction.
42. CPT PLOTS
The Palm Island – Jumeirah 2004
Vibro Compaction Frond E Post CPT Results
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
D e p th (m )
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Cone Resistance (Mpa)
1m aw ay from the probe Mid point of the probes Weighted Average curve Design curve
43. The Palm Island – Jumeirah 2005
Soil Densification Works Planning
Cost Comparison between 2000 and 900 sq.m.
Post-CPT testing Zones
4,250 9,444
18
Unit
rate per 15
zone
(AED)
1/1000 scale 12
Number
of 9 Cost Comparison (AED) between (2000 sq.m. and 900 sq.m.)
Zones Post-CPT testing Zones
Thousands 9
Total 4,250,000
cost 6 4 5,194,444
over all
area
3
1 1
2000 m2 zone
0 900 m2 zone
2000 m2 zone 900 m2 zone
Variance
Unit rate per zone 1000 1000
(AED)
Number of Zones 4250 9444
Total cost over all 4,250,000 9,444,444
area
Zones
9,444,444
44. The Palm Island – Jumeirah 2004
Construction Development of Villas
and Infrastructure at Frond E
