Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Mario Herrero, Katrien Descheemaeker, Elaine Grings and Michael Blümmel at the Workshop on the Assessment for sustainable development of animal production systems, 3 November 2011.

1. Pathways for sustainable development of mixed crop-livestock systems in developing countries Shirley Tarawali, Mario Herrero, Katrien Descheemaeker, Elaine Grings, Michael Blümmel Presentation at the Symposium: Assessment for sustainable development of animal production systems 3 November 2011

4. Globally, most people are in mixed crop – livestock systems Herrero et al. 2009 50% or more of income for those in mixed systems comes from livestock (producers, traders, market agents, processors.....)

5. Global cereal production Developing world mixed systems produce almost 50% of the cereals of the World Most production coming from intensive crop livestock systems Herrero et al. 2009

6. Globally mixed systems produce significant amounts of milk and meat Herrero et al. 2009

9. Production efficiency – developed countries Capper et al., 2009 Feed, breed, health = 4 fold milk increase

10. Estimated GHG emissions per kg of FPCM at farm gate, averaged by main regions and the world FAO, 2010

12. Smallholders have advantages – but not everywhere Development stage %agric in GDP %livestock in agric GDP Demand for livestock products Smallholder roles Agricultural 30-50 15-45 Rural and urban poor – small quantities Smallholders competitive; informal markets Transforming 15-25 18-50 Increased quantity demanded Urbanized 6-9 30-50 Quantity but especially quality demands Complex value chains; vertical coordination; smallholders not competitive unless where labour and inputs benefit

20. Feed block manufacturing: supplementation, densification Only small non by-product inputs Improved sorghum – 12% better digestibility Ingredients % Sorghum stover 50 Bran/husks/hulls 18 Oilcakes 18 Molasses 8 Grains 4 Minerals, vitamins 2

21. Comparisons of high (Raichur) and low quality (local Yellow) sorghum stover based feed blocks in commercial dairy buffalo Anandan et al. (2009a) Block High Block Low CP 17.2 % 17.1% ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kg DMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/d DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 % Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d

22. Supplementation and processing of sweet sorghum bagasse and response in sheep Anandan et al. (2009b) No processing solution feeds fit all feeding situations Economy driving, optimizing strategies required More emphasis needed on decentralized processing options Mash Pellets Block Control Chaffed SSBRL Concentrate DMI (g/kg LW) 52.5 a 55.6 a 42.1 b 41.5 b ADG (g / d) 132.7 a 130.4 a 89.5 b 81.3 b Processing ($/t) 5.9 7.0 5.2 1.7 Transport ($/t/100km) 6.6 5.8 5.2 13.5

24. Feed, water and livestock management; integrated crop-livestock systems

26. Where to begin? Sectors and regions that favour smallholder intensification Dairy – south Asia (124 million people); East Africa (24 million) – low labour cost, local inputs ; Beef – west Africa (70 million) – especially young animal provision? Small ruminants – West (81 million) and Southern Africa (28 million); South Asia – low input, local market, favouring women Pigs – Vietnam, Uganda.... Smallholders, rapidly growing sector