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Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 17-11-2012 6 - terence robinson
1. Fire Blight-Resistant Apple Rootstocks
Terence Robinson, Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle
Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University Geneva, New York, 14456
USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456
2. Fire Blight Infection of
Rootstocks is a Major Problem in
the USA
• Infection of susceptible rootstocks results
in the death of the tree
Infection
3. Fire Blight Limits Planting of New Varieties
The high susceptibility of new varieties
such as Pink Lady and Jazz make it
difficult to plant new orchards on M.9
rootstock.
With a fire blight-resistant rootstock,
when the tree is infected the tree survives
and the infected branches can be quickly
re-grown.
4. The Geneva Apple Rootstock Breeding and Development Program
Cornell University Program 1968-2008
Dr. James Cummins and Herb Aldwinckle
Joint Program with USDA and Cornell University (1998-present)
Dr. Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle and Terence Robinson
Goal: Produce a series of rootstocks which are resistant to
important rootstock diseases and insects that are dwarfing,
productive and efficient.
• Resistance to fire blight
• Resistance to Phytopthora root rot
• Resistance to woolly apple aphid
• Cold tolerant
• Resistant to apple replant disease.
5. Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding Team:
Gennaro Fazio
James Cummins Terence Robinson Herb Aldwinckle
6. Breeding
New Apple
Rootstocks
Seed is harvested (5,000 per year)
Crosses are made with bees
Seedlings are inoculated with Phytophthora
and Fire blight (95% are killed) Rootstocks are budded and tested in the field
7. Rootstock Evaluations at Geneva:
• In the greenhouse
– Fire blight
– Phytophthora
– Wooly apple aphid
• In the nursery
– Spines
– Rooting
• In the orchard
– Survival
– Tree size
– Yield efficiency
– Fruit size
– Suckering
– Tolerance to fire blight
– Tolerance to replant disease
– Graft union strength
8. DNA Fingerprinting: The Geneva® rootstocks are a distinct
genetic group from most commercial rootstocks
G 3007
G .935
M.9 or MM.111 G
O
5179
.3
G .202
Malling MM.106
M.2 PiAu5683 G
G
.30
.11
Alnarp B .9
Cluster M .4
M
M .8
.20
M.1 M P.18 PiAu
M.13 P.14.7 5111 JM
J.9
.10
0.81
0.81 J-TE -C V .1 M .27 J-TE-G
G.65 M.11 Pi80
M
M.3.10 M? M .9
M .9T337
J.9 V .2
Pi80
M.9T337 514
B .9 PiAu
.118 M.26 M ?
G.41 M P.1
M.25 M J-TE
.8 -G P.14
V.7 M .20 G.16
0.14 V.2 V .1
G.202 B.9 P.1.491 G.41
.11 .30 O.3
G G B
JM.10 M .27
G3007 PiAu5111M
G.65
W
R.5 GG
.935
5179 M .10
M .13
M .26
III A lnarp
-0.52 PiA u514
1.00
1.00 M .1
M .2
M .4
M .11
07
0.47
.4 M .3
G.16 PiA u5683
M .7
-1 9
.1
-1.19 II -0.06
II Novole PiA u5111
P.18
R .5
NAGb
Maru a
A V .7
-0.59 J-TE-C
M .25
M .106
M
M .111
M
-1.11
-1.86
-1 6
.8 B .491
-1.03
-1.03 B .118
M arub a
-0.59
-0.59 N G
A A
-0.15
-0.15 N ovole
0.29
0.29 0.00 0.21 0.42 0.63 0.83
I
I Coefficient
Commercial Apple Rootstocks Represent a Very Restricted Gene Pool
0.72
13. Tolerance of Geneva Rootstocks to Fire Blight Inoculation
and Natural Infection
(Norelli, et al. 2002)
% Tree Death due to Fire Blight
Rootstock Inoculation Natural Infection
M.26EMLA 100 93
M.9 91 95
M.7 -- 31
MM.111EMLA 8 15
G.11 25 25
G.16 0 0
G.30 0 4
G.41 0 0
14. Sensitivity of Various CG Rootstocks to Different Strains of
Fire Blight
% of Shoot Infected
Rootstock Ea273 EA2002 E4001a E2017p
G.11 2 13 11 0
G.16 0 33 26 7
G.30 1 45 39 5
G.41 0 17 5 --
G.935 6 56 30 6
G.202 31 44 21 19
M.7EMLA 12 42 45 11
M.9EMLA 91 96 87 --
M.26EMLA 83 74 -- --
15. Summary of Fire Blight Inoculation Trials
• G.16, G.41, G.214 and G.202 are highly resistant to field
inoculations of the scion with a high dose of fire blight but may
not be resistant to all strains of fire blight.
• G.11, G.65 and G.935 are moderately resistant to field
inoculations of the scion with fire blight.
20. Propagation of Geneva® Rootstocks
• Several Geneva Rootstocks root poorly in the stoolbed.
• We are conducting research to improve stoolbed performance
- Regalis treatment of stoolbed
- Tissue Culture to induce greater juvenility in stoolbed
- Tissue Culture plants as rootstocks
21. Micropropagation of Geneva® Rootstocks
Rooted G.41 plants at NA-Plants
Shelves full of G.41 plantlets at
North American Plants
ProTree Nursery Micropropagation
Lab - Rooted acclimated plants G.935
25. Additional Rootstock Studies
• Uptake of mineral nutrients
• Drought tolerance
• Root architecture
• QTL mapping of root characteristics
26. Geneva® Rootstock Commercialization in North America
• Propagation licenses held by:
Treco
Willow Drive Nursery
Willamette Nursery
Copenhaven
Mori Nursery (Canada)
Consortio Sacramento (Mexico)
Others in the future
• Rootstocks being commercialized
G.11
G.41
G.214
G.935
G.202
G.30
G.969
27. G.11
• Tree size similar to M.9 T337.
• Very high yield efficiency
• Large fruit size
• Tolerant to Replant Disease
Geneva® 11 M9-T337
• Resistant to Fire Blight but not
immune.
• Resistant to Crown Rot
• Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid
• Good rooting in stoolbed
Courtesy of Stefano Musacchi
28. G.41
• M.9 vigor
• Very high yield efficient
• Highly productive
• Very precocious
• Resistant to replant disease
• Very cold hardy
• Does well in warmer climates
(Mexico)
• Highly Resistant to Fire Blight and
Crown Rot and Wooly Apple Aphid
• Requires tissue culture mother plants
for stoolbed
G.41 Fuji CIV 2008
29. G.214
Vigor similar to M.9 Pajam2
Highly yield efficient
Highly productive
Good precocity
Tolerant to replant disease
Resistant to Fire Blight, Crown Rot
and Wooly Apple Aphid
Very good stool bed propagation
No commercial production of liners.
G.214 Washington
30. G.935
• Vigor intermediate between M.9
Pajam 2 and M.26
• Very high yield efficiency
• Very cold hardy
• Resistant to Replant Disease
• Resistant to Fire Blight and Crown
Rot
• Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid
31. G.202
• Size similar to M.26
• Precocious, productive
• Resistant to woolly apple aphid,
fire blight, and crown rot
• Tolerant to apple replant disease
• Good choice for weak growing
cultivars like Honeycrisp
• Moderate rooting in stoolbed
G.202 New Zealand
32. G.210
• Vigor between M.7 and MM.106
• Precocious, productive
• Yield efficiency similar or better
than M.9
• Resistant to apple replant disease.
• Resistance to woolly apple aphid,
fire blight, and crown rot.
• Good rooting in stoolbed few spines.
• Mostly for Organic Production
G.210
33. Geneva Rootstock Liner Production in the USA
1,200,000
G.11
G.41
1,000,000
Liners Production (number)
G.935
G.16
800,000 G.30
G.202
Total CG
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
2009 2010 2011 2012
34. Geneva® Rootstock Commercialization in Europe
• Propagation licenses held by:
Janssen (Netherlands)
DL (France)
Castang (France)
CIV (Italy)
Others in the future
• Rootstocks being commercialized
G.11
G.41
G.214
G.935 (Weak varieties)
G.202 (Weak varieties or Organic)
G.210 (Organic)
• About 20,000 liners of G.11 and G.41
in 2012
35. Released Geneva® Apple Rootstocks Arranged by Tree Size
Seedling Size
M.7-MM106 Size
M.26 Size
M.9 PAJ 2
M.9 T337
M.27 Size
G.65 G.11 G.41 G.935 G.202 G.30
G.16 G.214 New
G.969 G.210 G.890 Releases
G.222 G.213