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ISSN:2278-1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 TO IMPROVE BIT ERROR RATE OF OFDM TRANSMISSION USING TURBO CODES Ms Neetu Sharma1, Prof. Rajeshwar Lal Dua2 1 M.Tech Scholar, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 2 HOD, Department Electronics & Communication Engineering, Jaipur National University, Jaipur neetusharma_pce2009@yahoo.com rndua43@gmail.com Abstract— This review paper deals with the concept of Turbo According to study there are several benefits of OFDM coded OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) which improves the system throughput. Orthogonal frequency Multipath delay spread tolerance. division multiplexing is a popular modulation method in high Efficient spectral usage by allowing overlapping speed wireless transmission. It removes the detrimental effect in frequency domain. of multipath fading by partitioning the wideband fading Modulation and demodulations are channel into flat narrow band channels. For this purpose computationally efficient because for this purpose simple one tap equalizer is used. In this paper we will see how IFFT and FFT are used.[17] performance of an OFDM system can be improved by adding turbo codes to it. This will help to maintain the system In OFDM the bit errors occurs in burst rather than performance under a desired bit error rate, as there were independently and according to our study the burst errors errors occurring in burst form in OFDM which eventually can degrade the performance of coding .The easiest degrades the efficiency of the system. Moreover, we can easily solution to this problem is to use the strongest code. So we overcome the major disadvantages of OFDM i.e. ISI (inter have used the turbo codes for this purpose. symbol interference) and ICI (Inter carrier Interference) by implementing it. The turbo coding also allows achieving the The combination of parallel concatenation and recursive Shanon's bound Performance. As clearly stated by decoding allows this coding to achieve the performance M.K.Gupta, Vishwas Sharma, Dhiraj G. Agrawal, the near Shannon‘s limit. simulation is done over AWGN and impulsive noise channels. The wideband system has 48 data subcarriers each is This review paper is organised as follows- In Section-2, individually modulated according to channel state basic OFDM principles are briefly recalled. Section-3 information during previous burst. briefly reviews the turbo code design criteria along with encoder and decoder. In section-4, the simulation model is Keywords— Bit error rate, COFDM, Orthogonal frequency presented along with their implementation issues. division multiplexing, TC-OFDM, Turbo code, Simulation results are presented in section-5 and some conclusion and final work is drawn in section-6. I. INTRODUCTION II. OFDM SYSTEM In today‘s scenario there is growing need to transmit The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high rate data information wirelessly, quickly and accurately, So stream into a number of lower rate streams that are communication engineers have combined various transmitted simultaneously over a number of orthogonal technologies suitable for high data rate transmission with sub-carriers. Orthogonality is achieved by the fact that forward error correction techniques.[5] carriers are placed exactly at the nulls in the modulation spectra of each other. Here, the increase of symbol duration As earlier stated by M.K.Gupta and Dhiraj G. Agrawal for the lower rate parallel subcarriers reduces the relative Orthonal frequency division multiplexing is a multicarrier amount of dispersion in time caused by multi-path delay modulation technique in which we devide a single high rate spread. data into multiple low rate data stream. These low rate data streams are modulated using subcarriers which are Here, Inter symbol interference (ISI) is eliminated orthogonal to each other. almost completely by introducing a guard time in every All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 37
2.
ISSN:2278-1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 OFDM symbol. In the guard time, the OFDM symbol is At the receiver, the carriers are demodulated by an FFT, cyclically extended to avoid inter carrier interference.[16] which perform a reverse operation of an IFFT. The output is then serialized and symbol de-mapping is done to get According to Srabani Mohapatra Figure-1, shows a back the user bit sequence. block diagram of an OFDM system, where the upper path is the transmitted chain and the lower part corresponds to Here, Time and frequency synchronization are important the receiver chain. Here, first the user information bit because without correct frequency the orthogonality will sequence is mapped to symbols of either 16-QAM or not exist among the carriers which leads to an increse in QPSK. Then the symbol sequence is converted to parallel BER. Without correct timing synchronization it is not format. Then, the IFFT modulator modulates a block of possible to identify start of frames.[17] input modulated values onto a number of subcarriers. After this the OFDM modulated symbol is again converted to the III. TURBO CODES serial format. Then guard time and cyclic prefix is inserted Turbo codes were first presented at the International between OFDM symbols, so that ISI and ICI can be Conference on Communications in 1993. Until then, it was eliminated. Resulting sequence is then converted to an widely believed that to achieve near Shannon‘s bound analog signal using DAC and passed on the RF modulation performance, one would need to implement a decoder with stage. The resulting RF modulated signal is then infinite complexity or close.[3]-[8] Parallel concatenated transmitted to the receiver using the transmit antennas codes can be implemented by using either block codes Here, we can use antenna array to achieve directional (PCBC) or convolutional codes (PCCC). According to beam-forming, which allows spectrum reuse by providing B.Balaji Naik, M.K. Gupta and Dhiraj G. Agrawal-PCCC spatial diversity.[17] resulted from the combination of three ideas that were known to all in the coding community: Transform commonly used non-systematic convolutional codes into systematic convolutional codes. Use of soft input soft output decoding. Here, the decoder uses the probabilities of the received data to generate soft output which contain information about the degree of certainty of the output bits, This is achieved by using an interleaver. Encoders and decoders working on permuted versions of the same information.[1]-[3]-[5]-[15] A. Encoders for Turbo codes As clearly stated by several authors, the encoder for a turbo code is a parallel concatenated convolutional code. Berrou gave the model for turbo encoders as shown in Figure 2. [10] Figure 1. Block diagram of OFDM Here, the binary input data sequence is represented by dk = (d1….dN). This input sequence is passed into the input of At the receiver reverse operation is performed, first RF a convolutional encoder ENC1 and a coded bit stream xk1p demodulation is performed. Then, the signal is digitized is generated. Then the data sequence is interleaved. This using an ADC. Then, timing and frequency synchronization means, the data bits are loaded into a matrix and read out in are performed. Then, the guard time is removed from each a way so that the positions of the input bits are spreaded. OFDM symbol and the sequence is converted to parallel The bits are often read out in a pseudo-random manner. format. All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 38
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Figure 2. Structure of a turbo encoder Then the interleaved date sequence is passed to the second convolutional encoder ENC2, and a second coded bit stream xk2p is generated. The code sequence that is passed to the modulator for transmission is a multiplexed (and possibly punctured) stream consisting of systematic Figure 3 Structure of Turbo Decoder code bits xks and parity bits from both the first encoder xk1p and the second encoder xk2p[1]-[5]-[15]. Here, the iterative decoding process adds greatly to the BER performance of turbo codes. However, after several B. Decoder for Turbo codes iterations, the two decoders‘ estimates of dk will tend to Valuable efforts have been devoted by several authors to converge. At this point, DEC2 outputs a value ∧ (dk) ; a log turbo decoding. Some of them proposed the block diagram likelihood representation of the estimate of dk. This log of a turbo decoder as shown in ―Figure 3‖. Here, the input likelihood value takes into account the probability of a to this turbo decoder is a sequence of received code values, transmitted ‗0‘ or ‗1‘ based on systematic information and Rk = {yks , ykp} from the demodulator. The turbo decoder parity information from both component codes. More consists of two component decoder – DEC1 to decode negative values of ∧(dk) represent a strong likelihood that sequence from ENC1, and DEC2 to decode sequences from the transmitted bit was a ‗0‘ and more positive values ENC2. Each of these decoders is a Maximum A Posteriori represent a strong likelihood that the transmitted bit was a (MAP) decoder. DEC1 takes as its input the received ‗0‘ more positive values represent a strong likelihood that a sequence systematic values yks and the received sequence ‗1‘ was transmitted. ∧ (dk) is de-interleaved so that its parity values yk1p belonging to the first encoder ENC1. The sequence coincides with that of the systematic and first output of DEC1 is a sequence of soft estimates EXT1 of the parity streams. Then a simple threshold operation is transmitted data bits dk.. EXT1 is called extrinsic data, it performed on the result, to produce hard decision estimates, does not contain any information which was given to DEC1 dk, for the transmitted bits. The decoding estimates EXT1 by DEC2. This information is interleaved, and then passed and EXT2 do not necessarily converge to a correct bit to the second decoder DEC2. decision. If a set of corrupted code bits form a pair of error sequences that neither of the decoders is able to correct, The interleaver is identical to that in the encoder then EXT1 and EXT2 may either diverge, or converge to (Figure2). DEC2 takes as its input the (interleaved) an incorrect soft value. In the next sections, we will look at systematic received values yks and the sequence of received the algorithms used in the turbo decoding process, within parity values yk2p from the second encoder ENC2, along DEC1 and DEC2. [1]-[5][15]++ with the interleaved form of the extrinsic information EXT1, provided by the first decoder. DEC2 outputs a set of IV. THE SIMULATION MODEL values, which, when de-interleaved using an inverse form Roma K. Paliwal, Priti Subramanium and Vishwas of interleaver, constitute soft estimates EXT2 of the Sharma based their work on the simulation model provided transmitted data sequence dk. This extrinsic data, formed below. The main goal of this model was to simulate the without the aid of parity bits from the first code, is COFDM system by utilizing turbo code in MATLAB. This feedback DEC1. This procedure is repeated in a iterative program simulates a 64 subcarrier OFDM system. This manner system supports up to 2 transmit and 2 receive antennas, a All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 39
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 convolutional code generator with rates 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4. TABLE I SIMULATION PARAMETERS The code is punctured to IEEE specifications. Here, We can chose to interleave the transmit bits for Simulation Parameters Values added protection. This system supports 4 modulation Digital Modulation QPSK,16-QAM 64- schemes, binary phase shift keying, quadrature phase shift QAM keying, sixteen quadrature amplitude modulation, and sixty Turbo code rates ½ four quadrature amplitude modulation. Frequency jitter can SISO Decoder Log-MAP also be added to this system that supports two channel Code Generator {111, 101} models- namely additive white Gaussian noise, AWGN and Interleaver Size 1x 100 flat Rayleigh fading. Here, we can input the desired length of the delay spread. The cyclic prefix is 16 samples long. We can also request a specific average signal to noise ratio. Transmit B. Algorithm of Simulation power amplifier effects and phase noise distortion can be Here, we measured the performance of the turbo coded added to the transmit signal. The simulator also comes with OFDM through MATLAB simulation. The simulation a series of synchronization algorithms including packet follows the procedure listed below: detection, fine time synchronization, frequency synchronization, pilot phase tracking, channel estimation, 1. Generate the information bits randomly. all of that if we wish to simulate IEEE 802.11 standards. There is also a switch to add a receiver timing offset [1]- 2. Encode the information bits using a turbo encoder with [2]-[15]. the specified generator matrix. 3. Use QPSK or different QAM modulation to convert the binary bits, 0 and 1, into complex signals (before these modulation use zero padding) 4. Perform serial to parallel conversion. 5. Use IFFT to generate OFDM signals, zero padding is being done before IFFT. 6. Use parallel to serial convertor to transmit signal serially. 7. Introduce noise to simulate channel errors. Here, We assumed that the signals are transmitted over an AWGN channel. The noise is modelled as a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and variance σ2. The variance of the noise is obtained as A built-in MATLAB function randn can be used to generate sequence of normally distributed random Figure 4. Simulation model of TC OFDM numbers, where randn has zero mean and 1 variance. Thus Here A = turbo encoder, B = QAM/QPSK modulation, C = the received signal at the decoder is: X‘ = noisy (X), Where serial to parallel converter, D = IFFT, E = parallel to serial noisy (X) is the signal corrupted by noise. converter, F = channel with noise, G = serial to parallel converter, H = FFT, I = parallel to serial converter, J = 8. At the receiver side, perform reverse operations to AM/QPSK demodulation and K = turbo decoder. decode the received sequence. A. Simulation Parameter 9. Count the number of erroneous bits by comparing the During the simulations, in order to compare the results, decoded bit sequence with the original one. the same random messages were generated in MATLAB. The following parameter are used for simulation- 10. Calculate the BER and plot it.[1]-[5]-[15]. All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 40
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 V. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TCOFDM Here, All the simulations are done to achieve a desired BER of 10-3.Two noise models are considered here 1)AWGN 2)Time Markov model. Both models use the same parameter defined in simulation parameters. Here, the BER performance of turbo coded OFDM system is compared with respective uncoded system under the AWGN channel. According to the study, it is known that bursty errors can deteriorate the performance of any communication system. The burst errors can happen either by deep frequency fades or by impulsive noise. Power line channel suffers from both of these deficiencies. Here, in figure-5 we can see, that for the required BER of 10-3 AWGN channel gives better performance as compared with Markov channel. AWGN channel gives a gain of approximately 22 dB over Markov channel.[1]-[2]-[6]-[15] Figure 6. Performance Analysis Between Uncoded and Convolutional Coded OFDM System Now, if we add turbo codes instead of convolution code, further improvement in the performance can be obtained. [13] These turbo codes give better performance at low SNR. Now, we will compare the BER performance of TCOFDM system with the respective uncoded OFDM over the same AWGN channel. From figure-7, we can observe that both turbo codes (1, 15/13) and (1, 5/7) give considerably good BER performance compare to un coded OFDM. When we compare (1,15/13) codes with (1,5/7), we observer little gain at higher SNR. Figure 5. Performance of Uncoded OFDM System in Channel with Impulsive Noise Here, we can see that there is little gain at lower SNR between 0 to <10 dB, and more gain at high SNR<40 dB. [1]-[15]. Earlier discussed result was for simple OFDM. Now to improve the performance of this OFDM system we can use FEC code. Convolution code is a good example of FEC code. This result is shown in figure-6. Here, we can see that by adding convolution code in OFDM gives performance improvement of some 5 db over the uncoded OFDM system on the same AWGN channel at required BER. The Figure 7. Performance of Turbo Coded OFDM with Different Generators convolution code used here are based on the rate ½, Polynomial constraint length 3 and (7,5) generator matrix convolution code. All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 41
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 TABLE 2 TABLE 4 COMPARISON OF SNR FOR DIFFERENT CODE GENERATORS PERFORMANCE OF TURBO CODED OFDM IN NOISY CHANNEL Code Generator SNR for SNR for Type of Gain at 10-2 Gain at 10-3 over BER 10-2 BER 10-3 noise in over Uncoded Uncoded OFDM (1, 5/7) ~ 7.2 dB ~ 8.9 dB TCOFDM OFDM (1.15/13) ~ 6.8 dB ~ 8.3 dB AWGN 7.5 dB 7.8 dB Now in figure 8, we can see that turbo code of length Impulsive 5.0 dB 2.4 dB 200, with QPSK modulation, can give performance (Marcov) improvement of some 8dB on AWGN channel, over the convolution codes of same code rate. Figure 9. Performance of Turbo Coded OFDM with Different Generators Polynomial Figure 8. Different coded and uncoded OFDM system analysis over AWGN channel TABLE 3 COMPARISON OF TURBO CODED OFDM AND CONVOLUTION CODED OFDM OVER UNCODED OFDM Type of Coded Gain at 10-2 Gain at 10-3 OFDM over Uncoded over Uncoded OFDM OFDM Convolutional 4.8 dB 5.2 dB Coded OFDM 16 QAM 6.5 dB 7.5 dB TCOFDM Figure 10. Performance of Turbo Coded OFDM over AWGN and QPSK TCOFDM 11.5 dB 13 dB Impulsive Noise Channel. Simulation results are shown in figure 9 and 10, which Earlier we discussed two models AWGN and shows the influence of asynchronous impulsive noise on Markov, now we will discuss two models i.e. Marcov and TC-OFDM system. We can see from the figure that the Asynchronous Impulsive noise. The ansynchronous influence of impulsive is distributed over the whole carriers implusive noise model is based on the fact that time by applying DFT in the receiver.[1]-[12]-[15] domain impulse noise spread over the carrier by DFT operation in reciver. These implusive noises caused by CONCLUSION switiching transient in the network. We have investigated the orthogonal frequency division A large impulse causes the entire symbol to be corrupted multiplexing used for high data rate transmission and and it can be devastating the overall system performance. reviewed the latest development on OFDM and Parallel All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 42
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 concatenation turbo codes. A wide investigation showed [4]Liu Na Shi Wenxiao Wu Jiang ―A Model of Turbo Code Based on OFDM-CDMA‖ in IEEE journal of 2006. that the OFDM inherently suffers from high Inter symbol interference (ISI) (caused by a dispersive channel), Inter [5] B.Balaji Naik ―Performance Of Turbo Coded OFDM In Wireless channel interference (ICI) (caused by frequency offset) and Application‖ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Peak-to-Average power ratio (PAPR) (caused by time Master of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering with specialization in ―VLSI Design & Embedded system‖ domain OFDM signal). In order to combat ISI and ICI we during session 2007-2008 at National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela have proposed a cyclic prefix and guard time insertion (Deemed University). between OFDM symbols, in which the length of the guard time is made longer than the length of delay spread. [6] Md. Dulal Haque1, Shaikh Enayet Ullah2, and Md.Razu Ahmed3 ―Performance evaluation of a wireless Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system under various concatenated FEC channel-coding We have also investigated that in OFDM bit errors occur schemes‖ in Proceeding of 11th International conference on Computer and in burst form rather than independent, and burst errors Information Technology (ICCIT 2008) 25-27 December, 2008, Khulna extensively degrade the performance of the system. To Bangladesh. solve this problem we have proposed a method to use the [7] Arun Agarwal, S. K. Patra, Senior Member IEEE ―Performance stronger FEC techniques like convolution codes and turbo prediction of OFDM based Digital Audio Broadcasting system using codes. By the study, we jump to the conclusion that better Channel protection mechanisms‖ in IEEE journal © 2011. performance of uncoded OFDM is achieved by using turbo codes rather than convolution codes.[1]-[2]-[6] [8] C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, ―Near Shannon Limit Error-Correcting Coding: Turbo Codes‖, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC ‘93, Geneva., pp. To conclude, this review paper gives the detail 1064-1070, May 1993.. knowledge of the current key issues of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. We focused our attention [9] Yung-Chih Tsai, Yeong-Luh Ueng, ―A Tail-biting Turbo Coded to improve the performance of OFDM by eliminating its OFDM System for PAPR and BER Reduction‖ ©2007 IEEE. shortcomings like ISI, ICI and adding FEC like convolution [10] D. Rajaveerappa, Abdelsalam Almarimi ―RSA/Shift Secured codes and turbo codes. That‘s why, we focused our IFFT/FFT Based OFDM Wireless System‖ in 2009 Fifth International attention to the turbo encoder and decoder architectures Conference on Information Assurance and Security. especially parallel concatenation codes which is iteratively decoded by log – MAP decoder. Moreover, we have [11] Hanjong Kim,‖ Performance improvement of Block Turbo Coded OFDM System Using channel state information‖ the 23rd international studied the performance on different channels like AWGN conference on circuits/systems, computers and communications (ITC- and Markov and got the result that better performance can CSCC 2008). be achieved on AWGN channel. [12] J. Terry, and J. Deiskala, OFDM Wireless LANs: A Theoretical and Future Aspects Specific topics for further work have been Practical Guide, Sams Publishing, Indiana, 2002. investigated throughout the paper and focus of the [13] Haixa Zhang, Feng Zhao, Dongfeng Yuan, Mingyan Jiang, development should be PAPR reduction techniques in TC- ―Performance of turbo code an WOFDM system on rayleigh fading OFDM. Pulse shaping technique can be applied to the turbo channels,‖ Proceedings, IEEE, vol. 2, pp.1570-1573, Sept 2003. coded OFDM system for PAPR and ICI removal. [14] J.W. Blakert, E.K. Hall, S.G. Wilson, ―Turbo code termination and interleaver conditions,‖ Electronics Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 24, 1995, Additionally, to further improve the performance, other FEC techniques like golay codes, complementary codes, [15] Dhiraj G. Agrawal, Roma K. Paliwal, Priti Subramanium,‖Effect of Turbo Coding on OFDM Transmission to improve BER‖.in International LDPC and TCM codes can also be applied to the OFDM Journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Engineering(IJCTEE) system. Volume2, Issue 1, February 2012. References [16] Sami Ahmed Haider, Khalida Noori, ‖Adaptive Turbo Coded OFDM‖ in Journal of Digital Information Management, Volume 5 Number 6, December 2007. [1] M. K. Gupta, Vishwas Sharma ―To improve BER of turbo coded OFDM channel over noisy channel‖ in Journal of Theoretical and Applied [17] Srabani Mohapatra ―A new approach for performance improvement Information Technology © 2005 - 2009 JATIT. of OFDM system using pulse shaping‖ in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Master of Technology degree in Electrical [2] Lou I Ilunga, Research Work on ―Adaptive, turbo coded OFDM‖ © Engineering during session 2009-2010 at National Institute Of 2005. Technology, Rourkela (Deemed University). [3]―Block Turbo Code And Its Application to OFDM For Wireless Local Area Network‖ Phd thesis submitted by Hrudananda Pradhan. All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 43
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Neetu Sharma - A life member of ISTE and student of M.Tech final semester at Jaipur National University, Jaipur. I completed B.E. from Poornima college of Engineering, Jaipur from University Of Rajasthan in Electronics and Communication in 2009. Then, I joined Poornima College of Engineering as a lecturer in EC department. I had worked there for 2 years. I have keen interest in subjects like Signal System, Digital Communication, Fibre Optic Communication, Microcontroller and Embedded system. I attended training programs like ―Energy Meter‖ with GPIL and ―Embedded System and Robotics‖ with Webcom Technologies. Professor Rajeshwar Lal Dua a Fellow Life Member of IETE and also a Life member of I.V.S & I.P.A, former ―Scientist F‖ of the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute(CEERI), Pilani has been one of the most well-known scientists in India in the field of Vacuum Electronic Devices for over three and half decades. His professional achievements span a wide area of vacuum microwave devices ranging from crossed-field and linear-beam devices to present-day gyrotrons. He was awarded a degree of M.Sc (Physics) and M.Sc Tech (Electronics) from BITS Pilani. He started his professional carrier in1966 at Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani. During this period he designed and developed a specific high power Magnetron for defense and batch produced about 100 tubes for their use. Trained the Engineers of Industries with know how transfer for further production of the same. In 1979 he visited department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Sheffield (UK) in the capacity of independent research worker, and Engineering Department of Cambridge University Cambridge (UK) as a visiting scientist. He has an experience of about 38 years in area of research and development in Microwave field with several papers and a patent to his credit. In 2003 retired as scientist from CEERI, PILANI & shifted to Jaipur and joined the profession of teaching. From last eight years he is working as professor and head of electronics department in various engineering colleges. At present he is working as head and Professor in the department of Electronics and communication engineering at JNU, Jaipur. He has guided several thesis of M.tech .of many Universities. All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 44
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