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Fire Blight-Resistant Apple Rootstocks




        Terence Robinson, Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle
         Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University Geneva, New York, 14456
          USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456
Fire Blight Infection of
Rootstocks is a Major Problem in
the USA
• Infection of susceptible rootstocks results
in the death of the tree




Infection
Fire Blight Limits Planting of New Varieties

The high susceptibility of new varieties
such as Pink Lady and Jazz make it
difficult to plant new orchards on M.9
rootstock.

With a fire blight-resistant rootstock,
when the tree is infected the tree survives
and the infected branches can be quickly
re-grown.
The Geneva Apple Rootstock Breeding and Development Program

Cornell University Program 1968-2008
   Dr. James Cummins and Herb Aldwinckle


Joint Program with USDA and Cornell University (1998-present)
   Dr. Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle and Terence Robinson

Goal: Produce a series of rootstocks which are resistant to
important rootstock diseases and insects that are dwarfing,
productive and efficient.
   • Resistance to fire blight
   • Resistance to Phytopthora root rot
   • Resistance to woolly apple aphid
   • Cold tolerant
   • Resistant to apple replant disease.
Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding Team:




                                                 Gennaro Fazio




James Cummins Terence Robinson Herb Aldwinckle
Breeding
                                     New Apple
                                     Rootstocks




                                                   Seed is harvested (5,000 per year)
Crosses are made with bees




Seedlings are inoculated with Phytophthora
and Fire blight (95% are killed)             Rootstocks are budded and tested in the field
Rootstock Evaluations at Geneva:
• In the greenhouse
    – Fire blight
    – Phytophthora
    – Wooly apple aphid
• In the nursery
    – Spines
    – Rooting
• In the orchard
    – Survival
    – Tree size
    – Yield efficiency
    – Fruit size
    – Suckering
    – Tolerance to fire blight
    – Tolerance to replant disease
    – Graft union strength
DNA Fingerprinting: The Geneva® rootstocks are a distinct
          genetic group from most commercial rootstocks
                                                                                                            G 3007
                                                                                                             G .935
      M.9 or                                                 MM.111                                         G
                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                              5179
                                                                                                                  .3
                                                                                                             G .202
      Malling                                                  MM.106
                                                                         M.2               PiAu5683            G
                                                                                                               G
                                                                                                                .30
                                                                                                                .11
                                                                                            Alnarp              B .9
      Cluster                                                                                  M .4
                                                                                                              M
                                                                                                                M .8
                                                                                                                .20
                                                                   M.1 M P.18 PiAu
                                                                    M.13 P.14.7         5111                 JM
                                                                                                                 J.9
                                                                                                                .10
      0.81
      0.81                                            J-TE -C V  .1      M  .27                            J-TE-G
                                                        G.65                           M.11                    Pi80
                                                                        M
                                                                        M.3.10              M?                  M .9
                                                                                                         M .9T337
                                                                               J.9                              V .2
                                                                       Pi80
                                                                         M.9T337 514
                                                                          B .9 PiAu
                                                                            .118 M.26                           M  ?
                                                G.41                      M                                     P.1
                                                        M.25            M J-TE
                                                                           .8 -G                               P.14
                                                             V.7          M  .20                               G.16
       0.14                                          V.2                                                        V .1
                                              G.202                      B.9      P.1.491                      G.41
                                                      .11 .30 O.3
                                                     G G                            B
                                                                                   JM.10                      M .27
                                                  G3007                                               PiAu5111M
                                                                                                               G.65
                                                                                                                W
                    R.5                       GG
                                               .935
                                                  5179                                                        M .10
                                                                                                              M .13
                                                                                                              M .26
III                                                                                                         A lnarp
        -0.52                                                                                             PiA u514
                                                      1.00
                                                      1.00                                                      M .1
                                                                                                                M .2
                                                                                                                M .4
                                                                                                              M .11
                                           07
                                           0.47
                                           .4                                                                   M .3
                                                                                  G.16                  PiA  u5683
                                                                                                                M .7
         -1 9
           .1
          -1.19              II -0.06
                             II                                 Novole                                  PiA  u5111
                                                                                                               P.18
                                                                                                                R .5
                                                                                         NAGb
                                                                                         Maru a
                                                                                            A                   V .7
                          -0.59                                                                            J-TE-C
                                                                                                              M .25
                                                                                                          M .106
                                                                                                            M
                                                                                                          M .111
                                                                                                            M
             -1.11
             -1.86
              -1 6
                .8                                                                                           B .491
                 -1.03
                  -1.03                                                                                      B .118
                                                                                                           M  arub a
                                  -0.59
                                   -0.59                                                                    N G
                                                                                                              A A
                                                  -0.15
                                                   -0.15                                                   N  ovole
                                                                0.29
                                                                0.29                                              0.00   0.21      0.42       0.63   0.83
                                             I
                                             I                                                                                  Coefficient
                   Commercial Apple Rootstocks Represent a Very Restricted Gene Pool
                                                                           0.72
Map for Marker Assisted Breeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               More Dwarfing?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Precocity??
                    DWARFING                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Root
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Replant Resistance??
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Ottawa 3 X Robusta 5 Pseudotestcross Map
   LG01                    LG02                            LG03                    LG04                        LG05                               LG06                    LG07                       LG08                            LG09                        LG10                        LG11                   LG12                    LG13                               LG14                                   LG15                    LG16                        LG17


 0.0   E36M50_143    0.0      CN493139               0.0      E38M47_110         0.0      E40M62_163     0.0          E36M47_120            0.0      E33M47_88          0.0   MalRoot175_1_320     0.0      E33M47_86          0.0      CH04c06y_3         0.0          E36M62_400     0.0      E41M48_169        0.0   E40M48_52         0.0      CH05h05                   0.0      E37M49_73                     0.0      Hi02g06        0.0      E38M47_76      0.0      CH04c06y_2
                                                                                                                                                                        2.7   E35M50_204
                                                     4.1      E35M50_220
                                                                                                                                                                        5.6   E38M48_131                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    5.2      CH02d10a
                                                                                                                                                                                                   6.8      E38M49_58                                                                  6.5      E36M50_223
                     8.1      CH02c02a_3             8.4      CH03e03                                                                                                                                                                                      8.2          Malus_4829
       CH05g08                                                                                                                                                          8.7   E38M59_311           9.6      Malus_2421                                                                                            9.3   CH05d04
 9.4                10.1      Hi02a07                                            9.5      E36M62_163                                                                                                                                                       9.6          MS06g03        9.8      CH04h02_1                                10.0      E41M48_75                                                                                9.7      C11_1400
                    11.1      CH02c02a_2                                                                                                                                                          10.0      NF2_H11-310                                                                                                                                                                                            10.7      E33M47_215                            11.0      E38M47_96
                                                                                                                      MalRoot4870_1_360    12.3      AE01_730         13.2    E36M50_147                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   12.0      CH05b06z_1
                    12.7      CH02c02a_4                                                                12.7                                                                                                                                                                          13.3      CH04h02_3                                13.3      Hi07b02_2
14.1   E36M62_129                                   14.5      E35M50_213        14.3      CH04e02                                                                     13.7    E37M48_134
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          16.8          CH02b03b
16.3   Hi07d08      16.2      E35M48_124                                                                                                                              17.0    E40M47_80
                                                                                                                                                                                                  17.6      Hi04b12                                       17.0          CH01f07a                                 17.5   E41M48_386                 AU223486
                                                    17.9      E35M47_255        17.8      E36M62_161                                                                          E36M50_169                                                                                                                                                 17.7                                                                      18.0      E38M59_79
                                                                                                        18.7          E38M50_213           19.2      AA11_480         19.1                                                    18.7      E38M49_404        17.2          MS02a01       19.1      MalRoot439_180   20.1   E35M50_163
                                                                                                                                                                              CH05b06z_3                                                                                                                                                 19.4      CH05c06_1                                                                                         CH05c06_2
                                                                                                                                                                      19.9                                                                                                                                       20.8   NZ28f04                                                                                                            20.1
                                                                                                        21.2          Malus_4760           22.2      E33M47_260
                                                    22.0      CH03g07                                                                                                                                                                                                                 22.4      E35M48_148       23.3   E35M50_162
                                                                                                                                           22.3      E40M60_64                                    22.9      CH01c06_1                                                                           E36M62_71                                23.4      E35M50_395                                                                              23.3      CH01f03
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      23.0                       25.5   CH05d11
                                                    24.5      E38M49_271                                                                   23.5      NZ03c01x_1                                                               25.1      GD142             24.8          E38M48_270
                    26.1      E41M50_103                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              24.8      E35M47_306       28.1   E38M59_193
                                                                                26.6      AC17_600                                         26.4      E36M50_414       27.5    Hi04c10x_2
                    27.3      NZ03c01x_2                                                                                                                                                                                      27.0      E38M49_249                                    27.6      E37M48_467       30.5   E37M48_295                                                                                                         27.6      E35M50_93
                                                    28.4      E38M59_359        27.5      GD154_4                                                                     27.8    CH04e05                                                                     27.8          GD158_1                                                                                                       GD126
                                                                                                        29.1          E37M47_271           30.2      E35M48_66                                                                                                                                                   30.7   E38M50_204       29.2      Hi07b02_4                28.5
                                                    28.8      E35M47_488        30.0      E40M62_162                                                                  29.7    C02-1200                                                                                                                                                                                                E37M62_192                                           29.5      NH007b
                                                                                                                                           32.0      E33M47_165                                   30.4      CH02g09                                                                                              31.0   E35M48_185                                          30.2                                                                                   30.7      Malus_2952
                                                    30.9      E38M49_253                                                                                              30.9    E35M48_149                                      32.2      E33M48_339
                    32.7      E40M60_132                                                                                                   33.3      E38M49_131                                   32.6      E38M48_340                                                                                           32.9   CH01g12
                                                                                34.0      E40M47_108                                                                                                                          32.8      E40M60_172                                                                                       37.0      GD147                                                                                                           33.8      CH05g03
                    34.7      E38M48_71                                                                 34.6          CH03a09              34.3      CH03d07                                                                                                                          34.1      CH02d08          34.9   GD6_1                                               34.5      E40M48_56
                                                    35.7      E33M47_252        35.3      E41M48_214                                                                                              34.9      E36M47_218                                                                                                                   38.5      GD161
                              E40M60_131                                                                                                   36.8      E40M48_155       35.7    E40M62_239                                                                                                                         36.1   MalRoot452_450
                    37.7                            36.1      E38M50_202        36.0      E38M50_360                                                                                              37.2      E40M60_223        36.9      NH029a            37.0          E38M59_54                                                        41.7      E35M50_356                                                                                                      37.0      E38M50_417
                              E40M62_128                                                                                                   37.0      F09_690                                                                                                                                    E36M47_235       37.9   E37M48_297
                    38.9                            36.7      E40M50_102                                                                                                                          38.3      E38M48_296        38.3      E40M62_67                                     38.1                                               45.0      NH009b                   38.2      E35M47_150                   38.7      E38M48_103                            38.3      E33M48_196
                              E36M62_111                                        40.6      GD162         39.4          GD154_3              37.9      E35M48_165                                                                                           39.4          D03_900                                  39.4   CH01f02                                                                                                            39.7      Hi04e04
                    42.2                            39.3      E36M62_150                                                                                                                          41.3      E35M50_249                                                                                                                   45.3      Hi20b03                            E37M47_362                                                                   39.8      CH01h01
40.8   Hi12c02                                                                  41.6      Malus_2604                                       41.0      E38M47_99        41.0    E40M47_105                                                                                                                         40.4   E38M50_133                                          40.6
                    43.6      Hi05c06_5                                                                                                                                                           41.7      E37M49_435                                    42.0          E33M47_102    41.9      E38M48_236                               52.4      Hi03e04
                                                    43.2      E36M47_105        42.1      CH05d02                                          41.3      Hi01d05                                                                                                                                                                                                                43.5      E37M47_370
                    43.7      E40M50_62                                                                                                                                                           43.9      E35M47_125                                                                43.8      E38M50_86                                54.1      E35M48_472
                                                    43.3      E38M47_421        44.6      E38M48_163                                                                          MalRoot452_620                                                                                                                     44.3   E38M49_219                                          43.8      E33M48_281
                    46.1      E38M47_136                                                                                                                              44.8                                  E38M49_223
                                                                                45.4      E33M48_153                                                                                              44.7                                                                                                                                   57.3      E35M48_405
                    47.1      CH02c06                                                                                                                                 47.0    D08_930                                                                                                 47.3      E38M47_225       47.0   E37M62_113       58.0      E37M49_152                                                      47.1      CH02c02a_1
47.8   KA4B                                                                     45.9      GD6_2         47.5          CH05e06
                    49.3      CH03d10 CH02a04z                                                                                                                        48.5    E38M49_265                                      48.4      E38M50_291                                                               48.9   E38M50_224       59.1      CH03h03z_1                         CH01g05
                                                    49.4      E35M48_97         47.9      E40M48_84                                        49.4      Malus_2852                                             E38M59_282                                                                                                                                                      49.9
                    50.7      E35M47_252                                                                                                                              50.6    E40M48_133          49.9                                                                                50.4      E40M48_140
                                                                                51.1      Hi04c10x_4                                       51.3      CH03d12                                                                  51.3      E41M48_295                                                                                       59.9      CH05f04 E35M50_215       50.1      CH03d08                                                                      51.4      GD96
                    52.1      E38M50_192 AE01_980   52.0      Hi04c10x_1                                52.5          CH04g09y                                                                                                                                                                                                           60.6      CH03a08                            E38M48_272
                                                                                                                                           52.9      E35M47_168                                                                                                                       53.1      E38M47_223       53.7   E37M62_381                                          52.7
                    52.7      CH05e03                                                                   53.9          Hi21c08                                         53.7    E37M62_123          53.5      E38M59_117                                    53.8          E38M47_162                                                                 E40M47_235                                                                                                      53.5      GD153
                                                                                                                                           54.2      E38M50_130                                                               54.4      CH05c07                                                                  55.0   E35M48_178       61.2                               54.6      E37M49_86
                    53.7      MalRoot1512_240                                   55.5      E37M49_416                                                                                                                                                                                  55.1      E38M49_62                                          E35M47_200
                                                                                                                                                                      56.2    CH03h03z_2                                                                                                                         55.2   E36M62_197       61.9                               56.9      E41M50_316                                           56.1      E38M59_66
                    55.2      E35M47_483            57.2      E38M49_178                                                                                                                          57.1      Malus_2950_1_2    56.8      Hi05e07
                                                                                                                                                                      57.4    E38M49_339                                                                                                                                                 62.4      C02-680                  57.2      E37M47_369                                           57.7      E38M50_173
                    57.4      CH03d01               58.8      E38M50_450                                58.9          P15_430                                                                     58.1      Hi23g12                     E38M48_290                                                                                                                                                                 59.0      E33M47_225                            58.6      Hi07b02_3
                                                                                59.2      E36M50_190                                       59.5      E33M48_175       60.5    E40M62_89                                       59.5                                                                                                       63.6      E38M50_111               60.4      CH05g07z_2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        E35M47_344                                                                                                                                                                                         60.1      CH05a04
                    60.9      E40M60_205                                        61.4      Hi07b02_5     62.2          A09-960                                         61.6    E38M47_238                                      60.4                                                                                                       63.9      E35M50_260               61.1      E37M62_198                                                                   61.7      Hi07b02_1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          62.4          E41M50_268                               62.3   E40M62_266
                    62.6      E36M62_202                                                                62.4          E40M50_61                                       62.2    K1_G01_190          63.1      E35M48_162        63.5      E38M59_94                                                                                        64.2      E38M48_372               61.7      E40M47_268                                                                   62.2      Hi03c05_2
                                                    64.3      E37M48_116                                                                   63.6      E35M50_156                                                                                           62.6          E40M62_100                               63.8   CH01b12y
       E36M50_106                                                                                                                                                                                                             64.6      CH01h02_2                                                                                        64.6      E35M48_219 E40M62_111    63.1      E38M48_266                   64.4      Hi06f09
65.1                                                65.4      E35M48_375        65.3      E37M48_319                                                                  66.4    E38M49_98           66.1      E37M48_263        65.9      CH01h02_1                                                                                        65.2      E35M50_121               65.4      E40M47_221                                                                   66.6      E40M60_174
                    67.6      E35M48_156            67.8      E40M60_220                                67.8          E38M50_149                                      67.3    E38M59_141                                                Hi01d01                                                                                                                                                                                            67.2      GD154_2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              67.4                                                              E37M48_356                               65.6      E38M49_375               68.3      CH03a02
                    68.9      E36M47_85             68.8      AU223657          70.0      E37M47_80     69.6          E37M47_276                                      68.5    E38M50_115          69.5      Hi04e05                                                                   68.5
                                                                                                                                           69.5      Malus_2950_2_1                                                           70.1      E41M48_117        69.8          NR1_F02_300                                                      65.9      E36M50_293                                                      70.1      E33M48_336
                                                                                70.1      E38M47_240    71.1          E38M50_271                                      70.1    E40M47_75           70.7      E33M48_157                  MalRoot831_280                                71.1      CH04g07                                                                                                                                                            71.0      E40M47_162
71.7   E35M47_351                                   71.5      Hi04c10x_3                                                                                                                                                      70.9                                                                                                       66.7      E38M48_259
                                                                                                        73.6          Hi04d02                                         71.8    E40M48_160                                                                                                                         72.2   E41M50_139                                                                                                                   E41M50_177
                                                                                          E36M50_74                                        73.9      Malus_2950_1_6                               74.2      E38M47_361        72.9      E40M60_283        73.3          CH02c11                                                          67.4      G17_395                  73.0      E36M62_177                                           73.9                    73.6      E38M50_148
                                                                                73.6                    76.5          E37M62_214                                                                                                                                                                                 73.8   E38M59_82                                                                                  75.4      E38M47_103
                                                                                                                                           75.0      Malus_2950_1_1                               75.2      E33M47_466        73.4      GD158_2           75.0          CH01f12       74.7      Hi06b06                                  68.5      E41M48_461                                                                              74.4      E36M62_185    74.6      E38M47_407
                                                              MalRoot439_410                            77.4          GD136                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        77.5      E35M50_164
                                                    76.1                                                                                   75.1      AJ000761         76.3    E36M62_214          75.7      E37M49_203        74.4      CH05d08y_2                                                                                       70.1      E41M50_274               77.0      E35M50_63                                            77.5      CH04f10
77.7   E35M50_132                                                                                       79.1          E37M62_206                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   80.4      E40M48_138
                                                    79.0      E37M62_104                                                                   77.2      Malus_1521                                                               75.2      E38M59_99                                                                                        71.8      E35M48_182               78.0      CH05g07z_1                                           77.9      Hi01c11x
                                                                                                        80.7          Hi11a03                                                                     79.5      E37M49_181                                    79.1          E33M48_330                                                                                                                                 81.2      CH02d11
                                                    79.2      E36M50_196                                                                                                                                                      76.0      E38M48_74                                                                                        71.9      E36M62_154                                                                              80.0      Hi01d06y      79.6      Hi05c06_1
81.1   Hi05c06_3                                                                                        81.9          E40M60_179                     Malus_2950_1_4                               80.5      E40M48_101                                    80.5          E37M49_234                                                                                                                                 82.0      CH03b10
                                                                                                                                           81.1                                                                               78.9      E33M48_56                                                                                        74.4      MalRoot5915_2_380                                                                       81.7      E36M62_168
81.4   Hi02c07                                                                                          83.9          CH03a04                                         82.4    E37M48_296                                                                                                                                                                                    82.2      E38M47_232                   82.6      E36M62_190
                                                    83.1      Hi07e08x                                                                                                                                                        79.1      E38M48_379        83.3          CH02a10                                                          74.8      E35M47_193                                                                              82.4      E37M48_309
                                                                                83.9      D11_850       85.0          E38M48_253                                                                                                                                        E38M49_138                                                                                                                                 83.2      NZ02b01                               83.9      S_allele
84.8   E38M48_435                                                                                                                                                                                                             81.4      E38M47_174        84.8                        85.0      E37M48_209                               81.3      E35M47_330                                                                              84.4      E41M50_98
                                                                                                        86.1          CH04e03                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      83.4      E38M59_150
86.4   Hi02b10                                                                                                                                                                                                                84.9      E36M50_323        86.2          E38M48_229                                                       83.3      Hi05c06_4                                                                               85.0      E35M47_153
                                                                                                        87.7          CH02a08z                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     84.5      Hi04c05                               87.6      E33M48_132
88.1   Hi05c06_2                                                                                                                           88.6      Malus_5871                                                               86.4      E35M50_279        87.3          E38M49_218                                                                                                                                                         87.1      E35M50_120
                                                    89.4      E37M48_97         89.5      E37M47_280    88.6          E36M47_229                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   85.3      E35M47_356                            89.7      CH05d08y_1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              89.1      E35M47_459        89.5          E35M48_179
                                                                                                        89.7          E38M50_124                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            91.8      Malus_2950_1_3               86.9      E40M60_130    91.1      E38M49_101
                                                                                                                                                                      92.0    Malus_3760                                      91.8      E35M47_368        92.0          Hi04f08
                                                                                                        91.0          E38M59_216                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Malus_2950_2_2 Malus_2940    89.6      E33M48_184
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          93.5          CH04c06y_1                                                       93.6      GD154_1                  92.3
                                                    94.5      E37M47_174                                92.9          E38M48_433                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Malus_2950_1_5               92.4      G1_F08_415
                                                                                                                                           95.4      CH03c01                                                                                              94.6          E33M48_360
                                                                                                        94.8          E35M50_451                                                                                                                                        CH02b07
                                                                                97.5      C02-950                                                                                                                                                         96.8                                                                           97.1      NZ03c01x_4                                                      96.9      E36M62_77     97.0      E38M50_279    97.6      E33M48_466
                                                    98.2      HGA8bY                                    97.5          LD_T _500                                       98.3    Hi05b09                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C19_1200
                                                                                                                                                                                                  99.0      E36M62_207                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             97.8
                                                                                                        99.4          E38M47_53                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   100.0      E38M48_172
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         100.4          Hi02d04                                                                                                                                                                      E40M47_82
                                                                                                       100.3          E38M50_270                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          101.1
                                                                                                                                          102.6      NR1_E03_250                                 102.8      E37M62_361                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            103.3      E38M49_88
                                                                               103.3      CH02c06b     102.2          CH01c06_2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   103.1      E37M48_71
                                                                                                                                                                                                 103.0      E35M48_62                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             103.6      E40M62_78
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           105.1      MalRoot452_260                                      106.4      E37M47_261
                                                                                                       106.9          E33M47_126                                                                                             106.6      E35M50_92
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          106.8      E37M49_137
                                                                                                       108.1          CH04h02_2                                                                                                                          108.6          E37M48_180                                                                                                                                108.3      CH02c09

                                                                                                                                                                                                            E33M47_90                                    111.4          G09_1400
                                                                                                       112.8          E38M59_366                                                                 112.1
                                                                               113.0      E41M50_56

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  117.1      E36M50_69
                                                                                                       118.4          CH04h02_4                                       117.9   E40M47_73



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          124.1      E40M48_282




       Apple Scab                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Powdery Mildew                                                                                           Wooly Apple Aphid
Released Geneva® Apple Rootstocks Arranged by Tree Size
                                                           Seedling Size

                                               M.7-MM106 Size
                                   M.26 Size
                       M.9 PAJ 2
            M.9 T337
M.27 Size




 G.65 G.11 G.41 G.935 G.202     G.30
           G.16 G.214                                                        New
                          G.969 G.210 G.890                                Releases
                    G.222 G.213
The Geneva® rootstocks
are much more resistant
 to fire blight than most
     other rootstocks.
Rootstock Blight Development after Inoculation of Gala Trees on
                      Various Rootstocks
Tolerance of Geneva Rootstocks to Fire Blight Inoculation
                 and Natural Infection
                     (Norelli, et al. 2002)

                     % Tree Death due to Fire Blight
Rootstock         Inoculation          Natural Infection
M.26EMLA            100                       93
M.9                  91                       95
M.7                  --                       31
MM.111EMLA            8                       15
G.11                25                        25
G.16                  0                        0
G.30                  0                        4
G.41                  0                        0
Sensitivity of Various CG Rootstocks to Different Strains of
                        Fire Blight
                            % of Shoot Infected
Rootstock       Ea273       EA2002      E4001a      E2017p
G.11            2           13          11          0
G.16            0           33          26          7
G.30            1           45          39          5
G.41            0           17          5           --
G.935           6           56          30          6
G.202           31          44          21          19
M.7EMLA         12          42          45          11
M.9EMLA         91          96          87          --
M.26EMLA        83          74          --          --
Summary of Fire Blight Inoculation Trials
• G.16, G.41, G.214 and G.202 are highly resistant to field
  inoculations of the scion with a high dose of fire blight but may
  not be resistant to all strains of fire blight.
• G.11, G.65 and G.935 are moderately resistant to field
  inoculations of the scion with fire blight.
Performance of McIntosh with Geneva and Supporter Rootstocks after 10 years
                               (B&D Plot)
Performance of Golden Delicious with Geneva Rootstocks after 8 years
                            (Cahoon Plot)
Performance of Gala with Geneva, Supporter, JM and PiAu Rootstocks after 7 years
                                 (Han 15 Plot)
Trunk X-Sect. Area (cm2)




                   10
                           20
                                      30
                                                 40
                                                        50
                                                             60




            0
     M27
 CG2034
 CG4202
      JM4
 CG4088
 CG5757
  CG2406
  CG2022
 CG5030
    CG11
       M9
 CG3007
PiAu5111
 CG4003
 CG6874
  CG4214
     M26
    JM10
  CG4004
  CG7480
  CG4019
  CG4049
  CG6969
  CG5087
  CG5202
 CG8534
 CG4814
      JM1
  CG4011
  CG5935
  CG6006
  CG5257
  MM106
                                                                   (Crist Bros. Plot)




  CG5012
       M7
  CG6210
  CG6879
  CG8189
 PiAu514
 PiAu568
  CG6976
     B118
 CG5890
  CG6001
  CG6253
  CG4013
    JTEB
      JM2
 CG4213
    JTEC
  CG5463
  CG6589
                                                                                        Performance of Fuji with 53 Rootstocks after 4 years




 CG6024
            0.0
                    0.5
                                1.0
                                           1.5
                                                      2.0
                                                             2.5




                  Yield Efficiency (kg/cm2TCA)
Propagation of Geneva® Rootstocks
• Several Geneva Rootstocks root poorly in the stoolbed.
• We are conducting research to improve stoolbed performance
   - Regalis treatment of stoolbed
   - Tissue Culture to induce greater juvenility in stoolbed
   - Tissue Culture plants as rootstocks
Micropropagation of Geneva® Rootstocks




                                              Rooted G.41 plants at NA-Plants


Shelves full of G.41 plantlets at
North American Plants




                                    ProTree Nursery Micropropagation
                                    Lab - Rooted acclimated plants G.935
Rooting of G.41 Apple Rootstock from tissue culture plants
Rows of Commercial G.41 rootstocks
Propagation by Cuttings is Expanding




                                       Typical Rooting of G.41
Additional Rootstock Studies

•   Uptake of mineral nutrients
•   Drought tolerance
•   Root architecture
•   QTL mapping of root characteristics
Geneva® Rootstock Commercialization in North America
• Propagation licenses held by:
    Treco
    Willow Drive Nursery
    Willamette Nursery
    Copenhaven
    Mori Nursery (Canada)
    Consortio Sacramento (Mexico)
    Others in the future

• Rootstocks being commercialized
   G.11
   G.41
   G.214
   G.935
   G.202
   G.30
   G.969
G.11
• Tree size similar to M.9 T337.
• Very high yield efficiency
• Large fruit size
• Tolerant to Replant Disease
                                      Geneva® 11           M9-T337
• Resistant to Fire Blight but not
  immune.
• Resistant to Crown Rot
• Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid
• Good rooting in stoolbed




                                     Courtesy of Stefano Musacchi
G.41
• M.9 vigor
• Very high yield efficient
• Highly productive
• Very precocious
• Resistant to replant disease
• Very cold hardy
• Does well in warmer climates
  (Mexico)
• Highly Resistant to Fire Blight and
  Crown Rot and Wooly Apple Aphid
• Requires tissue culture mother plants
  for stoolbed



                                          G.41 Fuji CIV 2008
G.214
   Vigor similar to M.9 Pajam2
   Highly yield efficient
   Highly productive
   Good precocity
   Tolerant to replant disease
   Resistant to Fire Blight, Crown Rot
    and Wooly Apple Aphid
   Very good stool bed propagation
   No commercial production of liners.



                                          G.214 Washington
G.935
• Vigor intermediate between M.9
  Pajam 2 and M.26
• Very high yield efficiency
• Very cold hardy
• Resistant to Replant Disease
• Resistant to Fire Blight and Crown
  Rot
• Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid
G.202
• Size similar to M.26
• Precocious, productive
• Resistant to woolly apple aphid,
  fire blight, and crown rot
• Tolerant to apple replant disease
• Good choice for weak growing
  cultivars like Honeycrisp
• Moderate rooting in stoolbed
                                      G.202 New Zealand
G.210
• Vigor between M.7 and MM.106
• Precocious, productive
• Yield efficiency similar or better
  than M.9
• Resistant to apple replant disease.
• Resistance to woolly apple aphid,
  fire blight, and crown rot.
• Good rooting in stoolbed few spines.
• Mostly for Organic Production




                                         G.210
Geneva Rootstock Liner Production in the USA
                             1,200,000
                                           G.11
                                           G.41
                             1,000,000
Liners Production (number)



                                           G.935
                                           G.16
                              800,000      G.30
                                           G.202
                                           Total CG
                              600,000


                              400,000


                              200,000


                                    0
                                    2009              2010   2011   2012
Geneva® Rootstock Commercialization in Europe
• Propagation licenses held by:
    Janssen (Netherlands)
    DL (France)
    Castang (France)
    CIV (Italy)
    Others in the future

• Rootstocks being commercialized
   G.11
   G.41
   G.214
   G.935 (Weak varieties)
   G.202 (Weak varieties or Organic)
   G.210 (Organic)

• About 20,000 liners of G.11 and G.41
 in 2012
Released Geneva® Apple Rootstocks Arranged by Tree Size
                                                           Seedling Size

                                               M.7-MM106 Size
                                   M.26 Size
                       M.9 PAJ 2
            M.9 T337
M.27 Size




 G.65 G.11 G.41 G.935 G.202     G.30
           G.16 G.214                                                        New
                          G.969 G.210 G.890                                Releases
                    G.222 G.213
Questions?


Fuji/G/41   Fuji/G.214

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Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 17-11-2012 6 - terence robinson

  • 1. Fire Blight-Resistant Apple Rootstocks Terence Robinson, Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University Geneva, New York, 14456 USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456
  • 2. Fire Blight Infection of Rootstocks is a Major Problem in the USA • Infection of susceptible rootstocks results in the death of the tree Infection
  • 3. Fire Blight Limits Planting of New Varieties The high susceptibility of new varieties such as Pink Lady and Jazz make it difficult to plant new orchards on M.9 rootstock. With a fire blight-resistant rootstock, when the tree is infected the tree survives and the infected branches can be quickly re-grown.
  • 4. The Geneva Apple Rootstock Breeding and Development Program Cornell University Program 1968-2008 Dr. James Cummins and Herb Aldwinckle Joint Program with USDA and Cornell University (1998-present) Dr. Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle and Terence Robinson Goal: Produce a series of rootstocks which are resistant to important rootstock diseases and insects that are dwarfing, productive and efficient. • Resistance to fire blight • Resistance to Phytopthora root rot • Resistance to woolly apple aphid • Cold tolerant • Resistant to apple replant disease.
  • 5. Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding Team: Gennaro Fazio James Cummins Terence Robinson Herb Aldwinckle
  • 6. Breeding New Apple Rootstocks Seed is harvested (5,000 per year) Crosses are made with bees Seedlings are inoculated with Phytophthora and Fire blight (95% are killed) Rootstocks are budded and tested in the field
  • 7. Rootstock Evaluations at Geneva: • In the greenhouse – Fire blight – Phytophthora – Wooly apple aphid • In the nursery – Spines – Rooting • In the orchard – Survival – Tree size – Yield efficiency – Fruit size – Suckering – Tolerance to fire blight – Tolerance to replant disease – Graft union strength
  • 8. DNA Fingerprinting: The Geneva® rootstocks are a distinct genetic group from most commercial rootstocks G 3007 G .935 M.9 or MM.111 G O 5179 .3 G .202 Malling MM.106 M.2 PiAu5683 G G .30 .11 Alnarp B .9 Cluster M .4 M M .8 .20 M.1 M P.18 PiAu M.13 P.14.7 5111 JM J.9 .10 0.81 0.81 J-TE -C V .1 M .27 J-TE-G G.65 M.11 Pi80 M M.3.10 M? M .9 M .9T337 J.9 V .2 Pi80 M.9T337 514 B .9 PiAu .118 M.26 M ? G.41 M P.1 M.25 M J-TE .8 -G P.14 V.7 M .20 G.16 0.14 V.2 V .1 G.202 B.9 P.1.491 G.41 .11 .30 O.3 G G B JM.10 M .27 G3007 PiAu5111M G.65 W R.5 GG .935 5179 M .10 M .13 M .26 III A lnarp -0.52 PiA u514 1.00 1.00 M .1 M .2 M .4 M .11 07 0.47 .4 M .3 G.16 PiA u5683 M .7 -1 9 .1 -1.19 II -0.06 II Novole PiA u5111 P.18 R .5 NAGb Maru a A V .7 -0.59 J-TE-C M .25 M .106 M M .111 M -1.11 -1.86 -1 6 .8 B .491 -1.03 -1.03 B .118 M arub a -0.59 -0.59 N G A A -0.15 -0.15 N ovole 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.21 0.42 0.63 0.83 I I Coefficient Commercial Apple Rootstocks Represent a Very Restricted Gene Pool 0.72
  • 9. Map for Marker Assisted Breeding More Dwarfing? Precocity?? DWARFING Root Replant Resistance?? Morphology Ottawa 3 X Robusta 5 Pseudotestcross Map LG01 LG02 LG03 LG04 LG05 LG06 LG07 LG08 LG09 LG10 LG11 LG12 LG13 LG14 LG15 LG16 LG17 0.0 E36M50_143 0.0 CN493139 0.0 E38M47_110 0.0 E40M62_163 0.0 E36M47_120 0.0 E33M47_88 0.0 MalRoot175_1_320 0.0 E33M47_86 0.0 CH04c06y_3 0.0 E36M62_400 0.0 E41M48_169 0.0 E40M48_52 0.0 CH05h05 0.0 E37M49_73 0.0 Hi02g06 0.0 E38M47_76 0.0 CH04c06y_2 2.7 E35M50_204 4.1 E35M50_220 5.6 E38M48_131 5.2 CH02d10a 6.8 E38M49_58 6.5 E36M50_223 8.1 CH02c02a_3 8.4 CH03e03 8.2 Malus_4829 CH05g08 8.7 E38M59_311 9.6 Malus_2421 9.3 CH05d04 9.4 10.1 Hi02a07 9.5 E36M62_163 9.6 MS06g03 9.8 CH04h02_1 10.0 E41M48_75 9.7 C11_1400 11.1 CH02c02a_2 10.0 NF2_H11-310 10.7 E33M47_215 11.0 E38M47_96 MalRoot4870_1_360 12.3 AE01_730 13.2 E36M50_147 12.0 CH05b06z_1 12.7 CH02c02a_4 12.7 13.3 CH04h02_3 13.3 Hi07b02_2 14.1 E36M62_129 14.5 E35M50_213 14.3 CH04e02 13.7 E37M48_134 16.8 CH02b03b 16.3 Hi07d08 16.2 E35M48_124 17.0 E40M47_80 17.6 Hi04b12 17.0 CH01f07a 17.5 E41M48_386 AU223486 17.9 E35M47_255 17.8 E36M62_161 E36M50_169 17.7 18.0 E38M59_79 18.7 E38M50_213 19.2 AA11_480 19.1 18.7 E38M49_404 17.2 MS02a01 19.1 MalRoot439_180 20.1 E35M50_163 CH05b06z_3 19.4 CH05c06_1 CH05c06_2 19.9 20.8 NZ28f04 20.1 21.2 Malus_4760 22.2 E33M47_260 22.0 CH03g07 22.4 E35M48_148 23.3 E35M50_162 22.3 E40M60_64 22.9 CH01c06_1 E36M62_71 23.4 E35M50_395 23.3 CH01f03 23.0 25.5 CH05d11 24.5 E38M49_271 23.5 NZ03c01x_1 25.1 GD142 24.8 E38M48_270 26.1 E41M50_103 24.8 E35M47_306 28.1 E38M59_193 26.6 AC17_600 26.4 E36M50_414 27.5 Hi04c10x_2 27.3 NZ03c01x_2 27.0 E38M49_249 27.6 E37M48_467 30.5 E37M48_295 27.6 E35M50_93 28.4 E38M59_359 27.5 GD154_4 27.8 CH04e05 27.8 GD158_1 GD126 29.1 E37M47_271 30.2 E35M48_66 30.7 E38M50_204 29.2 Hi07b02_4 28.5 28.8 E35M47_488 30.0 E40M62_162 29.7 C02-1200 E37M62_192 29.5 NH007b 32.0 E33M47_165 30.4 CH02g09 31.0 E35M48_185 30.2 30.7 Malus_2952 30.9 E38M49_253 30.9 E35M48_149 32.2 E33M48_339 32.7 E40M60_132 33.3 E38M49_131 32.6 E38M48_340 32.9 CH01g12 34.0 E40M47_108 32.8 E40M60_172 37.0 GD147 33.8 CH05g03 34.7 E38M48_71 34.6 CH03a09 34.3 CH03d07 34.1 CH02d08 34.9 GD6_1 34.5 E40M48_56 35.7 E33M47_252 35.3 E41M48_214 34.9 E36M47_218 38.5 GD161 E40M60_131 36.8 E40M48_155 35.7 E40M62_239 36.1 MalRoot452_450 37.7 36.1 E38M50_202 36.0 E38M50_360 37.2 E40M60_223 36.9 NH029a 37.0 E38M59_54 41.7 E35M50_356 37.0 E38M50_417 E40M62_128 37.0 F09_690 E36M47_235 37.9 E37M48_297 38.9 36.7 E40M50_102 38.3 E38M48_296 38.3 E40M62_67 38.1 45.0 NH009b 38.2 E35M47_150 38.7 E38M48_103 38.3 E33M48_196 E36M62_111 40.6 GD162 39.4 GD154_3 37.9 E35M48_165 39.4 D03_900 39.4 CH01f02 39.7 Hi04e04 42.2 39.3 E36M62_150 41.3 E35M50_249 45.3 Hi20b03 E37M47_362 39.8 CH01h01 40.8 Hi12c02 41.6 Malus_2604 41.0 E38M47_99 41.0 E40M47_105 40.4 E38M50_133 40.6 43.6 Hi05c06_5 41.7 E37M49_435 42.0 E33M47_102 41.9 E38M48_236 52.4 Hi03e04 43.2 E36M47_105 42.1 CH05d02 41.3 Hi01d05 43.5 E37M47_370 43.7 E40M50_62 43.9 E35M47_125 43.8 E38M50_86 54.1 E35M48_472 43.3 E38M47_421 44.6 E38M48_163 MalRoot452_620 44.3 E38M49_219 43.8 E33M48_281 46.1 E38M47_136 44.8 E38M49_223 45.4 E33M48_153 44.7 57.3 E35M48_405 47.1 CH02c06 47.0 D08_930 47.3 E38M47_225 47.0 E37M62_113 58.0 E37M49_152 47.1 CH02c02a_1 47.8 KA4B 45.9 GD6_2 47.5 CH05e06 49.3 CH03d10 CH02a04z 48.5 E38M49_265 48.4 E38M50_291 48.9 E38M50_224 59.1 CH03h03z_1 CH01g05 49.4 E35M48_97 47.9 E40M48_84 49.4 Malus_2852 E38M59_282 49.9 50.7 E35M47_252 50.6 E40M48_133 49.9 50.4 E40M48_140 51.1 Hi04c10x_4 51.3 CH03d12 51.3 E41M48_295 59.9 CH05f04 E35M50_215 50.1 CH03d08 51.4 GD96 52.1 E38M50_192 AE01_980 52.0 Hi04c10x_1 52.5 CH04g09y 60.6 CH03a08 E38M48_272 52.9 E35M47_168 53.1 E38M47_223 53.7 E37M62_381 52.7 52.7 CH05e03 53.9 Hi21c08 53.7 E37M62_123 53.5 E38M59_117 53.8 E38M47_162 E40M47_235 53.5 GD153 54.2 E38M50_130 54.4 CH05c07 55.0 E35M48_178 61.2 54.6 E37M49_86 53.7 MalRoot1512_240 55.5 E37M49_416 55.1 E38M49_62 E35M47_200 56.2 CH03h03z_2 55.2 E36M62_197 61.9 56.9 E41M50_316 56.1 E38M59_66 55.2 E35M47_483 57.2 E38M49_178 57.1 Malus_2950_1_2 56.8 Hi05e07 57.4 E38M49_339 62.4 C02-680 57.2 E37M47_369 57.7 E38M50_173 57.4 CH03d01 58.8 E38M50_450 58.9 P15_430 58.1 Hi23g12 E38M48_290 59.0 E33M47_225 58.6 Hi07b02_3 59.2 E36M50_190 59.5 E33M48_175 60.5 E40M62_89 59.5 63.6 E38M50_111 60.4 CH05g07z_2 E35M47_344 60.1 CH05a04 60.9 E40M60_205 61.4 Hi07b02_5 62.2 A09-960 61.6 E38M47_238 60.4 63.9 E35M50_260 61.1 E37M62_198 61.7 Hi07b02_1 62.4 E41M50_268 62.3 E40M62_266 62.6 E36M62_202 62.4 E40M50_61 62.2 K1_G01_190 63.1 E35M48_162 63.5 E38M59_94 64.2 E38M48_372 61.7 E40M47_268 62.2 Hi03c05_2 64.3 E37M48_116 63.6 E35M50_156 62.6 E40M62_100 63.8 CH01b12y E36M50_106 64.6 CH01h02_2 64.6 E35M48_219 E40M62_111 63.1 E38M48_266 64.4 Hi06f09 65.1 65.4 E35M48_375 65.3 E37M48_319 66.4 E38M49_98 66.1 E37M48_263 65.9 CH01h02_1 65.2 E35M50_121 65.4 E40M47_221 66.6 E40M60_174 67.6 E35M48_156 67.8 E40M60_220 67.8 E38M50_149 67.3 E38M59_141 Hi01d01 67.2 GD154_2 67.4 E37M48_356 65.6 E38M49_375 68.3 CH03a02 68.9 E36M47_85 68.8 AU223657 70.0 E37M47_80 69.6 E37M47_276 68.5 E38M50_115 69.5 Hi04e05 68.5 69.5 Malus_2950_2_1 70.1 E41M48_117 69.8 NR1_F02_300 65.9 E36M50_293 70.1 E33M48_336 70.1 E38M47_240 71.1 E38M50_271 70.1 E40M47_75 70.7 E33M48_157 MalRoot831_280 71.1 CH04g07 71.0 E40M47_162 71.7 E35M47_351 71.5 Hi04c10x_3 70.9 66.7 E38M48_259 73.6 Hi04d02 71.8 E40M48_160 72.2 E41M50_139 E41M50_177 E36M50_74 73.9 Malus_2950_1_6 74.2 E38M47_361 72.9 E40M60_283 73.3 CH02c11 67.4 G17_395 73.0 E36M62_177 73.9 73.6 E38M50_148 73.6 76.5 E37M62_214 73.8 E38M59_82 75.4 E38M47_103 75.0 Malus_2950_1_1 75.2 E33M47_466 73.4 GD158_2 75.0 CH01f12 74.7 Hi06b06 68.5 E41M48_461 74.4 E36M62_185 74.6 E38M47_407 MalRoot439_410 77.4 GD136 77.5 E35M50_164 76.1 75.1 AJ000761 76.3 E36M62_214 75.7 E37M49_203 74.4 CH05d08y_2 70.1 E41M50_274 77.0 E35M50_63 77.5 CH04f10 77.7 E35M50_132 79.1 E37M62_206 80.4 E40M48_138 79.0 E37M62_104 77.2 Malus_1521 75.2 E38M59_99 71.8 E35M48_182 78.0 CH05g07z_1 77.9 Hi01c11x 80.7 Hi11a03 79.5 E37M49_181 79.1 E33M48_330 81.2 CH02d11 79.2 E36M50_196 76.0 E38M48_74 71.9 E36M62_154 80.0 Hi01d06y 79.6 Hi05c06_1 81.1 Hi05c06_3 81.9 E40M60_179 Malus_2950_1_4 80.5 E40M48_101 80.5 E37M49_234 82.0 CH03b10 81.1 78.9 E33M48_56 74.4 MalRoot5915_2_380 81.7 E36M62_168 81.4 Hi02c07 83.9 CH03a04 82.4 E37M48_296 82.2 E38M47_232 82.6 E36M62_190 83.1 Hi07e08x 79.1 E38M48_379 83.3 CH02a10 74.8 E35M47_193 82.4 E37M48_309 83.9 D11_850 85.0 E38M48_253 E38M49_138 83.2 NZ02b01 83.9 S_allele 84.8 E38M48_435 81.4 E38M47_174 84.8 85.0 E37M48_209 81.3 E35M47_330 84.4 E41M50_98 86.1 CH04e03 83.4 E38M59_150 86.4 Hi02b10 84.9 E36M50_323 86.2 E38M48_229 83.3 Hi05c06_4 85.0 E35M47_153 87.7 CH02a08z 84.5 Hi04c05 87.6 E33M48_132 88.1 Hi05c06_2 88.6 Malus_5871 86.4 E35M50_279 87.3 E38M49_218 87.1 E35M50_120 89.4 E37M48_97 89.5 E37M47_280 88.6 E36M47_229 85.3 E35M47_356 89.7 CH05d08y_1 89.1 E35M47_459 89.5 E35M48_179 89.7 E38M50_124 91.8 Malus_2950_1_3 86.9 E40M60_130 91.1 E38M49_101 92.0 Malus_3760 91.8 E35M47_368 92.0 Hi04f08 91.0 E38M59_216 Malus_2950_2_2 Malus_2940 89.6 E33M48_184 93.5 CH04c06y_1 93.6 GD154_1 92.3 94.5 E37M47_174 92.9 E38M48_433 Malus_2950_1_5 92.4 G1_F08_415 95.4 CH03c01 94.6 E33M48_360 94.8 E35M50_451 CH02b07 97.5 C02-950 96.8 97.1 NZ03c01x_4 96.9 E36M62_77 97.0 E38M50_279 97.6 E33M48_466 98.2 HGA8bY 97.5 LD_T _500 98.3 Hi05b09 C19_1200 99.0 E36M62_207 97.8 99.4 E38M47_53 100.0 E38M48_172 100.4 Hi02d04 E40M47_82 100.3 E38M50_270 101.1 102.6 NR1_E03_250 102.8 E37M62_361 103.3 E38M49_88 103.3 CH02c06b 102.2 CH01c06_2 103.1 E37M48_71 103.0 E35M48_62 103.6 E40M62_78 105.1 MalRoot452_260 106.4 E37M47_261 106.9 E33M47_126 106.6 E35M50_92 106.8 E37M49_137 108.1 CH04h02_2 108.6 E37M48_180 108.3 CH02c09 E33M47_90 111.4 G09_1400 112.8 E38M59_366 112.1 113.0 E41M50_56 117.1 E36M50_69 118.4 CH04h02_4 117.9 E40M47_73 124.1 E40M48_282 Apple Scab Powdery Mildew Wooly Apple Aphid
  • 10. Released Geneva® Apple Rootstocks Arranged by Tree Size Seedling Size M.7-MM106 Size M.26 Size M.9 PAJ 2 M.9 T337 M.27 Size G.65 G.11 G.41 G.935 G.202 G.30 G.16 G.214 New G.969 G.210 G.890 Releases G.222 G.213
  • 11. The Geneva® rootstocks are much more resistant to fire blight than most other rootstocks.
  • 12. Rootstock Blight Development after Inoculation of Gala Trees on Various Rootstocks
  • 13. Tolerance of Geneva Rootstocks to Fire Blight Inoculation and Natural Infection (Norelli, et al. 2002) % Tree Death due to Fire Blight Rootstock Inoculation Natural Infection M.26EMLA 100 93 M.9 91 95 M.7 -- 31 MM.111EMLA 8 15 G.11 25 25 G.16 0 0 G.30 0 4 G.41 0 0
  • 14. Sensitivity of Various CG Rootstocks to Different Strains of Fire Blight % of Shoot Infected Rootstock Ea273 EA2002 E4001a E2017p G.11 2 13 11 0 G.16 0 33 26 7 G.30 1 45 39 5 G.41 0 17 5 -- G.935 6 56 30 6 G.202 31 44 21 19 M.7EMLA 12 42 45 11 M.9EMLA 91 96 87 -- M.26EMLA 83 74 -- --
  • 15. Summary of Fire Blight Inoculation Trials • G.16, G.41, G.214 and G.202 are highly resistant to field inoculations of the scion with a high dose of fire blight but may not be resistant to all strains of fire blight. • G.11, G.65 and G.935 are moderately resistant to field inoculations of the scion with fire blight.
  • 16. Performance of McIntosh with Geneva and Supporter Rootstocks after 10 years (B&D Plot)
  • 17. Performance of Golden Delicious with Geneva Rootstocks after 8 years (Cahoon Plot)
  • 18. Performance of Gala with Geneva, Supporter, JM and PiAu Rootstocks after 7 years (Han 15 Plot)
  • 19. Trunk X-Sect. Area (cm2) 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 M27 CG2034 CG4202 JM4 CG4088 CG5757 CG2406 CG2022 CG5030 CG11 M9 CG3007 PiAu5111 CG4003 CG6874 CG4214 M26 JM10 CG4004 CG7480 CG4019 CG4049 CG6969 CG5087 CG5202 CG8534 CG4814 JM1 CG4011 CG5935 CG6006 CG5257 MM106 (Crist Bros. Plot) CG5012 M7 CG6210 CG6879 CG8189 PiAu514 PiAu568 CG6976 B118 CG5890 CG6001 CG6253 CG4013 JTEB JM2 CG4213 JTEC CG5463 CG6589 Performance of Fuji with 53 Rootstocks after 4 years CG6024 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Yield Efficiency (kg/cm2TCA)
  • 20. Propagation of Geneva® Rootstocks • Several Geneva Rootstocks root poorly in the stoolbed. • We are conducting research to improve stoolbed performance - Regalis treatment of stoolbed - Tissue Culture to induce greater juvenility in stoolbed - Tissue Culture plants as rootstocks
  • 21. Micropropagation of Geneva® Rootstocks Rooted G.41 plants at NA-Plants Shelves full of G.41 plantlets at North American Plants ProTree Nursery Micropropagation Lab - Rooted acclimated plants G.935
  • 22. Rooting of G.41 Apple Rootstock from tissue culture plants
  • 23. Rows of Commercial G.41 rootstocks
  • 24. Propagation by Cuttings is Expanding Typical Rooting of G.41
  • 25. Additional Rootstock Studies • Uptake of mineral nutrients • Drought tolerance • Root architecture • QTL mapping of root characteristics
  • 26. Geneva® Rootstock Commercialization in North America • Propagation licenses held by: Treco Willow Drive Nursery Willamette Nursery Copenhaven Mori Nursery (Canada) Consortio Sacramento (Mexico) Others in the future • Rootstocks being commercialized G.11 G.41 G.214 G.935 G.202 G.30 G.969
  • 27. G.11 • Tree size similar to M.9 T337. • Very high yield efficiency • Large fruit size • Tolerant to Replant Disease Geneva® 11 M9-T337 • Resistant to Fire Blight but not immune. • Resistant to Crown Rot • Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid • Good rooting in stoolbed Courtesy of Stefano Musacchi
  • 28. G.41 • M.9 vigor • Very high yield efficient • Highly productive • Very precocious • Resistant to replant disease • Very cold hardy • Does well in warmer climates (Mexico) • Highly Resistant to Fire Blight and Crown Rot and Wooly Apple Aphid • Requires tissue culture mother plants for stoolbed G.41 Fuji CIV 2008
  • 29. G.214  Vigor similar to M.9 Pajam2  Highly yield efficient  Highly productive  Good precocity  Tolerant to replant disease  Resistant to Fire Blight, Crown Rot and Wooly Apple Aphid  Very good stool bed propagation  No commercial production of liners. G.214 Washington
  • 30. G.935 • Vigor intermediate between M.9 Pajam 2 and M.26 • Very high yield efficiency • Very cold hardy • Resistant to Replant Disease • Resistant to Fire Blight and Crown Rot • Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid
  • 31. G.202 • Size similar to M.26 • Precocious, productive • Resistant to woolly apple aphid, fire blight, and crown rot • Tolerant to apple replant disease • Good choice for weak growing cultivars like Honeycrisp • Moderate rooting in stoolbed G.202 New Zealand
  • 32. G.210 • Vigor between M.7 and MM.106 • Precocious, productive • Yield efficiency similar or better than M.9 • Resistant to apple replant disease. • Resistance to woolly apple aphid, fire blight, and crown rot. • Good rooting in stoolbed few spines. • Mostly for Organic Production G.210
  • 33. Geneva Rootstock Liner Production in the USA 1,200,000 G.11 G.41 1,000,000 Liners Production (number) G.935 G.16 800,000 G.30 G.202 Total CG 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012
  • 34. Geneva® Rootstock Commercialization in Europe • Propagation licenses held by: Janssen (Netherlands) DL (France) Castang (France) CIV (Italy) Others in the future • Rootstocks being commercialized G.11 G.41 G.214 G.935 (Weak varieties) G.202 (Weak varieties or Organic) G.210 (Organic) • About 20,000 liners of G.11 and G.41 in 2012
  • 35. Released Geneva® Apple Rootstocks Arranged by Tree Size Seedling Size M.7-MM106 Size M.26 Size M.9 PAJ 2 M.9 T337 M.27 Size G.65 G.11 G.41 G.935 G.202 G.30 G.16 G.214 New G.969 G.210 G.890 Releases G.222 G.213
  • 36. Questions? Fuji/G/41 Fuji/G.214