2. LO 1 Explain why marketing managers should understand consumer behavior LO 2 Analyze the components of the consumer decision-making process LO 3 Explain the consumer’s postpurchase evaluation process LO 4 Identify the types of consumer buying decisions and discuss the significance of consumer involvement Learning Outcomes
3. LO 5 Identify and understand the cultural factors that affect consumer buying decisions LO 6 Identify and understand the social factors that affect consumer buying decisions LO 7 Identify and understand the individual factors that affect consumer buying decisions LO 8 Identify and understand the psychological factors that affect consumer buying decisions Learning Outcomes
4. The Importance of Understanding Consumer Behavior Explain why marketing managers should understand consumer behavior LO 1
5. Understanding Consumer Behavior LO 1 Consumer behavior consumers make purchase decisions consumers use and dispose of product = HOW
6. The Consumer Decision-Making Process Analyze the components of the consumer decision-making process LO 2
7. Consumer Decision-Making Process Consumer Decision-Making Process LO 2 A five-step process used by consumers when buying goods or services.
8. Consumer Decision-Making Process LO 2 Postpurchase Behavior Purchase Evaluation of Alternatives Information Search Need Recognition Cultural, Social, Individual and Psychological Factors affect all steps
9. Need Recognition Need Recognition LO 2 Result of an imbalance between actual and desired states.
10. Need Recognition LO 2 Marketing helps consumers recognize an imbalance between present status and preferred state. Present Status Preferred State Internal Stimuli External Stimuli
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14. External Information Searches LO 2 Need More Information More Risk Less knowledge Less product experience High level of interest Lack of confidence Less Risk More knowledge More product experience Low level of interest Confidence in decision Need Less Information
15. Evoked Set Evoked Set LO 2 Group of brands, resulting from an information search, from which a buyer can choose
16. Evaluation of Alternatives and Purchase LO 2 Evoked Set Purchase! Analyze product attributes Rank attributes by importance Use cutoff criteria
17. Purchase LO 2 To buy or not to buy... Determines which attributes are most important in influencing a consumer’s choice Marketing
19. Cognitive Dissonance LO 3 Cognitive Dissonance Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions.
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21. Types of Consumer Buying Decisions and Consumer Involvement Identify the types of consumer buying decisions and discuss the significance a of consumer involvement LO 4
22. Consumer Buying Decisions and Consumer Involvement LO 4 More Involvement Less Involvement Routine Response Behavior Limited Decision Making Extensive Decision Making
23. Five Factors Influencing Decisions LO 4 1. Level of consumer involvement 2. Length of time to make decision 3. Cost of good or service 4. Degree of information search 5. Number of alternatives considered
28. Factors Determining the Level of Consumer Involvement LO 4 Situation Social Visibility Interest Perceived Risk of Negative Consequences Previous Experience
29. Marketing Implications of Involvement LO 4 High-involvement purchases require: Extensive and informative promotion to target market Low-involvement purchases require: In-store promotion, eye-catching package design, and good displays. Coupons, cents-off, 2-for-1 offers
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31. Cultural Influences on Consumer Buying Decisions Identify and understand the cultural factors that affect consumer buying decisions LO 5
32. Factors Influencing Buying Decisions LO 5 Social Factors Individual Factors Psycho-logical Factors Cultural Factors CONSUMER DECISION- MAKING PROCESS BUY / DON’T BUY
33. Components of Culture LO 5 Myths Language Values Customs Rituals Laws Material artifacts
34. Culture is. . . LO 5 Learned Functional Pervasive Dynamic
35. Value LO 5 Value Enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct is personally or socially preferable to another mode of conduct.
36. Core American Values LO 5 Success Materialism Freedom Progress Youth Capitalism http://www.thesource.com Online
37. Subculture Subculture A homogeneous group of people who share elements of the overall culture as well as unique elements of their own group. LO 5 http://www.dead.net Online
38. Social Class LO 5 Social Class A group of people in a society who are considered nearly equal in status or community esteem, who regularly socialize among themselves both formally and informally, and who share behavioral norms.
54. Perception LO 8 Selective Exposure Selective Distortion Selective Retention
55. Perception LO 8 Selective Exposure Selective Distortion Selective Retention Consumer notices certain stimuli and ignores others Consumer changes or distorts information that conflicts with feelings or beliefs Consumer remembers only that information that supports personal beliefs
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58. Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs LO 8 A method of classifying human needs and motivations into five categories in ascending order of importance.
60. Types of Learning LO 8 Experiential Conceptual An experience changes behavior Not learned through direct experience http://www.cspinet.org Online
61. LO 8 Beliefs and Attitudes Belief Attitude An organized pattern of knowledge that an individual holds as true about his or her world. A learned tendency to respond consistently toward a given object.
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Notas do Editor
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Marketing cannot be accomplished in isolation. Even though the marketing function resides with marketers, the concept of marketing must permeate the entire organization.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Whether a company is analyzing buying behavior, sharpening its target marketing skills, or understanding the competition, information is the key to success. It should realize that the marketplace belongs to the entire company, making it everyone’s responsibility to gather marketplace information. Consumer product and service preferences are constantly changing. Understanding consumer behavior can help marketing managers adapt the marketing mix to influence consumer purchasing decisions. For example, if a manager knows through research that gas mileage is the most important attribute for a certain target market, the manufacturer can redesign the product, and create the appropriate marketing mix, to meet that criterion.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The consumer decision-making process represents a general five-step process that moves the consumer from recognition of a need to the evaluation of a purchase decision. It is a guideline for studying how consumers make decisions. Note that consumer decisions may not proceed in order through all the processes, and in fact, may end at any time without a purchase decision.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The consumer decision-making process is shown here and described on subsequent slides.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The first stage in the decision-making process is need recognition.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: A marketing manager’s objective is to get consumers to recognize an imbalance between their present status and their preferred state. Advertising and sales promotion often provide this stimulus. Recognition of needs may be triggered by internal stimuli, such as hunger and thirst, or by external stimuli, including package design, advertisements, or a brand name mentioned by a friend. Surveying buyer preferences provides information about consumer wants and needs that can be used to tailor products and services. For example, Proctor & Gamble used the Internet to test market its Crest Whitestrips home-bleaching kit. The test revealed that 80% of potential buyers were women between ages 35 and 54, identifying the best target market. Discussion/Team Activity List products and services that have been purchased recently. Indicate the types of internal and/or external stimuli that influenced the decision.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Marketers create new products and services by observing trends in the marketplace, and can create wants on the part of the consumer. Consumers recognize unfilled wants in various ways, in particular, in the ways shown on this slide.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: An internal information search is the process of recalling information in memory. This includes prior experience or prior knowledge about a product. An external information search relies on information in the outside environment. This includes personal and public references, advertisements, and publicity. External information may be obtained from non-marketing controlled sources and/or marketing controlled sources. Nonmarketing controlled sources include personal experience, personal sources, and public sources such as Underwriters Laboratories. Marketing-controlled information is biased toward a specific product because it originates with marketers promoting that product. These sources include mass-media advertising, sales promotion, salespeople, product labels and packaging, and the Internet.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The extent to which an individual conducts an external source depends on such factors as the perceived risk of purchasing a product, knowledge, prior experience, and level of interest in the good or service. The external search is also influenced by the consumer’s confidence in decision making. If a consumer has prior experience, he/she will spend less time searching. Discussion/Team Activity: Discuss information searches conducted for products or services recently evaluated or purchased. Characterize this discussion based on the factors described on this slide.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The information search should yield a group of brands, or evoked set, which are the consumer’s preferred alternatives. From this set, consumers will further evaluate the alternatives and make a choice. Discussion/Team Activity: Describe the evoked set derived from information searches previously conducted. What were the characteristics that made these products the preferred alternatives?
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Once the evoked set is constructed, the consumer is ready to make a decision. One way to make a choice is to pick product attributes that are important to him/her, then exclude all products in the set that do not meet that criteria. Another way to narrow the number of choices is to use cutoffs, or minimum or maximum levels of an attribute that an alternative must have. Many times, price is an important cutoff attribute. The goal of the marketing manager is to determine which attributes have the most influence on a consumer’s choice, and design a marketing mix that stresses those attributes to the consumer. A single attribute, such as price, may not always explain a consumer’s evaluation of products. Attributes that the marketer may consider important are not always important to the consumer. Brand names, such as Johnson & Johnson, have a significant impact over the choice of products.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Following the evaluation of alternatives, the consumer decides which product to buy or decides not to buy at all.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Once a purchase decision is made, the next step in the process is the evaluation of the product after purchase. Consumers expect certain outcomes from the purchase, and how well these expectations are met determines the level of customer satisfaction. Price influences the level of expectations for a product or service. When people feel inconsistency between their values or opinions and their behavior, they feel an inner tension called cognitive dissonance. In purchase decisions, this is also called “buyer’s remorse.” Marketers try to reduce any lingering doubt. For example: Why do people who have been repeatedly warned that cigarettes are bad for their health continue to smoke? Because smokers "know" one thing and "feel" another—that's cognitive dissonance at work .
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Marketing managers can help reduce cognitive dissonance through effective communication with consumers, such as follow-up notes, advertising, and guarantees. Discussion/Team Activity: Discuss any of your purchases that generated cognitive dissonance and what was done to address the situation. What role, if any, did marketing play in minimizing cognitive dissonance? What was the outcome? Discuss ways in which the provider of the products/services might have reduced this inner tension.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Consumer buying decisions fall along a continuum of three broad categories: routine response behavior, limited decision making, and extensive decision making. Routine response behavior: Frequently purchased, low-cost goods and services, with low involvement on search and decisions by consumers before making the purchase. Consumers buy first and evaluate later. Limited decision making: Consumer has previous product experience but is unfamiliar with the current brands available. A moderate effort is spent searching for information or in considering alternatives. Extensive decision making: Applies to unfamiliar, expensive products, or an infrequently bought item. The most complex type of consumer buying decisions, and is associated with high involvement on the part of the consumer. Discussion/Team Activity: Name products that fall into each of the decision making descriptions, and describe the decision making process for each.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The level of consumer involvement is the most significant determinant in classifying buying decisions. Involvement is the amount of time and effort a buyer invests in the search, evaluation, and decision processes of consumer behavior.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: 1. Exhibit 5.2 compares the three categories of buying decisions.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making NOTES:
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making NOTES:
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making NOTES:
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The level of involvement in the purchase depends on the following factors: Previous experience: When consumers have had previous experience with a product or repeat trials, quick choices are made. Interest: Involvement is directly related to consumer interests, such as cars, motorcycles, or electronics. Perceived risk of negative consequences: As the risk increases, so does the consumer level of involvement. Risks include financial risks, social risks, and psychological risk. Situation: The circumstances of a purchase may transform a low-involvement decision into a high-involvement one. For example, a low-priced brand of wine may be purchased routinely, but a high-involvement decision might be required for purchasing a more prestigious wine for a special occasion. Social visibility: Involvement increases as the social visibility of a product increases. These products that make a statement about the user may include cars, jewelry, furniture, and clothing.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: For high involvement products, a good ad gives consumers the information they need for making the purchase decision, as well as specifying the benefits and advantages of owning the product. For low-involvement purchases, customers may not recognize their wants until they are in the store. In-store promotion and package design are important tools for catching the customer’s attention. Good displays can help explain a product’s purpose and create recognition of a want.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The consumer decision-making process is strongly influenced by cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors. Exhibit 5.3 summarizes these influences.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: 1. This list contains the defining components of culture. Push students to think about American cultural elements for each category. Slide 39 in this deck will give a sample list of values.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Culture is: Pervasive: Cultural values influence individual life, yet most are completely unaware of its presence. What people eat, how they dress, and what language they speak are all cultural dimensions. Functional: By establishing expectations, culture gives order to society, such as laws. Learned: Culture is not genetic. Instead, consumers must learn what is acceptable from family and friends. Dynamic: It adapts to changing needs and an evolving environment. The rapid growth of technology has accelerated the rate of cultural change. In the U.S., diversity is causing major shifts in culture. There are tremendous marketing opportunities for products and services geared to the Hispanic, African American, and Asian American segments.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The most defining element of a culture is its values. People with similar value systems tend to react alike to prices and other marketing-related inducements. Values also correspond to consumption patterns.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Online The Source What culture does the material at The Source Web appeal to? How would you define it? Consider that culture in terms of its components, and explain why you think The Source transcends the typical racial segmentation of culture. Notes: This slide lists components of core American values—those considered central to the American way of life. The personal values of the target market have important implications for marketing managers. When marketers understand the core values, they can target their message more effectively. For example, the personal values of seniors, baby boomers, and Generations X and Y are quite different. Discussion/Team Activity: Discuss the personal values of each of the age groups listed above, and what marketing managers can do to appeal to each group.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Online Grateful Dead What kind of marketing program could you design to attract the subculture of Grateful Dead followers? Visit the GD Online Store to see how marketers are currently doing this. What other elements of the site could help you design a successful program?
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Marketers are interested in social class for the reasons of determining which medium to use for advertising, and for determining where best to distribute their products.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Consumers interact socially with reference groups, opinion leaders, and family members to obtain product information and decision approval.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Reference groups are characterized as either direct or indirect. Direct reference groups may be primary or secondary. Primary membership groups include all groups with which people interact regularly in an informal way, such as family, friends, and coworkers. People associate with secondary membership groups less consistently and more formally. This includes clubs, professional groups, and religious groups. Indirect reference groups include aspirational reference groups, such as organizations that a person would like to join. On the other hand, a nonaspirational reference group is one that someone wants to avoid being identified with.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: For marketers, reference groups have three implications, as stated on this slide. Understanding the effect of reference groups on a product is important for marketers in tracking the product life cycle.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Reference groups often include individuals known as opinion leaders who influence others.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Opinion leaders are often the first to try new products. Technology companies have found that teenagers, because of their willingness to experiment, are key opinion leaders for the success of new technologies. Opinion leadership is a casual, face-to-face phenomenon. Location can be a challenge. Marketers may try to create opinion leaders, such as cheerleaders or civic leaders. On a national level, companies sometimes use prominent public figures, such as movie stars, sports figures, and celebrities to promote products. For example, Nike signed Tiger Woods as its spokesperson. Steve & Barry’s signed Stephon Marbury to promote a new athletic shoe. Discussion/Team Activity: Name examples of opinion leaders, and the promoted products/services, in each of the categories shown on this slide.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The family is the most important social institution for many consumers, influencing values, attitudes, and buying behavior. Purchase decisions vary significantly among family members, who assume a variety of roles in the purchase process. Initiators are the ones who suggest or initiate the purchase process. Influencers are those members whose opinions are valued. Decision makers actually makes the decision to buy or not to buy. The purchaser is the one who exchanges money for the product. The consumer is the one who uses the product. Children can have great influence over the purchase decision.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: This slide represents the patterns of family purchasing relationships that are possible.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: A person’s buying decisions are also influenced by unique personal characteristics, such as gender; age and family life cycle; and personality, self-concept, and lifestyle. The physiological differences in men and women result in the need for different products. In addition, the distinct cultural, social, and economic roles of men and women result in differing decision-making processes. Men and women shop differently. As a broad statement, women enjoy shopping; men shop out of necessity in more convenient stores with less variety. Trends in gender marketing are influenced by the changing roles of men and women. With working women on the rise, many industries are directing their marketing attention to women. The age and family life cycle can have a significant impact on consumer behavior. Consumer tastes in clothes, food, cars, and recreation are often age related. Related to age is the family life cycle, an orderly series of stages through which consumers’ attitudes and behavior evolve through maturity, experience, and changing income and status. Personality is a broad concept combining psychological makeup and environmental forces. Self-concept combines the ideal self-image and the real self-image. Consumers seldom buy products that jeopardize their self-image. A lifestyle is a mode of living as identified by a person’s activities, interests, and opinions.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: The psychological influences are the factors consumers use to interact with their world. They are the tools used to recognize feelings, gather and analyze information, formulate thoughts and opinions, and take action.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: People cannot perceive every stimulus in their environment. They use selective exposure, along with the closely related concepts of selective distortion and retention to decide which stimuli to notice and which to ignore.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Discussion/Team Activity: Discuss examples representing each of the described perception states.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Marketers must recognize the importance of cues or signals in a consumers perception of products. Marketing managers first identify the important attributes such as those listed on this slide, then design signals to communicate these attributes to consumers.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making In 1957, a researcher claimed to have increased popcorn and Coca-Cola sales at a movie theater after flashing “Eat popcorn” and “Drink Coca-Cola” on the screen every five seconds for 1/300th of a second, although the audience did not consciously recognize the messages. Almost immediately consumer protection groups became concerned that advertisers were brainwashing consumers, and this practice was pronounced illegal in California and Canada. The researcher later admitted to making up the data, and scientists have been unable to replicate the study since. Nevertheless, consumers are still wary of hidden messages that advertisers may be sending.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: By studying motivation, marketers can analyze the major forces influencing consumers’ purchase decisions. When a product is purchased a need is usually fulfilled. These needs become motives when aroused sufficiently. Motives are the driving forces that cause a person to take action to satisfy those needs.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, shown in Exhibit 5.5 and here, arranges needs in ascending order of importance.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Online: Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI)) The CSPI regularly campaigns to change consumers’ beliefs about products it perceives as dangerous or harmful. What products are of interest to the CSPI at present? How should companies respond if their products become targets of the CSPI? Notes: Almost all consumer behavior results from learning, the process that creates changes in behavior through experience and practice. There are two types of learning: experiential and conceptual. Reinforcement and repetition boost learning. This is a key strategy in promotional campaigns because it can lead to increased learning. Generally, to enhance learning, advertising messages should be spread over time rather than clustered together.
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making Notes: Beliefs and attitudes are closely linked to values. If a product is meeting its goals, positive attitudes toward the product need to be reinforced. If the brand is not succeeding, the marketing manager must work to change the consumers’ attitudes toward it. Changes in attitudes can be accomplished in three ways: * Changing beliefs about the brand’s attributes * Changing the relative importance of these beliefs * Adding new beliefs
Chapter 6 Consumer Decision Making American Airlines and Wyndham hotels are working very hard at improving women’s perceptions of business travel. Negative perceptions, or negative brand attributes, such as frustration or insecurity have to be banished from the traveler’s experience, and replaced with positive brand attributes such as comfort, convenience, and safety. Each company has developed special programs designed with women in mind to foster the woman traveler’s belief that her business, and her continued input on how to improve travel, is especially valued. How valuable is her business? Nearly 40 percent, or 50 million, of American Airline's customers are women. If AA raises that number by just 2 percent, it will make another $94 million in annual revenue.
