1. Future Cities:
Ensuring world class civic amenities in urban India
Transportation
Team: Ganesha (IIM Ahmedabad PGP II Students)
Amit Ajit Agarkhed Anirban R
Choudhury
Anubhav Sinha Manish Chandran Sangram K
Maharana
Drinking Water Sanitation
1

2. The growing burden on our cities
Urban,
17%
1951
Urban,
31%
2011
42.5%
of population will be urban, by 2025
- K. Laxmi Narayan, Social Demographer
Current Problems in Cities
Access to clean
water
Transportation Electricity Housing Sanitation
58% to 73%
Average access
to Urban
population
Rs 600,000 Cr
Is the annual
loss India bears
due to
congestion - TOI
6%
Urban
population has
no access to
electricity. Most
industries have
their own
generators
94%
Cities do not
have proper
sewerage
network
80%
Households
living in
congested
houses
The presentation focuses on cities
with large number of economic hubs
• Growth of such cities have been
impeded by
• Lack of transportation / high
congestion
• Low access to clean water
• Sanitation is closely related to
access to water. So partially this will
be covered by the presentation
• Electricity and Housing are
considered not to be a major issue as
of now.
The scope of the presentation: Improving congestion and access to clean water

3. Transportation Solution: Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Influence Zone: Maximum of 2000 meter wide belt on both sides of major public
transport corridor designed for multiple usage except those that are polluting. The goal
is to have low carbon high density sustainable cities.
• The government has to incentivize and/or penalize to encourage such layout
• Cluster size will depend on the capacity/ bottleneck of the transportation system
• Private players may resist and old layout may impede the implementation
Non-motorized transport: Dedicated lane for non motorized transportation has to
be developed.
• Government cannot force conversion from motorized transport to non-
motorized transport
• Government can just make the lane and the availability of road will force
people to convert by themselves
• Later PPP can be brought up to facilitate two wheeler sharing business
• Old layout may impede the implementation
Requires
high state
intervention
Requires
low state
intervention

4. Transit oriented development: what needs to be done
Major transport nodes
like metros and bus stops
within walk able distance
Creation of variety of
street level activities
including hawkers for
greater security and
enjoyment
Provision of adequate
amenities like public
toilets, resting seats
Disperse high traffic
volumes from major arterial
streets to multiple human-
scale streets
Provision of shortest direct
route to pedestrians to
Station and
shopping/industrial
complexes
Ensure reliability frequency
and affordability of public
transport systems
Dis-incentivize private
motor vehicles’ use as
through enforcement
measures like appropriate
costing of private parking
space
Fully dedicated right of way
for buses, integration with
metro rail network
Promotion of cleaner fuels
and vehicle technologies
Integrated long term land
use and transport planning
Community involvement in
city development
Increase FAR to increase
population density of
influence zones and prevent
urban sprawls
Develop Pedestrian
friendly environment:
Improve road
Connectivity and network
density:
Inducing more use of
public transport :
Adopting People-oriented
planning :

5. Non Motorized Transportation (NMT)
Encourage NMT as complement to current transportation options in specific area bound locations.
Availability of safe lane is
crucial for conversion of
passengers from motorized
transportation to NMT.
The lane must be located at
a large volume and high
traffic cluster areas
In a country like India, this
public property must have
limited access so that the
lane is not over utilized.
The proliferation in cycle
usage may increase other
negative externality such as
traffic jam in major roads,
more traffic accidents
Boundaries and guards must
be created
Outside residential area,
Government has to rely on
private bodies to facilitate
provision of cycles.
It is not recommended to
have cyclists ride cycles a
long distance which may
increase and slow down
traffics in major roads
The government should
have policing system, to
reduce theft, vandalization
and safety issues. These can
also be reduced by use of
technology such as tracking
devices, CC TV. But these
may not be possible at the
current city state
Development of lane: Excludability: PPP: Policing the usage:

6. Benefits
Benefits
Low financial requirement: The current
project of TOD in Bangalore shows that the
lane development ha required 0.6 million INR
per kilometer.
Reduction in traffic in major roads: This will
also reduce number of vehicles in the major
road. This will decrease accidents.
Reduction in fuel consumption: The use of
cycle will decrease demand of motorized
vehicles used for daily usages and hence fuel
consumption
More safe city: Eyes on road will improve
safety in the city
Development of local economy: Influence
zone will increase employment and safety
enhancing the local economy.
Social Benefit
• More safe city
• Reduce in accidents
• The social cost of
transportation will
reduce
Economic Benefit
• Low budget
requirement for
infrastructure
development
• The development of
TOD will benefit in
local economy
Environmental Benefit
• Less fuel consumption
• Less carbon emission

7. • Public Good: Treated as a public good, the focus has
shifted from water conservation and rational usage
• Pricing: Most cities have a flat pricing structure which
does not distinguish consumption of poor and rich
• Non revenue water1(NRW): In urban areas, NRW
accounts is estimated to be close to 40%-60%
• Accountability: The accountability between
institutions responsible for planning, financing,
development, O&M is non-existent.
• Lack of policy reforms: Lack of a robust PPP
framework has resulted in limited private players
participation
Water Problem: the time bomb is ticking….
• Per capita water availability is expected to decline by 26%
by 2025 & 36% by 2050 relative to 2001 levels.
• At the present, urban water service is riddled with
problems of limited coverage of house to house
connections, inadequate supplies and poor quality.
PROBLEMS GALORE:
1 Non revenue water: Difference between the amount of water put in the distribution system and the amount billed to the customer
• Incremental Block Tariff (IBT): Rate per unit of water
incrementally increases with consumption.
• This attaches an economic value to the good and hence
rational consumption.
• This helps solve the issues of pricing and water being
treated as public good
• Metering: Ministry of Urban Development report states
that 50% of the meters are defunct. Ensuring 100%
installation will help reduce NRW losses.
• Decentralization: would help adapt better to variations
in local conditions, water availability & capacity.
• Sustainable technologies: Wastewater treatment,
rainwater harvesting, wetland restoration, Water centric
design
FINDING A WAY OUT:

8. Solving the water problem
Benefits: Ensuring that
proper metering devices are
installed would help reduce
the leakage and hence the
NRW significantly.
Implementation issues:
High costs associated with
replacing defunct and
installing new meters in
every household. Apart
from the meters, relevant
control systems need to be
in place to monitor water
flows
Benefits: Using meters, the
usage of individual
households can be tracked.
Incremental tariff would
deter indiscriminate use of
water by the rich
Implementation issues:
Given the populist policies
pursued by the Gov.,
political will be initiate
such a change might be
limited. The impact on poor
can be restricted by creating
step increases based on
their average consumption
Benefits: Reduction in per
capita consumption, lower
strain on environment,
restoration of ecology and
larger community benefit.
Implementation issues:
The mind-set of the
regulatory bodies is still
oriented towards
centralized big-pipe
systems, the community is
risk-averse and it acts as a
barrier to adoption at small-
scale level
Benefits: Sustainable
model with principles of
recycling, waste-reduction,
adaptability and multi-
functional systems.
Implementation issues:
The biggest roadblock is
the lack of futuristic vision
in India.
Inability in terms of
technical competence and
hard-system capabilities
also hinder the progress in
developing such designs.
Metering Incremental tariff Decentralization Water centric design

9. Blend of decentralized system with current centralized network for sustainable water infrastructure
Approaches to decentralization:
• Water-efficient appliances
• Storm water retention and use
• Decentralized waste water treatment, reuse
and resource recovery
Impact of decentralization:
• Reduction in per capita water consumption
• Restoration of ecosystem
• Larger community benefit of infrastructure
system
Barriers
StructuralChanges
• Regulations support traditional
infrastructure
• Distorted pricing mechanism
• Risk Aversion
• Conventional attitude and expectation
• Utilities oriented around big-pipe infra
• Integrated planning, funding,
regulations and design
• Expanding role of private sector
• Link professional practices with
community participation
• Stimulating continuous innovation
New Paradigm – Decentralized Water Infrastructure

10. All policies must follow “The Four Pillars” of Sustainable Infrastructure
• Better Management – shift utility management beyond compliance to sustainability and improved
performance
• Full Cost Pricing – pricing structure that recovers full cost of providing the services over long-term
• Water Efficiency – Promote water efficiency, use of efficient product and services
• Watershed Approach – Cost effective alternatives: source water protection, water quality trading, storm
water and waste water management
A Water-Centric Designs
Water systems that mimic and work with nature
Multiple sustainability objectives:
• Public health & safety
• Restore natural landscape
Principles of nature that can be adapted:
• Modular units, bottom up
• Multi-functional
• Recycles, use and reuse
• Adaptability and No-waste
Water at the center of sustainable design & principles
An example : Dockside Green, Victoria
Development concept based on Integrated
Resource Management with waste water treatment
and disposal that will enhance environment quality
• Closed loop cycle to minimize operating cost
• Re-claimed water supply for flushing, irrigation
Change of perspective in measuring levels of service (Sustainability Focus)
• Shifting from compliance to existing regulations to integrated resource and community benefits
• Shifting from customer satisfaction perspective to multiple stakeholder decision making process
New Paradigm – Sustainable Infrastructure & Water-Centric Designs

11. Reference
• Energy Scenario and Vision 2020 in India
• Urban Sanitation in India: A Snapshot
• http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/publications-
2011/Water_Report.pdf
• http://www.unicef.org/india/Final_Report.pdf
• http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/606
• http://www.ndwrcdp.org/documents/DEC6SG06a/Case%20Studies%
20on%20New%20Water%20Paradigm.pdf
• http://www.epa.gov/safewater/smallsystems/pdfs/guide_smallsyste
ms_fullcost_pricing_case_studies.pdf