Presented by Danilo Pezo at the Uganda Smallholder Pigs Value Chain Impact Pathways Workshop, Kampala, Uganda, 27-28 June 2013

1. Smallholder Pig Value Chains in Uganda
Livestock and Fish By and For the Poor (CRP 3.7)
Danilo A. Pezo
Impact Pathways Workshop
Kampala, 27th - 28th June 2013

2. The livestock sector in Uganda
The
agricultural
sector
• Important sector of the economy
• Contributes up to 23.8 % of the GDP, generating about 48% of
export earnings (Republic of Uganda 2010; MAAIF 2011).
Livestock
sector
• Contributes 15% of agricultural GDP (FAO, 2005). A 3 % increase in
the number of livestock & poultry, 2009- 2010 (MAAIF 2011).
• About 4.5 million households (70.8%) rear at least one kind of
livestock/poultry (UBOS & MAAIF 2009).
Pig
enterprise
• Pig production widespread & increasing at a high rate.
• About 17.8 % (1.1 millions) of all households own at least 1 pig
(UBOS & MAAIF 2009).
• Pig production not among priority areas in the Agricultural Sector
Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) for Uganda.

3. Trends in livestock population
Table 1: Trends in livestock population (values in ‘000’) in Uganda (FAO, 2005; MAAIF, 2009)
Table 2: Pigs and ruminant livestock population (x 1000) in 2008 (UBOS/MAAIF, 2009)
Species Period (in Years)
1980 1990 2000 2002 2008
Cattle 4,771 4,913 5,966 6,075 11,409
Sheep and goats 3,862 5,490 7,477 7,993 15,863
Pigs 187 1,160 1,573 1,710 3,184
Poultry 13,200 18,960 26,974 32,638 37,444
Region
Pigs Cattle Goats Sheep
Population % Population % Population % Population %
Central 1,308 41 2,476 22 1,676 13 272 8
Eastern 700 22 2,489 22 2,500 21 319 9
Northern 341 11 1,642 14 2,696 22 569 17
Western 778 24 2,549 22 3,452 28 568 17
Karamoja 58 2 2,254 20 2,025 16 1,686 49
Total 3,184 100 11,409 100 12,450 100 3,413 100

4. Average herd density per district
Pig density per district-overall
Masaka
Mukono
Kayunga
Mpigi
Tororo
Rakai
Kumi Sironko
Pig population density

5. Percentage of population living on less than 1.25$ per day
Where are the poor?

6. Travel time (hrs) to nearest city with more than 50,000 persons
Market access

7. Imports and Exports of Live Pigs and Pig Meat
Products, 2007-2011 (URA, 2012)
Items 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Live pigs imported
Number - 1030 - - --
Value (Millions UGX) - 24.6 - - -
Pig meat and meat products imported
Quantity (Kg) 10341 9375 10777 - 133601
Value (Millions UGX) 28.6 40.4 53.3 - 2247.6
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Live pigs exported
Number 310 174 - 122 -
Value (Millions UGX) 31.8 8.5 - 43.1 -
Pig meat and meat products exported
Quantity (Kg) 18622 - 179 32790.4 1346.1
Value (Millions UGX) 17.5 - 6.0 295.5 29.6

8. Consumption of pork and pig meat products
Increase in Uganda’s human population, currently
estimated to be about 35 millions; about 775 thousand
reside in Kampala.
• High domestic & regional demand for pork/pork products:-
increase in human population growth, urbanization, purchasing
power & change in tastes & preferences
Daily consumption of pigs (pigs slaughtered per day) in
Kampala is estimated to be between 300 and 500.
• Pork products in Uganda include: live pigs, large pieces (the thighs
& chest) of pork, pork chops, pork sausages, bacon, ham, roasted
(or fried) pork chops, and ribs.

9. Importance OF Pig Production in Uganda:
A Summary
Pig production- a dynamic and rapidly growing sector in Uganda. In the
past three decades increased from 0.19 to 3.2 million pigs
(UBOS/MAAIF, 2009; FAO, 2011).
Uganda has the highest per capita consumption (3.4 kg/person/year) in
the region -10 times increase in the last 30 years, whereas beef is
declining (FAO, 2011)

10. Policy framework in Uganda
Committed to increase investment in core areas of:
• Agricultural research; agricultural advisory services; pest and disease
control; regulatory services; promoting value chain development; improved
use of water for agricultural production, and; the support & supervision of
service delivery in local governments.
• Concerns of a costly policy duplication in the past 12 years.
The National Development Plan (NDP), 2009-2014
• Replaced the two former national plans “the Poverty Eradication Action Plan
(PEAP) and the Strategic Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA), 2001 -
2009.
• In line with the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy & Investment Plan
(DSIP), a guide to the country’s agricultural priorities, development
programs, and agricultural transformation. Pigs are not a priority livestock
species.
• Livestock development plan and Animal health strategy
• A road-map to public interventions in the agricultural sector, to boost
agricultural growth, food security and poverty reduction.

11. Policy framework in Uganda (…cont.)
• National Policy for the Delivery of Veterinary Services (2001)
• National Veterinary Drug Policy (2002)
• The National Animal Feeds Policy (2005)
• Animal Breeding Policy (1997) and Act (2001)
Animal
health
• The National Meat Policy (2003)
• Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP) II 2005-2010
• National Environment Policy
• Decentralization Policy (1993)
Food
safety
• The National Land Use Policy
• National Adaptation Plan of Action 2007
• Uganda Food and Nutrition Policy, 2003
• The privatization policy (allowed private participation of DVs)
Other
issues

12. Pig production systems in Uganda
Intensive
pig system
• Pigs are kept housed all the time (are provided with feeds, water, and
protection from extreme weather)
• Characterized by higher demand for labour/other inputs. Provides
higher farm output; accounts for a very small proportion
Semi-
intensive pig
system
• Pigs are partly housed & partly kept outdoors on the pasture
• Allows improvement in feeding; growth rate; disease control; control of heat
stress; mating, and; the quality of animals. Demands high amounts of
labour, but gives relatively high farm output.
Extensive
or tethered
pig- system
• The simplest & most common system in Uganda. Pigs are kept out-door, to
freely move around the homestead as they feed on their own, or tethered.
• Often practiced by the very poor, who tend to invest in a low cost/ low
output farming system, characterizes subsistence production

13. STRUCTURE OF THE PIG SECTOR IN UGANDA
A large informal subsector
• More than 1.1 million households
• Backyard pig production, mainly managed by
women and children
• Tethering & scavenging
• Small number of peri-urban small-scale semi-
intensive
• Uncoordinated trade & transport
• Mostly unsupervised slaughter, no meat
inspection in local markets, road-side
butchers
• Pork joints

14. STRUCTURE OF THE PIG SECTOR IN UGANDA
A small formal subsector
•Some medium-scale piggeries
•Mostly feeding compound feeds
•Few urban slaughterhouses (only one approved abbatoir)
• Processors
•Fresh Cuts (Uganda); Farmers Choice (Kenya)
• Provide to supermarkets, hotels, restaurants

15. Farm
Systems:
Breeding
Growing/Fattening
Inputs and
Services
Pig breeder
Vet / Animal Prod
extension services
Agrovet / feed shop
owners
Feed manufacturers and
suppliers
Transporters of inputs
Post-farm
Live-pig traders
Transporters
Slaughterers
Pork Butchers
Pork processors- large
and medium
Supermarkets/
restaurants
Consumers
Actors in a typical pig value chain

16. Types of Pig Value Chains found in Uganda
Peri-
urban
Urban
Rural Urban
Rural Rural
Production Consumption

17. Smallholder Pig Value Chains Map
SMALLHOLDER PRODUCER
PRIVATE-AHSP
GOVERNMENT-
AHSP
ANIMAL BASED
DRUG SHOPS
VILLAGE BOAR
BANKS
KNOWLEDGABLE
FARMERS
FEED MILLERS
FEED SHOPS
NEIGHBOURHOOD
BUTCHER (pork,
live pigs)
TRADER (live pigs)
NAADS
MFI
BUTCHER IN
OTHER TOWN
(pork)
WHOLESALER
FEEDS
PIGLETS FROM
NEIGHBOURS
ABBATOIR (pork)
PROCESSOR (pork,
sausages and bacon)
SUPERMARKETS/H
OTELS
PORK JOINTS
(pork)
CONSUMERS
SACCOS
NGO
Treatment, diagnosis,
prevention, drugs
Breeding,
replacement
pigs
Credit Mixed feeds,
maize bran
Extension
services
Bulking
Wholesaling/slaughtering
Retailing

18. SOME CONSTRAINTS IN THE SMALLHOLDER PIG
VALUE CHAIN
At farm level
- Nutrition and feeds (poor quality feeds, seasonality)
- Swine health (ASF, tryps, lice, mange, helminths, others)
- Genetics & breeding strategies (inbreeding)
- Husbandry & management (deficient corrals, if available)
- Poor access to information and services
- Limited organization to achieve economies of scale

19. SOME CONSTRAINTS IN THE SMALLHOLDER PIG
VALUE CHAINS (CONT…)
At market level
- Lack of organizational strategies
- Poor road infrastructure
- Limited market information, standards (e.g., lack of
weighing at farm gate)
- No value addition / underdeveloped processing sector
- Poor slaughter technologies and infrastructure (by-
product losses, and risk for disseminating diseases)
- Minimal attention to disease control and public health
concerns (ASF, cysticercosis, others)

20. Unsubstantiated Information on Pork Safety Risks
 „Majority of pork in Kampala
contaminated“
 with what?
 „Increasingly risky for human
consumption“
 consequences?
 „Loyal pork consumers face
running mad“
 per se?
(Daily Monitor, June 2012)

21.  „ALL pork supplied in
Kampala for human
consumption is
contaminated“
 defamation, severerly
damaging a sector‘s reputation
 „Threatening to close all pork
joints around the city“
 risk of unemployment
(Red Pepper, June 2012)
Unsubstantiated Information on Pork Safety Risks

22. Conclusions of the Situational Analysis
(Tatwangire, 2012)
 Access to affordable credit, training, extension services,
veterinary services, improved infrastructure and good
breeds are crucial for improving pig productivity.
 Recent routine interventions in the control of animal
diseases helped improving pig production systems.
 Efforts to achieve meat output targets in the country are
limited by livestock policies that focus more on cattle,
goats, sheep and chicken enterprises.
 The private veterinary services sector is growing at a very
slow pace compared to the demands for such services.
 Most pig feeds produced by road side mixers, but those
are unable to ensure the supply of quality feed all year
round. Problems with substandard feeds and feed stuffs.

23. Conclusions of the Situational Analysis (cont...)
(Tatwangire, 2012)
 Poor hygiene/contamination of pork, abattoirs, and lack
of cold chain is greatly reducing the competitiveness of
pig sector in Uganda.
 Boosting pig productivity requires improvement in
breeds, feed production, and modern pig abattoirs.
 Meat inspectors in the country demoralised due to the
lack of authority to punish culprits of illegal and
unhygienic pig slaughter.
 The market of live pigs, pork & pork products is
segmented and needs to be improved to reward quality,
as well as to supply the poor.
 The increase in the number of pigs reared appears to be
more pronounced among the richest 25 percent &
poorest 25 percent of households.

24. The ILRI Team in Uganda
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION!

25. The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
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