The global livestock agenda: Opportunities and challenges
1. The global livestock agenda
Opportunities and challenges
Jimmy Smith
15th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bangkok,Thailand
26-30 November 2012
2. Overview
The global livestock sector
• Magnitude
• Diversity
• Dynamic
• Important for global development challenges
Trends in the global livestock sector
• Consumption
• Food production
• Trade
Livestock and the environment
Livestock and livelihoods
Livestock and health/nutrition
4. The global livestock sector
17 billion domestic
animals
Asset value $1.4
trillion
Employs 1.3 billion
people
Uses one third of the
earth’s ice free
surface
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5. Four out of the five highest value global
commodities are livestock
6. Livestock contribution to AgGDP
Livestock
GDP
5.6% 3.8% 2.4% 2.4%
4.0% 4.3% 2.9% 2.8% 2.8%
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(Figures in bars are annual growth rates)
FAO, 2012
7. Diversity in the livestock sector
From….. To…..
Few animals 00,000s of animals
Multiple functions Rapid, regular turn over
Sales – at times of need Only for income
Risk mitigation
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8. Growth scenarios for livestock systems
‘Strong growth’
– Where good market access and
increasing productivity provide
opportunities for continued
smallholder participation.
‘Fragile growth’
– Where remoteness, marginal land
resources or agro-climatic
vulnerability restrict intensification.
‘High growth with externalities’
– Fast changing livestock systems
potentially damaging the
environment and human health
Different research and development
challenges for poverty, food security,
health and nutrition, environment
9. Livestock and global development challenges
Feeding the World
– Livestock provide 58 million tonnes of protein annually and 17% of the
global kilocalories.
Removing poverty
– Almost 1 billion people rely on livestock for livelihoods
Managing the environment
– Livestock contribute 14 -18% anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions;
use 30% of the freshwater used for agriculture and 30% of the ice free
land
– Transition of livestock systems – huge opportunity to impact on future
environment
Improving human health
– Zoonoses and contaminated animal source foods
– Malnutrition and obesity
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13. % growth in demand for livestock products
2000 - 2030
13
FAO, 2012
14. Consumption - drivers
Population: Rising to 9-10 billion Incomes
Urbanization
– Since 2008 more people in urban Supermarkets
than rural areas
Trade
– Two thirds urban anticipated by
2050
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15. Supermarkets or informal sector?
‘Supermarket revolution’
took off in 1990s
Increases in market share
vary around the world
General features
• Impacts the rich first
• Vertical integration of food markets
• Threat to smallholder participation
Effects not same
for all products
• First in processed foods
(flour, oil, condiments)
• Last in fresh foods
(meat, dairy, fruits and veg)
Informal milk market ILRI/Mann
80% in India
16. Growing trade in livestock commodities–
with impacts also at local level
FAO: SOFA 2009
18. Food production: By whom?
Today: 50 – 75% of livestock production in Africa and Asia
from small farms (less than 2ha; 2 TLU)
Future: Small or large farms?
Large commercial farms pro-efficiency
(foreign capital investment)
Smallholder development possibly more pro-poor
Smallholders: Low opportunity cost of labour
Do diversified smallholder farms promote biodiversity and
better management of ecosystems services?
Smallholder sector fragmented:
What actors are needed to support it?
Trajectory of change?
20. Climate change
What will happen to feed resources? diseases? productivity?
Average projected % change in suitability for 50 crops to 2050
Courtesy of Andy Jarvis
21. Global greenhouse gas efficiency
per kg of animal protein produced
Large inefficiencies in the developing world–
an opportunity?
Herrero et al PNAS (forthcoming)
22. Production efficiency – developed countries
Feed, breed,
health =
4 fold milk
increase
22
Capper et al., 2009
23. Estimated GHG emissions per kg of FPCM at farm gate,
averaged by main
regions and the world
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FAO, 2010
24. Trade-offs:
Environment−livelihoods
Use of biomass–
for soil or feed (or fuel)
Reduction of
animal numbers–
implications for
livelihoods
Producing
with smaller
environmental
footprint
25. Livestock and livelihoods
Livestock production and
marketing are essential
for the livelihoods of
almost 1 billion
Two-thirds are women
1.3 billion people
employed in livestock
value chains globally
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26. Role of animals
Multiple
Comparing cattle systems in Kenya, Zambia and Sri Lanka:
– Up to 40% of benefits from livestock keeping came from non-market,
intangible benefits, mostly insurance and financing
– Insurance:
– Financing:
Livestock - an inflation-proof savings/investment
Manure, traction, social
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ILRI/Mann
31. Informing the global research agenda
Biophysical research
• Addressing productivity (feed-breed-health)
• Enhancing efficient animal production – environmental issues
• Addressing and informing livestock-human nutrition
• Disease challenges
• Practical environmental solutions
Institutional
• Incentives and institutional arrangements for environmental
stewardship – payment for ecosystem services
• Market and service provision models
• Business enterprise models
• Evidence to guide public and private sector roles and investments in
livestock
Livestock systems transition
• An opportunity to address future food needs
• Diversity of starting points and solutions
• Research-for-development to address transition:
– Environmentally, socially, economically equitable and sustainable -
INCLUSIVE
32. ….research that enhances understanding and targeting options
and provides biophysical and institutional solutions must be
combined to enhance the transition of today’s smallholder
livestock farms through inclusive growth to be a vibrant part of
the food, poverty alleviation, environmental and health
solutions for the future………….
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33. better lives through livestock
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