Presented by Michael Blϋmmel, Phil Toye, Okeyo Mwai, Ian Wright, Tom Randolph and Steve Staal at the Global feed and food congress, Sun City, South Africa, 10-12 April 2013

1. Importance of livestock and the technological
and policy challenges facing the development
of livestock in Africa
Michael Blϋmmel, Phil Toye, Okeyo Mwai, Ian Wright, Tom Randolph and
Steve Staal
Global feed and food congress, Sun City, South Africa 10-12 April 2013

2. Outline of Presentation
 Importance of livestock and opportunities from
livestock (livestock revolution)
Constraints to increasing livestock and productivity:
technical, institutional and political
 Key feed technological interventions
 ILRI Framework for increasing animal sourced food (ASF)
availability through increasing livestock productivity
using value approaches

3. Number of livestock keepers in Sub
Saharan Africa living on less
than US $ 2 per day
Regions/sub-region Number of livestock keepers
Sub-Saharan Africa 319 908 000
Central Africa 29 815 000
Western Africa 132 742 000
East Africa 104 816 000
Southern Africa 52 534 000
Herrero et al. (2012)

4. Predicted global increase in meat and milk
demand till 2050 (“livestock
revolution”)
2000 2050
Meat production (million t/y) 229 465
Milk production (million t/y) 580 1043
Note: essentially all increased demand from low and
middle income countries
(Delgado et al., 1999; FAO, 2006)

5. Contraction, convergence and ceiling
values in animal sourced food (ASF)
1. 90 g/d of meat (max 50% red meat)
or
2. 20 g protein/d achieved either by:
• 33 kg lean meat/year
• 45 kg fish/year
• 60 kg eggs/year
• 230 kg milk/year

6. Global meat consumption pattern
Country/category Gram per day
Developed countries 224
Developing countries 47
Africa 31
Latin America 147
(Adopted from McMichael et al. 2007)

7. Severe productivity gaps in livestock
productivity: Meat
(kg output/kg biomass/yr)
0.2
0.17
1980 2005
0.11
0.08
0.06 0.06
0.04
0.03
Africa Latin America South Asia Industrialized
Countries
Biomass is calculated as inventory x average live weight. Output is given as carcass
weight.
Source: (Steinfeld et al. 2006)

8. Severe productivity gaps in livestock
productivity: Milk
(kg/cow/yr)
6350
1980 2005 4226
1380
1021 904
411 397 517
Africa Latin America South Asia Industrialized
Countries
Source: (Steinfeld et al 2006)

9. Key constraints: Institutional, Policy
 Small holder livestock producers often rely on informal markets (IM),
not supported by institutions and policies
• Standards, regulations & market information generally ignore IM
• IM driven by demand for low cost products
• Long term constructive engagement with IM required
 Small holder face problems in meeting increasing quality standards for
high end domestic and export ASF markets
• Export markets monopolized by specialized commercial producers
• Little participation by small holders
 Policy and investment attention generally focused on export markets, even
though export quotas are generally not met because of limited quality
supply capacity
• Domestic markets receive little attention, despite being larger then
export markets

10. Key constraints: Institutional, Policy
 Weakening support by government extension services for example in
animal health and nutrition without adequate compensation by
private sector efforts
• Animal health policies focused on diseases of trade
• Little attention to endemic diseases of production that limit small holder
competitiveness
• Inadequate enforcement of feed quality standards, larger producers are
less effected by this
 In some regions and for some products there is strong competition from
import of ASF, often with the implicit support of the same donor
governments who are investing in rural livestock development
• Regional livestock trade is constrained by bureaucratic procedures,
border transactions costs and tariff even with regional economic
blocks.
 General underfunding of livestock research and development, including
human resources

11. Support for Livestock Research
Area of Research East Africa Southern Africa West Africa Sub-Saharan Africa
Crops 43.0 49.5 45.9 45.5
Livestock 22.0 20.7 17.5 19.9
Natural Resources 9.5 10.9 7.1 8.8
Forestry 7.6 3.2 6.9 6.4
Socio Economics 5.5 2.9 6.9 5.5
Fisheries 5.2 3.1 6.6 5.3
Off farm Postharvest 2.6 6.4 6.1 4.8
Others 4.6 3.3 3.0 3.7
Beintema and Stads (2006)

12. Key constraints: Animal Health
 Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: most important cattle disease in
Africa
• Activity: vaccine development and diagnostics
 East Cost fever: major livestock constraint in East, Central and Southern
Africa
• Activity: vaccine development
 African Swine Fever: increasing importance in Africa with spread to
Europe
• Activity: understand transmission dynamics, develop bio-security protocols
and improved diagnostic assays
 Peste de Petits Ruminants: viral disease that causes high losses in small
ruminants
• Activity: develop thermostable vaccines and assess best institutional deliver
pathways
 Porcine Cysticercosis: increasing heath problems were pigs are important
• Activity: develop pen-side diagnosis

13. Key constraints: Animal Breeding & Genetics
 Inefficient multiplication and delivery of appropriate livestock genetics:
• Activity: Community-based breeding programs to identify and deliver
improved future parents, develop & use of emerging genomic &
reproductive tools (nuclear transfers, transgenic, in-vitro embryo production
etc.)
 Inadequate understanding of breed characteristics, functional diversity &
keepers objectives:
• Activity: breed & systems characterization for breeding objectives,
development of databases
 Difficulty identifying and best matching of breed types to production
environments:
• Activity: definition of breeding objectives and testing of breed-production
environment match, use of genomic tools to identify breed compositions and
the associated phenotypic performance under diff. systems, innovative use
of IT (e.g. crowd-sourcing or text messaging to relay performance data)

14. Key constraints: Animal Feeds
 Overall lack of feed quantity and quality relative to livestock population
and productivity level, aggravated by seasonality
 Feed costs rising relative to income from sale of produce, fodder
biomass relative to food is getting more expensive
(straw: grain price ratio)
 Scarcity of land and water and increasing competition for biomass
(conservation agriculture, bio-fuels)
 Limited success in private investment in feed processing for ruminant
livestock, lack of regulatory mechanism, often inefficient feed
and fodder markets
 Valuable feed ingredients often not available domestically, exported for
hard currency

15. Key mitigation strategies: Animal Feeds
 Making better use of available feed resource on farm:
• Optimize use of basal diets
• Feed conservations options
• Strategic allocations of feed resources
• Intensification of production, reduce feed allocations to maintenance
 Producing more and better feeds:
• Food-Feed Crops
• Specialized Forages
• Agro/bio-fuel by products
 Feed processing, densification, fortification and redistribution options
• Optimize physical feed form (supplemented, block, pellet, mash,
animal response, labor, transport, storage etc)
• Surplus to deficit feed transport
• Decentralized feed processing business options

16. Total Mixed Ration: Impact of ration balancing
supplementation and choice of basal diet
Ingredients %
Sorghum stover 50
Bran/husks/hulls 18
Oilcakes 18
Molasses 8
Grains 4
Min./ Vit., yeast 2
Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTD
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17. Comparisons of higher and lower quality
sorghum stover based total mixed
rations in dairy buffalo
Block High Block Low
(52% dig) (47% dig)
CP 17.2 % 17.1%
ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kg
DMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/d
DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 %
Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d
Anandan et al. (2009a)
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18. Actual average across herd milk yields (3.61 kg/d)
and scenario-dependent ME requirements for total
milk production (81.8 million t/y) in India
ME required (MJ x 109)
Milk (kg/d) Maintenance Production Total
3.61 (05/06) 1247.6 573.9 1821.5
6 (Scenario 1) 749.9 573.9 1323.8
9 (Scenario 2) 499.9 573.9 1073.8
12 (Scenario 3) 374.9 573.9 948.8
15 (Scenario 4) 299.9 573.9 873.9
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19. Supplementation and feed processing
options of sweet sorghum bagasse
and response in sheep
Control
Concentrate
Chaffed
Mash Pellets Block SSBRL
DMI (g/kg LW) 52.5 a 55.6 a 42.1 b 41.5 b
ADG (g / d) 132.7 a 130.4 a 89.5 b 81.3 b
Processing ($/t) 5.9 7.0 5.2 1.7
Transport
($/t/100km) 6.6 5.8 5.2 13.5
Anandan et al. (2012)
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20. Traditional approach to increasing livestock productivity was piecemeal
Past research has focused specific aspects
of given value chains, commodities and country.
Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
...in Country A
Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
...in Country B
Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
...in Country C
Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
...in Country D

21. A value chain approach: a set of
actors, transactions, information flows, and
institutions that enable value to be delivered to
the customer (Baker 2007)

22. Approach: Solution-driven R4D to achieve impact
#1: Addressing the whole value chain
R4D integrated to transform selected value chains
In targeted commodities and countries.
Consumers
Major intervention with development partners
Value chain development team + research partners
Strategic CRP 3.7 Cross-cutting Platforms
• Technology Generation
• Market Innovation
• Targeting & Impact
INTERVENTIONS TO SCALE GLOBAL RESEARCH
OUT REGIONALLY PUBLIC GOODS

23. Delivering the Livestock and Fish Program
Structure: Six integrated components
5 Targeting: Foresight, prioritization, environmental impacts
Technology 4 Value chain development
development:
1 Health
Consumers
2 Genetics
3 Feeds Commodity X in Country Y
6 Cross-cutting: gender, impact, M&E, comms, capacity
building

24. Thank you for your
attention!
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