production and management of cowpea and soybean in mozamdique,future research plans

1. Developing and promoting legume based
cropping systems in Mozambique
S. Boahen
Legume Agronomist
IITA – Mozambique
Nampula
www.iita.org

2. Why Legumes?
Importance of grain legumes
- Major source of protein
- Cropping systems – N
contribution
- Source of income Cowpea
Growing demand for soybean
Domestic demand estimated
at 45,000 tons/year
Current production ≈ 5,000
tons/yr; yields ≈ 700 kg/ha
Cowpea yields ≈ 300 kg/ha Soybean
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3. Major Constraints
Lack of high-yielding adapted varieties
Poor access to seeds and seed delivery system
Limited information on crop management practices
Pests and diseases
Low human and institutional capacity
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4. Objectives
Identify and promote high-yielding adapted genotypes
Develop appropriate crop management practices
Facilitate the development of community-based seed
systems
Enhance capacity
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5. Research Provinces
- Nampula
- Zambezia
- Manica
- Maputo
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6. Partial aerial view of IITA Research site at Ruace, Zambezia, 2008
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7. Soybean screening
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8. Cowpea screening
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9. Variety Selection
Nampula - PD 19/01/08 a
1600
ab ab
Potential yield 1400
1200 ab
ab
- Genetically determined
Seed yield (kg/ha)
1000
b
- Management and Env’t 800
600
- Critical: Yield stability 400
200
0
Storm TGx 1740-2F TGx 1904-6F TGx 1485-1D TGx 1910-10F TGx 1908-8F
Soybean genotype
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10. Table 1. Yields of early and medium to late maturing soybean genotypes
screened for desirable agronomic traits during the 2007/08 growing season.
Genotype Ruace Nampula Genotype Ruace Nampula
Early genotype (kg/ha) Medium to late genotype (kg/ha)
TGx 1932-1F 2824 2330 TGx 1935-5F 2263 1452
TGx 1935-3F 2700 2217 TGx 1936-2F 1633 1533
TGx 1945-1F 2652 2002 TGx 1937-1F 2691 1672
TGx 1951-3F 2902 2354 TGx 1939-2F 1194 1528
TGx 1951-4F 2498 1957 TGx 1949-7F 2367 1978
TGx 1954-1F 2446 2186 TGx 1949-8F 2043 1767
TGx 1965-7F 2694 1535 TGx 1949-10F 2246 2070
TGx 1971-1F 2635 2404 TGx 1950-8F 2306 2576
TGX 1972-1F 2856 2435 TGx 1955-4F 2765 1517
TGx 1977-2F 2585 2628 TGx 1956-1F 2224 1511
TGx 1977-4F 2743 1769 TGx 1963-3F 3129 1318
LSD(0.05) NS NS LSD(0.05) 613 917
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11. Table 2. Yields of early and early to medium maturing soybean genotype
screened for desirable agronomic traits during the 2008/09 growing season.
Yields of Early genotype (kg/ha) Yields of early to medium genotype (kg/ha)
TGx 1987-20F 3464 TGx 1986-3F 2144
TGx 1987-65F 3409 TGx 1985-2F 2020
TGx 1987-62F 3037 TGx 1984-8F 1879
TGx 1987-8F 2960 TGx 1985-7F 1847
TGx 1987-6F 2948 TGx 1985-8F 1783
TGx 1987-9F 2822 TGx 1985-3F 1704
TGx 1987-17F 2761 TGx 1985-9F 1583
TGx 1987-10F 2657 TGx 1986-1F 1572
TGX 1019-2EN 2610 TGx 1985-4F 1556
TGx 1987-34F 2570 TGx 1985-10F 1555
LSD(0.05) 491 LSD(0.05) 496
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12. Table 3. Yields of early and medium to late maturing soybean genotype
screened for desirable agronomic traits during the 2008/09 growing season.
Yields of Medium genotypes (kg/ha) Yield of Late genotype (kg/ha)
TGx 1986-38F 3180 TGx 1955-4F 2575
TGx 1986-14F 3002 TGx 1935-5F 2541
TGx 1986-19F 2756 TGx 1965-7F 2523
TGx 1986-40F 2536 TGx 1984-11F 1812
TGx 1986-37F 2525 TGx 1984-1F 1770
TGx 1987-3F 2410 TGx 1440-1E 1760
TGx 1986-15F 2380 TGx 1984-24F 1706
TGx 1986-35F 2338 TGx 1984-23F 1504
TGx 1985-12F 1306 TGx 1984-22F 1496
TGx 1985-2F 1274 TGx 1984-19F 1477
LSD(0.05) 442 LSD(0.05) 543
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13. Table 4. Top yielding Cowpea lines during 2008 and 2009
Location Yields (kg/ha)
Ruace Nampula Sussundenga
Genotype Year ‘08 Year ‘08 Year ‘09 Year ‘08 Year ‘09
IT 18 1582 1221 1055 1457 1027
IT 16 1334 1377 1057 1558 976
INIA-73 1472 1425 865 1484 1236
Sudan -1 1452 1224 1329 1553 830
Brown mixed 1621 1572 896 841 425
IT00K-126-3 1373 1644 1396 1803 1026
IT97K-1069-6 2048 1178 1058 1970 1476
IT98K-205-8 1025 290 589 1068 460
IT97K-499-35 1302 1084 669 1298 721
IT97K-390-2 - - 764 - 1470
IT98K-131-2 - 876 1133 1201 865
IT98K-412-13 - - 580 - 750
IT98K-494-6 1081 - - - -
LSD (0.05) 394 261 456 941 518
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14. Table 5. Cowpea lines selected under drought conditions
Yield (kg/ha) in 2008
Variety Ruace Nampula
IT98K-128-3 1796 435
IT98-628 1544 413
IT97K-390-2 1997 473
IT98K166-4 1192 398
IT98K-412-13 1767 523
IT98K-491-4 1461 482
IT89KD-288 1440 380
IT97K-819-118 1461 481
IT99K-7-21-2-2 1265 537
IT99K-529-1 1567 458
IT99K-216-24-2 1414 477
IT97K-1069-6 1924 531
IT98K-311-8-2 1470 252
IT96D-610 1261 445
IT00K-126-3 1526 476
IT99K-112-2 1331 331
LSD(0.05) 335 171
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15. Variety Selection
Diseases and pests
- Resistance and tolerance
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16. www.iita.org

17. Crop Management
When is the best time to plant soybeans?
4500 PD 27/12/07 PD 9/1/08
- Daylength sensitivity PD 24/1/08 PD 8/2/08
4000
- Temperature 3500
- Early planting during the season 3000
Seed yield (kg/ha)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Storm TGx 1740-2F TGx 1904-6F TGx 1485-1D 427/5/7 TGx 1908-8F
I4-day delay: Avg yield ≈ 47 kg/day Soybean genotypes
47x14MT = 658MT = $24.00/day Effect of planting date on the yields of six of the twelve soybean
varieties planted in Ruace, Zambezia during the 2007/08 growing
season.
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18. 5.0
PD 11/12/08 PD 24/12/08
PD 07/01/09 PD 21/01/09
4.5
4.0
3.5
Seed yield (tons/ha)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Storm TGx 1904-6F TGx 1963-3F TGx 1908-8F TGx 1951-3F TGx 1932-1F TGx 1485-1D
Soybean genotypes
Effect of planting date on the yields of seven of the sixteen soybean varieties
planted in Ruace, Zambesia during the 2008/09 growing season.
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19. Table 6. Effect of planting date on seed yield variables and their
contribution seed yield
Seed Yield Variables
Planting Plant Days to Pod-filling No of No of 100-seed
Date stand/m2 Maturity duration (d) Pods/plant seeds/pod wt (g)
11 Dec ‘08 34.0 105.1 36.3 122.5 2.41 14.7
26 Dec ‘08 32.6 96.5 33.4 98.3 2.37 13.1
10 Jan ‘09 24.4 89.3 31.9 117.3 2.28 11.9
26 Jan ‘09 19.1 83.2 26.9 100.3 2.27 9.7
LSD(0.05) 2.6 0.11 0.45 17.1 0.09 0.15
R2 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.17 0.86 0.98
P-value 0.015 0.013 0.020 0.529 0.047 0.006
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20. When is the best time to plant?
Ruace, Zambesia Nampula
2500 2500
A PD 26/1/08 B PD 2/1/08
PD 9/2/08 PD 22/1/08
PD 4/3/08 PD 18/2/08
2000 2000
PD 15/3/08
Seed yield (kg/ha)
1500 1500
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
IT00K1263 Sudan-1 Brown mixed IT97K10696 IT-18 IT00K-1263 INIA-73 IT-16 IT-18 IT97K-499-35
Cowpea Varieties Cowpea Varieties
Effect of planting date on the yields of five of the ten cowpea varieties planted in Ruace (A) and Nampula
(B) during the 2008 growing season.
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21. Biological nitrogen fixation
High nitrogen-fixing ability
- Promiscuous nodulators
- Inoculation methods
Liquid Peat-based Granular
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22. a
50 Check Liquid A Peat A
a Ganular A Liquid B Peat B
45
40
a
Number of nodules/plant
35
Rhizobium 30
b
25
inoculation 20 c
c
cb b
b b
15 cb
10
c
5
Nodule numbers from various
0
inoculation treatments average Ruace Nampula
over two soybean varieties. Experimental Sites
3000
2900 a
ab
2800
ab
Yield (kg/ha)
2700
ab
ab
2600 b
2500
Grain yield from various inoculation 2400
treatments average over two soybean
varieties at Ruace. 2300
Check Liquid A Peat A Ganular A Liquid B Peat B
Inoculation Treatment
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23. Response to Phosphorous
TGx 1740-2F selected for low P
tolerance
Optimum - 20kg P/ha
6000 2000
A B
1800
5000
1600
1400
4000
Seed yield (kg/ha)
1200
3000 1000
800
427/5/7
2000 Soybean
Ocepara 600
Cow pea
Solitaire
400
1000 TGx 1740-2F
200
0 0
0 kg P/ha 20 kg P/ha 40 kg P/ha 60 kg P/ha 0 kg P/ha 20 kg P/ha 40 kg P/ha 60 kg P/ha
Phosphorous Application Phosphorous Application
Soybean yields in Ruace in response to phosphorus application (A); and yields of cowpea and soybean
averaged over four varieties of each crop in response to P application at Nampula (B).
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24. Selected genotypes
Genotypes selected based on screening and evaluation:
-Soybean: TGx 1740-2F, TGx 1908-8F, TGx 1937-1F, TGx
1904-6F and TGx 1485-1D
-Cowpea: IT98K-128-3, IT97K-390-2, IT97K-1069-6,
IT98K-131-2, IT00K-126-3, IT-16 and IT-18
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25. Seed Systems - Approaches
Seed Multiplication
National Performance Trials
On-farm demonstration in collaboration with partners
Linkage with farmer organizations for community-based
seed production
Worked with IIAM on Varietal release
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26. Off-season seed multiplication
- For on-farm demonstrations with partners
- To Facilitate community-based seed systems development
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27. www.iita.org

28. www.iita.org

29. Table 7. Yields of selected soybean genotypes grown
in various agro-ecologies for NPT in 2008/09 growing
season.
Location Yields (kg/ha)
Genotype
Ruace Nampula Sussundenga Namialo Umbeluzi
TGx 1740-2F 3195 1372 1314 2442 2354
TGx 1908-8F 4369 1576 1718 1720 1344
TGx 1904-6F 4716 1947 1809 2280 1847
TGx 1937-1F 3693 1487 1214 1598 583
TGx 1485-1D 4153 1519 1236 1720 2175
Storm (Check) 3749 1130 1340 1042 1414
CV 8.8 48 35 39 21
LSD(0.05) 530 NS NS 1070 520
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30. Table 8. Days to flowering and maturity of selected
soybean genotypes at Ruace and Umbeluzi
Genotype Ruace Umbeluzi
Days to Days to Days to Days to
Flowering Maturity Flowering Maturity
TGx 1740-2F 40.0 86.5 49.7 134.0
TGx 1908-8F 47.0 98.0 66.0 138.5
TGx 1904-6F 49.2 97.7 63.0 125.7
TGx 1937-1F 57.2 100.5 73.0 139.5
TGx 1485-1D 44.0 86.7 65.2 133.2
Storm (Check) 36.7 80.5 49.2 116.7
CV 1.36 1.18 1.49 0.91
LSD(0.05) 0.94 1.64 1.37 1.80
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31. Maturity duration
- Select variety to fit the growing
season
- TGx 1937-1F doesn’t fit lat >17o S S15o
S19o
Daylength increases S26o
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32. Table 9. Yield of selected cowpea genotypes in three agro-
ecologies.
Location yields (kg/ha) and planting dates
Ruace Nampula Sussundenga
Genotype Feb 27 Mar 4, Jan 2, ‘08 Jan 14 Jan 31,’08 Jan 13
‘08 ‘08 ‘09 ‘09
IT00K-126-3 1527 1373 1644 1394 2087 1026
IT97K-1069-6 1924 2048 1178 1058 1580 1476
IT98K-128-3 1796 - - 644 - 460
IT97K-390-2 1997 - - 764 - 1470
IT98K-131-2 - 1051 876 1133 1083 865
IT-16 - 1334 1377 1045 748 976
IT-18 - 1582 1221 1048 1527 1027
CV 13.1 19.5 15.1 34.9 90 38.3
LSD 334 393 261 456 NS 518
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33. On-farm demonstrations – collaboration with CLUSA and IKURU
-Cowpea: 355 Farmers and 1065 demonstrations plots in 25
communities
- Soybean: 68 Farmers and 204 demonstration plots in 8
communities
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34. www.iita.org

35. www.iita.org

36. Table 10. Soybean yields from farmer managed trials across several
communities in Zambesia Province in the 2008/09 growing season.
Genotype Location Yields (kg/ha)
Ruace Tetete Magige Lioma Serra
TGx 1740-2F 3348a 2100a 3117a 3013a 2431a
TGx 1908-8F 3129bc 1956ab 2883a 2904a 2171b
TGx 1904-6F 3002c 1839a 2925a 2652a 2065b
TGx 1937-1F 3083c 1904ab 2967a 2584a 2095b
TGx 1485-1D 3220ab 2075a 3033a 2719a 2212ab
Storm 2397d - - 2585a 1610c
Local check
Santa Rosa 1770e 1217c 1750b 1625b 1255d
Safari 1567e 1049c 251c - 1810bc
Santa 1771e 576d - 1734b -
LSMEANS within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P ˂ 0.05.
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37. Table 11. Yields of improved and local cowpea lines from
farmer-managed trials in 2009
Genotype Location Yield (kg/ha)†
Rapale Mogovol Angoche Angoche - Rapale Monapo
Marranta as Namapon Serracao Anchilo- Neita-
ne Muatua da Namigonha Muapala
IT-18 461c 400c 502a 483a 548a 653b
IT00K-126-3 631a 550b 556a 478a 470b 832a
IT97K-1069-6 554b 925a 569a 568a 400c 534c
Namurua 240d 365c 173b 192b 248d 127d
(Check)
†LSMEANS within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P ˂ 0.05.
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38. Seeds of selected cowpea sent to Zimbabwe,
Zambia and Tanzania for testing www.iita.org

39. Main season seed multiplication
Harvested 12.5 tons
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40. Main season seed multiplication
- Harvested 5.6 tons
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41. On-going off-season seed multiplication
of soybean rust tolerant lines
TGx 1987-20F; TGx 1987-65F;
TGx 1987-62F; TGx 1987-8F;
TGx 1987-9F; TGx 1986-38F
TGx 1987-14F
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42. www.iita.org

43. www.iita.org

44. www.iita.org

45. Seed Systems - Summary
12.5 tons Soybean and 5.6 tons cowpea seeds produced to
facilitate community seed production scheme
Data from NPT available
Data from on-farm demonstrations available
Conducted field days, TV program to promote technologies
5 soybean and 5 cowpea genotypes submitted for
registration and release
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46. Capacity building
 Human capacity
– 2500 farmers and extension agents trained
- 1I non degree and 6 degree students from IITA and IIAM
 Institutional capacity
- Water pump for off-season seed multiplication
- Physiological equipments and other basic lab equipments
- Tractor and farm implements
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47. Future plans
Continue testing and identification of high-yielding adapted soybean
and cowpea for registration and release to provide more options to
producers
Asia soybean rust is a major priority for the SA region. I will collaborate
with the soybean breeder and pathologist to identify resistance varieties
Study the leaf gas exchange and water use efficiency of genotypes
selected for drought tolerance
Scale-up seed multiplication to facilitate the development of a
sustainable community-based seed system
Develop efficient inoculants application strategies through assessing
the need for rhizobial inoculant use; characterization of indigenous
bradyrhizobial populations, testing native and introduced strains for
host-strain compatibility and competitiveness
Quantify N and non-N benefits to crops following soybean and cowpea
in rotation.
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48. Acknowledgements
USAID
Tropical Legume II Project
Research Technicians
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49. www.iita.org

50. THANK YOU
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