This document discusses the agricultural practices and physical infrastructure in North East India. It notes that while the region has natural resources and suitable climate for agriculture, development has been lagging due to lack of appropriate strategies, inadequate infrastructure facilities, and low adoption of improved technology. The document then provides details on the various agricultural practices in the region and potential solutions to improve productivity. It also examines the physical infrastructure like roads, railways, and power in the region and ongoing projects to enhance connectivity and utilize hydroelectric potential for power generation.

1. By:
1) Madan gopal.E
2) Ananya Kondiparthy
3) Sathvika Sharma.V
4) Aditya Vangara
5)priyanka

2. North east india being blessed with nathural resources . It has been experiencing
industrialisation and socio-economic growth but at slower pace.

3. Agriculture :north east india a has a total geographical area of 18.4 million sq. km and a population of 9.6 million
representing 5.6% and 1.3% of the total area and population of the country, produces a very meagre proportion of food grains
(1.5%). The NorthEastern region falls under the high rainfall zone and the climate ranges from subtropical to alpine. The regio
characterized by difficult terrain, wide variations in slopes and altitudes, land tenure systems and indigenous cultivation practic
It has a total cropped area of 5.3 million hectares and a population of around 39 million. The region falls under high rainfallzo
and the climate ranges from subtropical to alpine
 Being in such a suitable climate for agriculture ,region is lagging in agricultural development contrary
the national ethos. Reasons include a lack of appropriate
 strategies for the development of natural resources,
 inadequate infrastructure facilities
 low adoption of improved technology

growth of
sunrise
states
agriculture
productivity
physical
infrastructur
social
infrastructure
trade
total:70% of region's
population
mizoram:51%
sikkin :89%

Based on this framework, the report tries to give a lowdown
on the development of specific actions and policy
improvements towards corrective measures as follows:
• To enhance the region’s capacity through appropriate
policy framework with an eye on the ASEAN markets
• To highlight the need for infrastructure and capacity
building measures and focus on policies to create
enabling environments for the export market
• To identify potential areas for future investment and
product development based on regional comparative
advantages


4.  The agricultural practices in the region are broadly of three distinct types:-
(I )settled farming practised (ii) shifting cultivation (iii slash and burn method.
The best solutions that could be practised for better productivity of agriculture are:
 Pesticide residue management and newer product development.
 Improvement of tea, ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees through application of biotechnology.
 Post-harvest engineering and technology can help farmers earn more and increase employment.
 New genes need to be introduced for increasing total biomass.
 To reduce post-harvest losses at production centres low cost eco-friendly on-farm storage structures can play a crucial r
 Judicious use of biotechnology tool in crop and livestock improvement
 Grassland improvement must be introduced
 Alternating crops for escaping pre-monsoon showers
 Creating cold storage facilities for perishable commodities
 Single window counter for agriculture queries must be opened by government which also helps with toll free numbers
Physical infrastructure
Physical infrastructure make a vital role in the development of the states.the main features in the physical infrastructure include
thefollowing . research of each of these subject would definetly make a change
Lets us discuss about the subjects one by one
1)Roads:
roads
railways
telecommunciations
power

5. Road is an important mode of travel in the hilly areas as other mode of travel is either too expensive or difficult.
The road infrastructure is relatively deficient in the NER although the region’s road density per capita is significantly higher
as compared to the rest of the country. Given the low density of population and the hilly terrain of the region this is an
expected outcome. The road length per unit area is higher only in Nagaland, Assam, and Tripura
(Length in km)
STATE
SARDP-NE Phase
'A'
Arunachal
Pradesh Package
of Roads and
Highways
SARDP-NE Phase
'B'
Grand Total
NHs SR/GSTotalNH
SR/GS/
Strtg
TotalNH
SR/GS/
Strtg
TotalNH
SR/GS/
Strtg
Total
Arunachal
Pradesh
52 212 264 1346835 2181 0 931 931 13981978 3376
Assam 1179177 1356 126 12 138 0 285 285 1305474 1779
Manipur 39 166 205 0 0 0 0 202 202 39 368 407
Meghalaya259 526 785 0 0 0 161 201 362 420 727 1147
Mizoram 221 100 321 0 0 0 416 272 688 637 372 1009
Nagaland 81 350 431 0 0 0 622 169 791 703 519 1222
Sikkim 80 505 585 0 0 0 0 68 68 80 573 653
Tripura 130 22 152 0 0 0 86 310 396 216 332 548
Total 20412058 4099 1472847 2319 12852438 3723 47985343 10141
The statistics shown beside is the state wise
length distribution under SARDP-NE
 The total length of roads in all the
seven state combined is 10141.
Hypothesis: 137,712 km is the total
india netwok roads..so calculation
%=137712/10141=13%.there is a
urgent need for improvement of
roads
 Manipur has the least number of
roads, so more money should be
allocated to Manipur
 Assam has the highest number of
roads , good trade prospective and
business management could be
proceeded
 The government is taking up these
projects under 1. National Highway
Development Programme (NHDP)-
 II proposes to link the east-west
corridor beginning at
 Porbandar, Gujarat to the NE through
a 678 km four-lane
 highway connecting Silchar to
Srirampur via LumdingDaboka-
Nagaon-Guwahati in Assam. This has
been
 entrusted to the NHAI under the
NHDP phase-II.
 2. NHDP-III proposes to widen 1,051
km stretches of various
 NHs to improve connectivity of state
capital towns.

6. Major Road Development Programs in
North East Region
LEGEND :-
1. Arunachal Package
2. SARDP NE, Phase- A
3. SARDP NE, Phase- B
4. East West Corridor
5. NH/Roads (In-Progress under SARDP-NE)
6. Completed stretches)
NH Network
with PWD
with BRO
NH yet to be Entrusted
Tawang
Vijaynagar
Panchao
Golaghat
Chandel
Tura
Lunglei
Seling
Champai
Palel
Peren
Kailasahar
Seppa
Balipara
Koloriang
Yingkiong
Pasighat
Anini
Hawai
Along
Ziro
Bishing
Jido
Singa
Sarkam Point
Jorging
Rowta
Maram
Theriat
Tuipang
Saiha
Ukhrul
Mokokchung
Migging
Bile
Tato
Taliha
Pango
AIZAWL
Mangan
Sivoke
Baghmara
SIKKIM
MIZORAM
NAGALAND
ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
CHINA
BHUTAN
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Mahadevpur
NATHULA
Srirampur
Silchar
GUWAHATI
IMPHAL
GANGTOK
ITANAGAR
AGARTALA
AIZAWL
MEGHALAYA
Boxirhat
Pangsu Pass
Jhanji
Dimapur
Tuensang
Moreh
Sabroom
150
31C
155
Daboka
Paikan
31A
54B
54A
Roing
Barapani
Namchik
61
Nagaon
Dhola
Makum
Bimlapur
52B
52B
Dhubri
Kokrajhar Barpeta
Baska
Udalguri
Morigaon
Diphu
Tamenglong
Lumla
Tashigaon
Silghat
Longleng
Mon
Zunheboto
Zhamai
Goalpara
Baihata
Charali
Dudhnai
Dalu
Gyalshing
Namchi
Melli
Singtam
`
Yupia
Road serving Kaladan Project
Daporijo
Bame
Tezpur
Numaligarh
Merangkong
Kanubari
Mawthabah
Chaigaon
ASSAM
Demagiri
TRIPURA
Manu
Jowai
Bypass
Shillong
Bypass
Silchar
Bypass
Haflong
Nongstoin
Dibrugarh
Bypass
Athibung
Khelema
62
51
31
36
37
37
61
39
54
39
40
44
53
39
54
44
44
155
151
150
152
229 52
52
52
37
229
38
153
44E
SHILLONG
44A
150
Nechipu
Hoj
Potin
Pahumara
Lumding
Khonsa
Changlang
Sadia
North
Lakhimpur
Jonai
KOHIMA
154
54
54
37
Kumarghat
Wakhaji
Pangin
Akajan
Jorabat
Wokha
Kukital
Phek
Williamnagar
Rangpo
Bagdogra
Silliguri
NayaBazar
Chalsa
WEST
BENGAL
Bogibeel bridge
with NHAI
Menla
Jaldhaka
31
Ranipul
CHINA
Shankshak
Tengnoupal
Yaingpokpi
MANIPUR
31B
37
62
40 40
36
37A
52A
52A
52
52
52B
150
53
Badarpur
Jiribam
36
54
153
Km 95 – 118 of NH 54
Km 10 – 18 of
NH 154
Boko
Mawshynrut
`
7
The solutions for the reasons
delay in progress:
 Forest clearance is the main
problem as most of the region is
under the forest cover. We
shouldn’t go for deforestation as
it may have may effects like
climate imbalance, global
warming ,soil erosion, floods
,etc.
So we should have sustainable
consumer options and the
corporate should plan
infrastructure with no forest
limits.
 Law and order-should short term
policies which would be not delay
the progress
 The contractors –well that slide
is taking from the government site
in which contractors “ran away” :P.
the solution is simple- the private
companies should be given contracts
rather than a individual.
 The infrastructure should be
given to engineers who could plan
the infrastructure in creative,
economic and innovative manner.
 The government should allot
necessary funds in developing the
states.
 More roads and railways should
be build for better connectivity of
trade

7. Railways :
Railways are the best mode of mass transportation in the country. However, in the hilly terrains of the NER it is difficult
and expensive to setup rail networks. This accounts for the absence or nominal presence of railway lines in hilly states
like Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram. The objectives for railways in north east are:
the Rail Budget 2012-13, a survey for railway electrification project has been sanctioned for Assam. It also envisaged
bringing the northern banks of the Brahmaputra river under rail connectivity. Tripura is another state in the NER where
development of railway infrastructure is picking up well. From 2000 to 2010, the length of railway route in Tripura has
increased from 41 km to 152 km. There are three major railway stations located in Dharmanagar, Agartala and Kumarghat.
The government has proposed a 14 km metre gauge railway line between Agartala (Tripura) and Akhaura (Bangladesh). In
addition, there is a proposed railway-link to be developed between Agartala and Sabroom, covering 110 km and expected to
be complete by 2014.In Arunachal, the nearest railway station is location at Harmoti in Assam 33 km from Itanagar. The
major functional rail head linking Manipur with the rest of India is at Dimapur (Nagaland), 215 km away from Imphal.
However, a railway line from Jiribam (on the Manipur-Assam border) is under construction as a national priority project. It is
expected to connect Imphal with the rest of India by 2016. New railway lines on Azra-Byrnihat, Dudnoi-Mehendipather and
ByrnihatShillong routes in Meghalaya are under construction. The construction of the extension of a vital broad gauge rail
link between Bairabi rail terminus on the Mizoram-Assam border and Sairang, a village 20 km west of Aizawl, is in progress.
Year Length
of BG
Route
Length
of MG
Route
Length
of NG
Route
Total
1990 772.47 2986.56 87.48 3846.51
2010 2775.72 1389.80 87.48 4253.00
2020 5806.14 50* 87.48* 5943.62
The table shown beside is the total
length of railway line in the year
1990,2010 and the expected number of
railway lines in the year 2020.

8. • The railway investment in NE region : Outlay -13 – Rs. 2333 crores for NE Region out of Total Budget Outlay of Rs 9875 cr. for
entire Indian Railways for NL, GC & Doubling Projects i.e. 23.62% of Railways Investment Budget.
•
• The ongoing railway projects in north east india
Funding for railway projects
 “Non-lapsable Rail Development Fund for National Projects of NE Region” has been approved by Cabinet
Committee on Infrastructure. Contribution to this Fund is 25% through Railway’s gross budgetary support and 75% as
additionality by Ministry of Finance
 As per the policy of the government, 10% of net budgetary support is to be spent in the region
597.01
840.85
978.95
1398.09
1870
2196.9
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Rs. Cr.
Rs. Cr.
Rs.
cr.
Years

9. 3) power :
The region is endowed with perennial rivers and water bodies, therefore, it has a huge hydroelectricity potential.
This potential, if tapped well, can be used to export power to other regions of the country. The spill-over benefits will be the
development of infrastructure such as roads, communications, and electricity supply to remote hilly areas, resulting in
better quality of life. States such as Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Meghalaya have huge potential in hydropower
generation.
(All figures in MW)
The table shows the installed thermal power capacity in the north eastern
region.
Many policies such as the ‘50,000MW hydro initiative’, the Hydro
Policy 2008 have been formulated by the central government to
promote investment in hydropower in the region. Under the
Mega Power Policy, the qualifying threshold capacity for setting
up hydropower plants in the region and for availing the special
benefits thereof is 350 MW, whereas for the rest of the country, it
is 500 MW.Under the Hydro Policy 2008 the project developers in
the central and state sector can explore the possibility of foreign
assistance to finance their projects. This assistance is already
being utilised by NEEPCO for Pare Hydro Electric Project and
MeSEB for Renovation and Modernisation
• According to an official document of NEEPCO, the hydro-power of the north eastern
region is estimated at about 58,971 MW.
• 19 power projects, including twelve 3,918 MW capacity hydel power projects and
four thermal power projects with installed capacity of 5,595 MW, are under progress
• The power plants either being set up or would be set up are in Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Mizoram and Tripura
STATE THERMAL
Assam 635.19
Arunachal Pradesh 15.88
Meghalaya 2.05
Tripura 237.35
Manipur 81.41
Nagaland 2
Mizoram 51.86
Total (NER) 1025.74
Sikkim 5
TOTAL (NER+SIKKIM) 1030.74

10. Weaknesses
 Lack of Physical infrastructure
 Inclement weather and difficult terrain
 Non-availability of accurate hydrological data
 Problems in Land acquisition and clearance
 Opportunities
 Encouraging response of private sector players
 Huge hydro potential of the order of 63000MW
 Huge Demand deficit in india provides export
 Threats
 Border issues disputes, riparian rights (intra state as well as international)
 Insurgency and Law and and orders issues
Recommendations:
• Government should take up the development of Assam and Meghalaya
• The issue of gas availability and pricing may be appropriately addressed for
exploiting the substantial gas reserves in the Region for power generation attention
should be given to inland water routes as a method of connectivity
• In planning road networks under SARDP particular attention should be given to
roads, bridges and underpasses with adequate design capacity considering
transportation of heavy ODCs to power projects
Waterways:

11. DEVELOPMENT OF WATER WAYS
1. Fairway with least available depth of 2.5 metre being maintained between Dhubri and Neamati (630 km)
2. Aids for 24 hrs navigation
3. Terminals with cargo handling equipment and Road- Rail link
4. 24 hrs navigation aids in 440 km (Dhubri- Silghat), which can be extended to entire waterway depending on necessity
5. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) station that provide safe navigation for Inland vessels using electronic
navigational charts set up at Jogighopa. Works nearing completion at Silghat and Dibrugarh. Another station proposed at Dhubri.
6. IWT Port at Pandu, Guwahati has been developed by IWAI as a hub for multimodal connectivity in the North-East region by
investing Rs. 100 Cr.
7. Floating terminals at Dhubri, Jogighopa, Tejpur, Silghat, Neamati, Bogibil (north & south banks), Dibrugarh, Panbari & Orium
ghat being maintained with pontoon and gangway
8. Critical deficiency - Absence of vessel Repair Facility. Assam Govt’s partially completed slipway at Pandu, Guwahati is being
proposed to be completed as joint project of IWAI, Assam Government & Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd (PSU under
M/o Defenc
Other Potential Feeder Waterways in NER
Assam 7 river stretches 405 km
Arunachal Pradesh 4 river stretches 311 km
Mizoram 3 river stretches 370 km
Meghalaya 3 river stretches 90km
Tripura 2 river stretches 126 km
Nagaland 3 river stretches 204 km
Manipur 1 stretch 60 km
Total 23 stretches 1566 km
Telecommunication
As on Assam North East All India
March 2006 5.67% 6.78% 12.74%
March 2007 9.74% 12.44% 18.22%
March 2008 14.74% 19.32% 26.22%
March 2009 20.65% 28.59% 36.98%
March 2010 29.99% 43.22% 52.74%
March 2011 38.98% 56.50% 70.89%
January 2012 46.07% 63.81% 77.57%

12. Shared Mobile Infrastructure Scheme
1. Purpose - Setting up and managing infrastructure sites for provision of mobile services in rural and
remote areas without existing fixed wireless/ mobile coverage
2. Habitations of more than 2000 covered
Status as on 31.03.2012 – 527/574 towers have been set up in NE Region
conclusion
Institutional change supporting economic enhancement and growth at a social level requires economic incentives, supported by
political will. With India moving into a new era of economic liberation, the region should not be left out. The framework for
development of the region can be broadly based upon four vital components. The first component of this development plan should be
social empowerment. It needs to empower rural communities, create sustainable institutions so that they manage common activities
around microfinance, livelihoods and natural resource management. The second component needs to be economic empowerment. The
objective of this component should ideally be to develop the capacity of rural communities to plan and manage funds for various
economic initiatives and common activities for the public. The third component will be partnership development. The objective of this
component should be to partner with various service providers, resource institutions and public and private sector organisations to
bring resources such as finance, technology, and marketing into the project so that the community groups are able to improve their
livelihoods. The fourth and final component will be project management. This will facilitate various governance, implementation, co-
ordination, learning and quality enhancement efforts in the project.Thus, with some of the changes tha tthis paper attempts to
deliberate upon, a process could be set in motion that could support the north east in its endeavor to contribute to the economic
resurgence of the home region as well as to the development of the rest of the country. It is vital that this process includes mechanisms
for equitably sharing the benefits to be derived from development and focusses not only on the big-ticket items that support broad-
based, long-term growth, but also on those complementary activities that have immediate impact on poverty reduction
References:By:
1)Indiancag-resources
2)ministry of development of northeast region
3) pppinindia.com/states_assam_infrastructure.php
4) www.slideshare.net/guptakshitij/north-east-india
5)www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/.../north-east_summit-2013.pdf
6)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Council
7)journal.asci.org.in/Vol...08)/37_2_2008_SHRIVASTAV%20P%20P.pdf