Presented by Krishna Rao at the 2nd Asia-Pacific Water Summit in Chiang Mai, Thailand on May 18, 2013.

1. Resource Recovery & Reuse
(RRR) Models & Cases Fecal
Sludge & Wastewater from
Around the World

2. Resource Recovery and Reuse: From Research to
Implementation

3. Objectives of Research
• To increase the scale and viability of the productive reuse
of water, nutrients, organic matter and energy from
domestic and agro-industrial waste streams through the
analysis, promotion and implementation of economically
viable business models – IWMI led
• To safeguard public health in the context of rapidly
expanding use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in
agriculture & aquaculture and protect vulnerable groups
from specific health risks associated with this pattern of
agricultural development – WHO led
Make an Asset out of
Waste
Ensure that it is done
safely

4. Research approach and timeline
a) Analyzing the viability of existing RRR cases and the feasibility
of promising business models – IWMI, Sandec/EAWAG, CEWAS
b) Developing Sanitation Safety Plans (SSPs) supporting safe RRR
– WHO, Swiss TPH
a)
b)

5. Assessing the Feasibility of RRR Business Models

6. At the start …..

7. Number Business case name Country Location
Scale (pilot,
community,
city,…)
Type of
waste used
Waste product
(biogas, fertilizer,
water, ..)
Process of
waste
treatment
Could be a
business case
because..
Financial
data
available?
1 WASTE CONCERN BANGLADESH
Dhaka Large-scale business operation
Solid waste Fertilizer Composting, co-composting
Yes. Replication of Business model
Not sure
2 BIOGAS SECTOR PARTNERSHIP NEPAL Kathmandu Large-scale??? Replicable?
Human excreta, cattle dung and water
Biogas and compost/fertilizer
Methanogenic bacteria on biodegradable waste in an
Maybe but specific to rural settings
Possible upon r
3 PUNJAB ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
INDIA Punjab Large-scale Cattle dung Biogas and manure Biologically induced mixing arrangement (BIMA) tec
4 USAID INDIA Uttar Pradesh Pilot Cattle dung Biogas (thermal and electrical energy) and compost
Anaerobic digestion
Potential
5 TAMIL NADU ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
INDIA Tamil Nadu City Wastewater Biogas, Electrical energy
Hybrid Upward Flow Sludge Media Anaerobic React
Potential for replication and given
6 KOYAMBEDU WHOLESALE MARKET COMPLEX
INDIA Chennai, Tamil Nadu
City Organic waste (market waste)
Electricity; Biogas (used as fuel in gas engine and excess power generated
Biologically induced mixing arrangement (BIMA) tec
Represents a way for the public sec
Possible
7 M/s HIND AGRO INDUSTRIES, LTD INDIA Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
Low-medium scale (individual entrepreneur)
Abattoir soild waste (droppings, rumen, fat, agro-wastes, fodder residues and hay)
Biogas, biofertilizer Biomethanation (Low Speed Agitator tank Reactor)
Replicability and sustainability pot
Maybe
8 M/s AL-KABEER EXPORTS PVT, LTD INDIA Andhra Pradesh Medium scale Feed waste, animal waste
Biogas, Manure Biogas Induced Mixing Arrangement (BIMA) technol
Replicability and potential for up-s
Maybe
9 SuSanA GHANA Kumasi Pilot Faecal sludge, Solid waste
Compost FS Dewatering with unplanted drying beds and Aero
PPP which addressses land tenure
Yes (IWMI was
10 ECoH Holdings Ltd KENYA Nairobi City Organic waste (green waste, market waste, hotels, schools, hospitals, kitchen waste, farm
Compost Windrow composting Possible to get f
11 Lilongwe City Council MALAWI Lilongwe Community Organic waste (sugarcanes, mangoes, nsima from hospitals, kitchen and animal manure)
Compost Open-air, static-pile composting
Aspects of PPP/ CBO model addres
Annual turnove
12 NAWACOM KENYA Nakuru Community/City Household organic waste
Compost ? Replicability - success factor/ coop
1,500Ksh per ba
13 Waste Enterprisers GHANA Kumasi City Faecal sludge Wastewater 1. Water Stabilization Pond?
Sustainable model but may be limit
Available
14 Water for People BOLIVIA Cuchumuela, Cochabamba
City Urine and feces
Decomposed urine and feces
UDDTs Sustainability Sale of mushroo
15 ROSA KENYA Nakuru City Organic waste, feces, urine
Co-compost (organic waste with faecal matter collected from UDDTs)
? Replicable; sustainable model with
16 Karnkata Compost Development LimitedINDIA Bangalore City Organic wasteCompost Windrow composting/ Aerobic decomposition
17 Santiago Composting Project CHILE Santiago Project/ City Biodegradable waste and nontoxic wastewater sludge
Compost/ Sale of emissions reductions
? Replicable, self-sustaining
Processes 4300
18 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD)& SNV
VIETNAM ? Pilot/City Human excreta, cattle dung and water
Biogas, Bio-slurry/organic fertilizer
? Can be widely replicated, however
Costs per house
19 Chinese Academy of Science CHINA ? Pilot project Waste straw "Bread grass", biogas Bacteria infested (anaerobic/aerobic)
Self-sustaining, however initial fina
N/A
20 Unilever/Triple R Project SOUTH AFRICA
? City Food grade waste
Compost * Replicable but may not be cost-effe
none
21 Kigali - Biogas RWANDA Kigali City Human feces, urine
Biogas Biogas digester Replicated with other institutions (
Possibly access
22 Waste Busters PAKISTAN Lahore City Household/ market waste (organic and inorganic)
Compost Windrow composting method
Potential for up-scaling
Available
23 VermiGOLD INDIA Mumbai City Wet garbage, organic waste
Vermicompost Vermiculture Low-level technology, replicability
24 Anamol Krishi Udyog INDIA Nagpur, Maharashtra
City Vegetable market waste, organic household waste
Compost Biologically induced mixing arrangement (BIMA) tec
Replicability, has potential to be up
Costs of produc
25 TERRA FIRMA BIOTECHNOLOGY LTD INDIA Bangalore City - large-scale Household and market waste
Organic compost Vermiculture Historical financial growth; large-s
Availabel in doc
26 Lakshmi Energy and Foods Limited INDIA Punjab City Rice husk Electricity, Bricks (ash from burning husks)
* Large-scale; sustainable business m
*
27 Cape Flats Treatment Works SOUTH AFRICA
Cape Town City Faecal sludge Biogas, pellets Anaerobic digestion for biogas production; Drying w
Large-scale; sustainable business m
400m3/h of bio
28 Sulabh International Social Service Organization
INDIA 25 states Country-wide Human excreta, Wastewater
Compost, Manure, Pisciculture?
Human excreta - biogas digesters; Duckweed-based w
Commercially viable business mod
2005 profits - $
29 East Kolkata Wetlands INDIA West Bengal City,maybe on a larger scale?
Wastewater, solid waste
Fish Waste stabilization ponds
Large-scale; self-sustaining/comm
*
30 Ondo State Integrated Wastes Recycling and Treatment Project
NIGERIA Ondo State Solid waste Compost Semi-mechanical windrow, curing and milling opera
Large-scale; successful public entit
*
31 PRISM BANGLADESH
Kuhlna City Faecal sludge, wastewater
Duckweed, Fish Waste stabilization ponds
Self-sustaining/ successful?
Available in doc
32 Cows to Kilowatts Project NIGERIA Ibadan? City Abattoir waste
Biogas Anaerobic digestion of abattoir wase
Self-sustaining *
33 UN-ESCAP/ Waste Concern SRI LANKA/ VIETNAM
Matale/ Quy Nhon
Community Solid waste Compost Aerated box method
Self-sustaining, profit-making ente
Since 2007, mod
34 Nyongara Biogas Project/ Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute
KENYA Dagoretti/ Outskirts of Nairobi
City Abattoir waste
Biogas High Performance Temperature Controlled (HPTC) b
Replicable in developing countries
Possibly availab
35 IFAD Supported Biogas Projects ASIA / PACIFIC
China/ Vietnam Mainly Rural setting?
Human and animal waste
Biogas (thermal and electrical energy) and compost
Biogas digester This case was included because it h
*
36 KORAT WASTE TO ENERGY THAILAND Muang District City Industrial - wastewater from starch industry/ Sanguan Wongse industries
Biogas - (biofuel and electricity)
Anaerobic baffled reactor
Financial viability?*
37 Boeung Cheung Ek Lake CAMBODIA Phnom Penh City? Wastewater Water spinach production
Wastewater used as a growth medium for water spin
Agricultural production; Financial
100-300kg/hou
38 Supporting the Informal Wastewater Farming Business in Ghana
GHANA Accra - Several cities
Country-wide Wastewater Direct reuse of wastewater
Agricultural use of wastewater
High cost-recovery potential and m
Available in Cof
Identification of 150+ RRR
potential success stories across
Asia, Africa and Latin America
and analyzing 50+ in detail.

8. Case Analysis
• Criteria
– Waste stream & Reuse
– Agriculture – Feedback
– Operating on the ground for sometime
– Not in pilot phase
– Presence in developing country
– Willingness of the Entity to participate
• Primary Analysis – understand the business model
• Challenge: Getting data on financials and technology

9. Faecal
Sludge
Nutrients (org.
fertilizer, soil
conditioner)
Water (irrigation,
aquaculture,
aquifer recharge)
Waste streams Resource Reuse
Energy
Urine
Wastewater
Agriculture
Landscaping/horticulture
Energy: Electricity Energy: Fuel-briquettes
Aquaculture
Aquifer recharge,
water

10. Urine and FS Recovery &
Reuse – Onsite Sanitation

11. Sanitation Value Chain & Business Models
Stage II – Collection,
storage and transport
Stage I – Access to toilet
systems, capture and storage
of faecal sludge
Stage III – Treatment and conversion of
faecal sludge into valuable resource for
agricultural use or energy generation
Source: Global Health Hub, 2012
• Urine reuse model
• Co-Compost – Solid waste and FS
• Truck operator FS delivery
• Public Toilets - reuse

12.  EcoSan technology adoption
particularly in slums
 Value-addition to human
waste for sale to farmers
 Private sector
 Benefits to poor – slum
areas (demand and supply
side)
 Demand by farmers in
suburbs as ready market for
produce
• Cases: Uganda, South Africa,
Kenya, Zimbabwe, Senegal
Reuse of urine as organic fertilizer for
agricultural production

13. Co-composting of faecal sludge and MSW:
Cost-recovery in sanitation sector (Balangoda)
$
Training
Waste
Night Soil
Technology
Compost
Financial support
Universities LIRNEasia
Pilisaru
Project
Municipal
Council Balangoda Compost Project Farmers
• Public enterprise operational since 1999; Population: ~25,000
• Resource: Processing 12 MT MSW/day & 10m3 of FS/day Land: 1
Ha;
• Investment: Capital: $350k; O&M: $1,340/month; Labor: 17
people
• Compost (30MT), Super compost (5MT) & treated water (180,000
litres)
• Cases: Sri Lanka, Vietnam, South Africa

14. FS Reuse in Agriculture
Public Toilets &
Household
Cesspit truck
operators
Farmers in
Periurban
FS
$
• 3 FS tankers (4.45 m3) per ha ~ $16; Price of 50 kg bag of fertilizer per
ha ~ $18
• Income: Increased crop productivity & income of $300 compared to
non-users
• Treatment: On farm FS treatment by drying. Long drying periods
reduces health risks. Rainy season hardly any diversion of FS trucks
• Reverse cash flow: Truck drivers get paid instead paying to treatment
plants for dumping FS
• Cases: India, Ghana, Sri Lanka

15. • FS pellets process and on-farm trials to establish
reuse guidelines
• Faecal sludge co-composting standards
• Sludge pelletizing & blending (urine, NPK, rock-P)
[N:P:K – 3 : 1.2 : 2.3]
• Analysis of perceptions and options for behavior
change
• Commercial launch through PPP
Ghana – FS Pellet Production

16. Onsite energy generation for sustainable delivery
of sanitation services: FS to Biogas (Sulabh/Tosha)
• PPP & BOT approach; Pay & Use system; 1000 users/day
• Land & Water: 1.75 m2/toilet seat; 3-4 liter/flush at public toilets
• Capital, O&M: US$ 4,000 public toilet and additional US$ 4,000 for
biogas plant – 30 cum; 860 US$/month
• Labor: 2-3 fulltime per public toilet complex
• Financed (60:30:10) Central: State: Community
• Installed: more than 7500 public toilet complexes; 200 public toilet
complexes with biogas plant
Toilet,
maintenance,
training
$
Local
Government
Private
Enterprise
(Sulabh)
Toilet
Operations
Users of toilet
complex
$
$ Service
Consultation
Biogas
FS
Energy

17. Community Toilet and Multiple Revenue Model
(TOSHA, Kenya)
Umande Trust CBO Members
TOSHA Bio-Centre
Community Street vendor Private business Farmers
Technical know-
how & $
Management &
Labor
$
$ $ $
Biogas
Rental
Space
Fertilizer
Human Excreta
& $
Toilet
Service
• Multipurpose CBO run facility (100 m2); Pay for use model;
1000 users/day; Biogas 54m3
• Capital: $22.5k construction and $10k campaign; O&M:
$3,720/year
• Revenue: 88% from toilet service & rest from Biogas and
rental, hardly any from bio-slurry;
• Cases: India, Kenya, Rwanda

18. Cost Recovery from Reuse
• Reuse of Urine: recover 25% to 40% cost of collection &
disposal/treatment ($0.2 /jerry can & $5 /50 kg bag)
• Co-compost achieves two goals: Solid waste and FS
management (some cases incur profits - Compost sold at $3
per 50 kgs)
• FS to farmers: increased revenue to truck operators
– Depends on fertilizer/manure alternatives available
– Truck operators incentive to drive longer distance
– Pelletization (pay back potential in 5 to 10 years)
• Public Toilets: Potential to achieve pay back in 3 to 5 years
with income of about $1000 per month in some cases

19. Wastewater Reuse

20. Treated wastewater for irrigation, compost/manure
and energy
• Scale: 1,000-70,000 m3 per day; Investment Cost: $1.5
to 230 million
• Organization: Public and PPP
• Cases: Jordan (As-Samara), Morocco (Draga),
Mauritius, Botswana, India (Delhi-Okhla), Bolivia
(Cochabamba)
Sewage pipes
City Enterprise
Government
External
financier(s)
WW
Treated WW
Compost /
manure
Farming
Biogas-to-
electricity
$
$
$

21. Treated
WW
Irrigated farms
Crops sale
Public/PPP
Enterprise
Wastewater
Household &
industries
Interested
industry
Consumers
WW
Fresh water
savings
Fresh
water
$
$
Wastewater & Drinking water exchange Model
• Drivers: Water Scarce Region & cut in irrigation water
• Capital cost: $2 million; O&M: $210K; water treated – 15 million
m3/year
• Revenue: Primarily from exchange water
• Farmers use wastewater to produce fodder for milk processing
company or partnership with supermarkets – 400 l/s; 551ha irrigated
• Cases: Bolivia, Iran, Egypt, Spain
$

22. Cost-recovery via Wastewater use for Aquaculture
• Scale: 0.5 to 1.5l/sec; Land Area: 1-2 hectare
• Investment Cost: $100,000 plus cost of land/lagoons
• Process: Cultivated Duckweed (Phytoremediation)to feed
fish
• Cases: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Peru, Cambodia,
Ghana and Niger
Public/Private
Enterprise
Municipality
or public
entity
Expertise
Partner
Whole
sellers
Consumers
(market)
Waste
water
Expertise
Fish, co-
crops
Fish, co-
crops
$
$
$

23. Untreated wastewater for irrigation and
groundwater recharge
WW transfer
Raw wastewater
farmers
Enterprise
City
(municipality)
Aquifer
WW
Fresh
water
$
Fresh water
$
$
$ $
$
Treated
wastewater
farmers
WW treatment
• Mexico – Mezquital valley: 1920 govt. acknowledged officially use of
wastewater for irrigation
• Cases: Pakistan, India – Kanpur and Bangalore (incl. aquifer recharge)
Crop Untreated WW (Tons/ha) Neutral water
(Tons/ha)
% of yield increase
Maize 5 2 150
Barley 4 2 100
Tomato 35 18 94
Oats 22 12 83
Chilli 12 7 71
Alfaalfa 120 7 71
Wheat 3 2 50
Source: Blanca (2008)

24. Cost Recovery from Reuse
• Biogas: 25% to 60% of electricity saved
• Sludge: Sold as compost ($9 per ton) depending upon the
wastewater source. Many cases given away for free/landfill
• Treated Wastewater: Mostly given away; Industries
premium customers; For irrigation : $0.015 to $0.086 per m3
• Aquaculture: Some cases achieving complete operations
cost recovery (fish sold at $3 per kg)
• Untreated Wastewater: Used in irrigation (cases where 50%
O&M recovered) wastewater sold at $0.72 per m3 and
above. Farmers paying for leasing of land

25. Lessons for designing waste management solutions
• Overreliance on public funding (incl. maintenance)
• Technologies not matching institutional capacities
• Lacking market analysis and business approaches
Avoid past
failure
• Donor investments target leveraging (local) private sector
capital
• Incentives for private sector participation;
• Safety: Health and environmental risks and benefits considered
Incorporate
Reuse
• Feeding the cities – lost nutrients and water
• Green economy (organic nutrients, water reuse and RE)
Think
beyond
Sanitation

26. Thank you.