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Conservation and wildlife in Kenya
(1) International Livestock Research Institute; (2) Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Canada; (3) Africa Technology Policies Studies
Network (ATPS); (4) University of Nairobi; (5) Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing; (6) University of Hohenheim
BEST Project Policy Maker, Practitioner, Community User and Researcher
Workshop, Nairobi, 13 August 2013
Mohammed Said1, Philip Osano1, 2, 3, Shem Kifugo1, Leah Ng'an'ga, Dickson Kaelo4 ,
Gordon Ojwang5, Patrick Wako5, Lucy Njino5 and Joseph Ogutu6
What is happening in Kenya Rangelands
1. Biodiversity loss – wildlife declined by 50-
70% in ASALs in the period 70s-2009
(Norton-Griffiths & Said 2010; Western et al
2009)
2. Livestock populations – vary year to year in
response to rainfall, increase 0.6% per
annum, high offtake
3. High poverty rates in pastoral communities
4. Emergence of conservancies – more than
160
5. Initiative for communities to benefit from
wildlife revenue - Payments for Wildlife
Conservation (PWC)
Wildlife trend and Poverty
Wildlife trends in the Kenya rangelands between
1970s and 2000s
Source: Natural Capital Atlas, DRSRS
Wildlife Density1970s
WILDLIFE DENSITY
(tropical livestock unit per sq. km)
> 125
45 - 125
15 - 45
0 - 15
No observation of wildlife
No data
OTHER FEATURES
District boundaries
National parks and reserves
Water bodies
Wildlife Density 1990s
Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007
Wildlife Density in 1990s Poverty Rate in 1999
Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007
WILDLIFE DENSITY
(tropical livestock unit per sq. km)
> 125
45 - 125
15 - 45
0 - 15
No observation of wildlife
No data
OTHER FEATURES
District boundaries
National parks and reserves
Water bodies
POVERTY RATE
(percent of the population below the poverty line)
> 65
55 - 65
45 - 55
35 - 45
<= 35
No data
Data calculated by Constituency
OTHER FEATURES
District boundaries
Constituency boundaries
Selected national parks and reserves
Water bodies
Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’Meara
Source of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication
Evolution of Conservancies
Photo credit: Philip Osano
Shifts in Land Management in ASALs
Land Tenure
Communal
Privatized
Mobility
Open
Closed
Tourism
Benefits
Latent
Gone
Payments for Wildlife
Conservation (PWC)
Land Lease
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Numbers Cumulative
0
1
2
3
4
5
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1999
2001
2002
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Numberofconservancies
Samburu
Narok
Marsabit
Laikipia
Kwale
Kajiado
Garissa
Baringo
Lodwar
Marsabit
Garissa
Mom basa
NAIR OBI
Nanyuki
Isiolo
Lodwar
Narok
100 0 100 200 Kilom eters
I (hu m id)
II (sub-hum id )
III (sem i-hu m id)
IV (sem i-hum id to sem i-arid)
V (sem i-arid )
VI (arid)
VII (very arid)
1990s
2000s
No data
N
Conservancies
Established
Evolution of conservancies in the Kenya Rangeland
160
Source: DRSRS et al. in prep
Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’Meara
Source of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication
Wildlife Density – herbivore
Species Richness – herbivore
Photo: Ron Beaton
Vision 2030
Securing Wildlife Corridors
Vision 2030
The Vision 2030 accords a clean, secure and sustainable environment
prominence under the economic and social pillars inspired by the
principle of maintaining ecosystems integrity and sustainable
development.
Conservation and wildlife in Kenya
Conservation and wildlife in Kenya
• Connectivity of
conservation
areas both
dispersal and
wildlife
corridors
(Vision 2030)
• Conservation
of meta-
population
• Restoration of
degraded lands
and wildlife
Wildlife dispersal areas and corridors
MEMR
Conservation and wildlife in Kenya
Trends of wildebeest and sheep & goats in
the Mara Ecosystem
Source: Ogutu, Owen-Smith, Piepho and Said 2011
Source: DRSRS et al. in prep
Photo: Msoffe
Elephant Movements
in Tsavo
MEMR
MEMR
Drivers
Population growth; insecure land tenure; land subdivision; changing climate and rainfall patterns - scarcity of
water and recurrent droughts; lack of incentives to conserve wildlife; lack of policy e.g. land use and development
of conservancies.
Pressures
Land use change - conversion to settlements, subsistence farming, sisal plantations; grazing leases; fencing;
sedentarisation;
Human encroachment - incompatible land uses; forest destruction; charcoal burning; wild fires; poaching;
precious stone mining; and
Human-wildlife conflicts - crop damage, livestock predation, injury or death to humans
State
Critical elephant corridors not threatened (located in the Park)
1.River Tiva Crossing, Yatta gaps and Ngulia to Yatta
Blocked wildlife corridors
1.Southern park area to Rukinga and Taita (fences, small scale farming); Maktau to Kasigau (heavily settled,
fences, small-scale farming); Kamboyo to Chyulus (encroached); Chyulu to Amboseli (land subdivision and sale,
irrigated and rain fed agriculture, fences, incompatible tourism development); and Lake Jipe (high density
settlements and agriculture)
Degraded wildlife corridors
1.Tsavo East to Galana (over grazed); and Tsavo to Kulalu (over grazed)
Impacts Loss or fragmentation of wildlife habitats; decline in wildlife populations (e.g. wild dogs);
Response
Establishing game sanctuaries and community wildlife conservation areas;
Direct purchase of private lands for inclusion into the wider protected area system;
Establishing legal and economic instruments (leases, easements and agreements);
Establishing participatory land use planning;
Strengthening the protected area management through inclusion of wildlife extensions and diversification of
incentive; and
Implementing transboundary conservation initiatives (TsavoWest NP and Mkomazi GR)
Scenario NNP
Source: Lilieholm et al. 2013; Ogutu et al. in press
Kenya’s Natural Capital Atlas
• ACC lead agencies
• Contribution from government ministries and
department agencies (DRSRS, KWS, Museums
of Kenya, Nature Kenya, Universities, NGOs),
International Organizations (ILRI, WRI, ..)
• Report ready – End of September
Issues – Wildlife Bill
• Devolution and governance of natural resources
• National and county responsibilities as it relates
to conservancies – security, land use plans,
coordination, …
• Resource allocations, monitoring of the
conservancies, …..
Acknowledgements
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (www.ilri.org)
University College, London (UCL), Department of Anthropology
Africa Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) (www.atpsnet.org)
National Environment Research Council (NERC)-ESPA (NERC grant NE/1003673)
McGill University (www.mcgill.ca)
-Department of Geography and Department of Anthropology
-McGill Institute for International Development Studies (IIDS)
International Development Research Center (IDRC), Canada (www.idrc.ca)
Association for the Strengthening of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa
(ASARECA grant PAAP/09/02) (http://www.asareca.org/)
Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing
Various partners and collaborators in Kenya (Kenya Wildlife Services, African Conservation
Centre, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, African Wildlife Foundation)
Local community and NGOs - Local community in Mara, Northern Rangeland Trust, The Wildlife
Foundation, Olare Orok Conservancy, Naiboisho Conservancy, BaseCamp
Foundation, OlKiramatian Group Ranch, SORALO

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Conservation and wildlife in Kenya

  • 1. Conservation and wildlife in Kenya (1) International Livestock Research Institute; (2) Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Canada; (3) Africa Technology Policies Studies Network (ATPS); (4) University of Nairobi; (5) Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing; (6) University of Hohenheim BEST Project Policy Maker, Practitioner, Community User and Researcher Workshop, Nairobi, 13 August 2013 Mohammed Said1, Philip Osano1, 2, 3, Shem Kifugo1, Leah Ng'an'ga, Dickson Kaelo4 , Gordon Ojwang5, Patrick Wako5, Lucy Njino5 and Joseph Ogutu6
  • 2. What is happening in Kenya Rangelands 1. Biodiversity loss – wildlife declined by 50- 70% in ASALs in the period 70s-2009 (Norton-Griffiths & Said 2010; Western et al 2009) 2. Livestock populations – vary year to year in response to rainfall, increase 0.6% per annum, high offtake 3. High poverty rates in pastoral communities 4. Emergence of conservancies – more than 160 5. Initiative for communities to benefit from wildlife revenue - Payments for Wildlife Conservation (PWC)
  • 4. Wildlife trends in the Kenya rangelands between 1970s and 2000s Source: Natural Capital Atlas, DRSRS
  • 5. Wildlife Density1970s WILDLIFE DENSITY (tropical livestock unit per sq. km) > 125 45 - 125 15 - 45 0 - 15 No observation of wildlife No data OTHER FEATURES District boundaries National parks and reserves Water bodies Wildlife Density 1990s Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007
  • 6. Wildlife Density in 1990s Poverty Rate in 1999 Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007 WILDLIFE DENSITY (tropical livestock unit per sq. km) > 125 45 - 125 15 - 45 0 - 15 No observation of wildlife No data OTHER FEATURES District boundaries National parks and reserves Water bodies POVERTY RATE (percent of the population below the poverty line) > 65 55 - 65 45 - 55 35 - 45 <= 35 No data Data calculated by Constituency OTHER FEATURES District boundaries Constituency boundaries Selected national parks and reserves Water bodies
  • 7. Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’Meara Source of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication Evolution of Conservancies
  • 8. Photo credit: Philip Osano Shifts in Land Management in ASALs Land Tenure Communal Privatized Mobility Open Closed Tourism Benefits Latent Gone Payments for Wildlife Conservation (PWC) Land Lease
  • 9. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Numbers Cumulative 0 1 2 3 4 5 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2001 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Numberofconservancies Samburu Narok Marsabit Laikipia Kwale Kajiado Garissa Baringo Lodwar Marsabit Garissa Mom basa NAIR OBI Nanyuki Isiolo Lodwar Narok 100 0 100 200 Kilom eters I (hu m id) II (sub-hum id ) III (sem i-hu m id) IV (sem i-hum id to sem i-arid) V (sem i-arid ) VI (arid) VII (very arid) 1990s 2000s No data N Conservancies Established Evolution of conservancies in the Kenya Rangeland 160
  • 10. Source: DRSRS et al. in prep Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’Meara Source of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication Wildlife Density – herbivore Species Richness – herbivore Photo: Ron Beaton
  • 12. Vision 2030 The Vision 2030 accords a clean, secure and sustainable environment prominence under the economic and social pillars inspired by the principle of maintaining ecosystems integrity and sustainable development.
  • 15. • Connectivity of conservation areas both dispersal and wildlife corridors (Vision 2030) • Conservation of meta- population • Restoration of degraded lands and wildlife Wildlife dispersal areas and corridors MEMR
  • 17. Trends of wildebeest and sheep & goats in the Mara Ecosystem Source: Ogutu, Owen-Smith, Piepho and Said 2011
  • 18. Source: DRSRS et al. in prep Photo: Msoffe Elephant Movements in Tsavo MEMR
  • 19. MEMR Drivers Population growth; insecure land tenure; land subdivision; changing climate and rainfall patterns - scarcity of water and recurrent droughts; lack of incentives to conserve wildlife; lack of policy e.g. land use and development of conservancies. Pressures Land use change - conversion to settlements, subsistence farming, sisal plantations; grazing leases; fencing; sedentarisation; Human encroachment - incompatible land uses; forest destruction; charcoal burning; wild fires; poaching; precious stone mining; and Human-wildlife conflicts - crop damage, livestock predation, injury or death to humans State Critical elephant corridors not threatened (located in the Park) 1.River Tiva Crossing, Yatta gaps and Ngulia to Yatta Blocked wildlife corridors 1.Southern park area to Rukinga and Taita (fences, small scale farming); Maktau to Kasigau (heavily settled, fences, small-scale farming); Kamboyo to Chyulus (encroached); Chyulu to Amboseli (land subdivision and sale, irrigated and rain fed agriculture, fences, incompatible tourism development); and Lake Jipe (high density settlements and agriculture) Degraded wildlife corridors 1.Tsavo East to Galana (over grazed); and Tsavo to Kulalu (over grazed) Impacts Loss or fragmentation of wildlife habitats; decline in wildlife populations (e.g. wild dogs); Response Establishing game sanctuaries and community wildlife conservation areas; Direct purchase of private lands for inclusion into the wider protected area system; Establishing legal and economic instruments (leases, easements and agreements); Establishing participatory land use planning; Strengthening the protected area management through inclusion of wildlife extensions and diversification of incentive; and Implementing transboundary conservation initiatives (TsavoWest NP and Mkomazi GR)
  • 20. Scenario NNP Source: Lilieholm et al. 2013; Ogutu et al. in press
  • 21. Kenya’s Natural Capital Atlas • ACC lead agencies • Contribution from government ministries and department agencies (DRSRS, KWS, Museums of Kenya, Nature Kenya, Universities, NGOs), International Organizations (ILRI, WRI, ..) • Report ready – End of September
  • 22. Issues – Wildlife Bill • Devolution and governance of natural resources • National and county responsibilities as it relates to conservancies – security, land use plans, coordination, … • Resource allocations, monitoring of the conservancies, …..
  • 23. Acknowledgements International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (www.ilri.org) University College, London (UCL), Department of Anthropology Africa Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) (www.atpsnet.org) National Environment Research Council (NERC)-ESPA (NERC grant NE/1003673) McGill University (www.mcgill.ca) -Department of Geography and Department of Anthropology -McGill Institute for International Development Studies (IIDS) International Development Research Center (IDRC), Canada (www.idrc.ca) Association for the Strengthening of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA grant PAAP/09/02) (http://www.asareca.org/) Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing Various partners and collaborators in Kenya (Kenya Wildlife Services, African Conservation Centre, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, African Wildlife Foundation) Local community and NGOs - Local community in Mara, Northern Rangeland Trust, The Wildlife Foundation, Olare Orok Conservancy, Naiboisho Conservancy, BaseCamp Foundation, OlKiramatian Group Ranch, SORALO

Notas do Editor

  1. Biodiversity loss is increasing worldwidePoverty is rampant in rural areas of Africa, especially among pastoral communitiesHow to revert trends in biodiversity loss and povertyIs there a tipping point? I will show you an example of one case of a ‘tipping point’ in Kenyan rangeland around Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR)