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School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences

                                                               Understanding the gendered
                                                                   control of assets:
                                                                 Findings from Uganda



                                                                                                 Gorettie Nabanoga and Justine Namaalwa
                                                                      School of Forestry, Environment and Geographical Studies Makerere
                                                                                                                               University

                                                                                                                             October 2011




                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                      Project Goal/Objectives

                                                           HOW-
                                                            People gain secure access to assets
                                                             including land
                                                             The patterns differ for women and men
                                                             The formal legal frameworks and social
                                                              norms, including marital and inheritance
                                                              patterns, shape the individual’s access to
                                                              land and other assets
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                      Uganda- Study districts




                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                                      Study sites
                                                          Selection - based on the differences in land tenure
                                                           regimes and culture

                                                           3 Districts
                                                                                       Sample size (n)
                                                                  District             Male    Female                 Total
                                                           Kapchorwa                    121            117             238
                                                           Kibaale                      122            149             271
                                                           Luweero                       111           150             261
                                                           Total                        354            416             770



                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                              METHODOLOGY
                                                          Focus group discussions
                                                           [2 per village, separate for
                                                            men and women]




                                                           Key Informants
                                                           [Up to 4 per village]

                                                           Surveys
                                                           [HH=379; Indv=770]
                                                             Primary Respondent
                                                             Other individuals (>18 yrs up to 3 pple)
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                 Major Assets considered
                                                          Major Assets                                 Considerations
                                                                                                  Acquistion & Ownership
                                                                                                   patterns
                                                          • Land & Dwelling                       Bundles of Rights
                                                                                                  Marital and Inheritence
                                                          • Livestock                              Regimes
                                                                                                      Fate of Property
                                                          • Financial                                 Individual Perceptions
                                                                                                  Extra Ordinary Losses and
                                                          • Phyical assets                         Shocks
                                                                                                  Conflicts
                                                                                                      Assets involved
                                                                                                      Parties involved in Resolving

                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                          Bundles of Rights
                                                          • Use rights:
                                                              – Access , Withdrawal

                                                          • Control rights:
                                                              – Exclusion
                                                              – Management
                                                              – Alienation (transfer/Sell/Bequeath)

                                                          • Usufruct (earn income from)
                                                          Strengthening someone’s control rights weakens
                                                                          others’ use rights
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                                     The study
                                                          Provides empirical evidence of:
                                                          • The concept of ownership in the context of
                                                            legal pluralism
                                                             – Goes beyond legalistic definition & considers
                                                                 the social/cultural definition

                                                          • The importance of the various social &
                                                            cultural institutions in asset ownership &
                                                            accumulation
                                                              – Marriage +++Inheritance regimes

                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                                                                      Demographics
                                                                              Marital Regimes
                                                                              100%                                                          Divorced
                                                                              90%
                                                                                                                                            Widowed
                                                                              80%
                                                                                                                                            Single
                                                           % of Respondents




                                                                              70%
                                                                              60%                                                           Consensual
                                                                              50%                                                           Statutory&Religiou
                                                                              40%                                                           s

                                                                              30%
                                                                                                                                            Customary                                      Education
                                                                              20%
                                                                                                                                                 100%
                                                                              10%                                                                 90%
                                                                               0%                                                                 80%
                                                                                      Male


                                                                                             Female


                                                                                                        Male


                                                                                                                 Female


                                                                                                                            Male


                                                                                                                                   Female         70%
                                                                                                                                                  60%
                                                                                                                                                                                                           Tertiary
                                                                                                                                                  50%
                                                                                                                                                  40%                                                      A-Level
                                                                                     KAPCHORWA              KIBALE         LUWEERO
                                                                                                                                                  30%                                                      O-Level
                                                                                                                                                  20%                                                      Primary
                                                                                                                                                  10%                                                      No Education
                                                                                                Male                      Female                   0%



                                                                                                                                                                  Female




                                                                                                                                                                                  Female




                                                                                                                                                                                                  Female
                                                                                                                                                           Male




                                                                                                                                                                           Male




                                                                                                                                                                                           Male
                                                            Kapchorwa                                 121                  117
                                                            Kibaale                                   122                  149
                                                            Luwero                                    111                  150                           KAPCHORWA          KIBALE         LUWEERO




                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                 LAND – Reported Ownership
                                                             100%                                                                Joint-Other
                                                              90%                                                                Joint-Spouse
                                                              80%                                                                Sole Female
                                                              70%                                                                Sole Male
                                                              60%
                                                              50%
                                                              40%
                                                              30%
                                                              20%
                                                              10%
                                                                0%
                                                                     Male    Female     Male        Female   Male      Female

                                                                      KAPCHORWA                KIBALE             LUWEERO




                                                                            Individualistic        Joint      •     Joint Ownership was often
                                                                               Parcels            Parcels           reported
                                                          Men                     110
                                                                                                    259       •     Individualistic ownership more
                                                          Women                   94                                common in Kibaale and Luweero

                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                          Land–Mode of Acquistion & Ownership
                                                             Individual Female Land Owners                 Individual Male Land owners
                                                                          (n=94)                                           (n=110)


                                                                                    Inheritance
                                                                                    Gift/Transfer
                                                                                    Sole Purchase
                                                                                    Joint Purchase
                                                                                    Rent/Lease
                                                                                    Through Spouse




                                                            Joint land Owners                    •   Female owners
                                                                  (n=329)                             –   Mainly inherit & receive gifts/ transfers
                                                                                                      –   Several purchases
                                                                                                 •   Male Owners
                                                                                                      –   More likely - Purchased & Inheritence
                                                                                                 •   Jointly owned Parcels
                                                                                                      –   Joint Purchases
                                                                                                      –   Inheritence & Through spouse = customary
                                                                                                          notions

                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                   Female Land Owners- Source
                                                                  inherited land & Gifts/Transfers
                                                                                       Gifts/
                                                                                                  Marital Status of Women Individual
                                                          Kapchorwa           Inherited
                                                                                     Transfers            Land Owners (n=94)
                                                          Respondent’s
                                                          mother                                                      5%       4%     4%
                                                          Respondent’s father     2     1              15%
                                                          Other relative          1
                                                          Spouse                  5     1                                                  6%
                                                          Government                    3
                                                          Kibaale
                                                          Respondent’s
                                                          mother                  1     1
                                                          Respondent’s father           2
                                                          Other relative                1                       65%
                                                          Spouse                  5     3
                                                          Government                    1
                                                          Luweero
                                                          Respondent’s                           Customary             Statutory/Religious
                                                          mother                  1     3        Consensual            Single/Never Married
                                                          Respondent’s
                                                          father                  5     1        Widowed               Divorced/Separated
                                                          Other relative          3     3
                                                            Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
                                                          Spouse                  4     3
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                              LAND- Ownership Documents
                                                          Who owns a given                     ”Perceived”
                                                          parcel of land
                                                                                                       Documents Exisiting
                                                                                                     • No Documentation = 27%
                                                                     How was it Acquired             • Some Document = 73%
                                                                                                          – Sales Receipts/Agreements = 80%
                                                                                                          – Registered Deed = 6%
                                                                                                          – Other documents e.g will = 15%


                                                                   Any form of Documentation         “Lack of registered deed ≠ imply
                                                                                                          insecurity of ownership”
                                                                                                        Names
                                                                                                     • Individualistic Parcels
                                                                   Names on the document
                                                                                                          – Majority had personal names
                                                                                                     • Joint parcels
                                                                                                          – Mainly the names of male partner
                                                                    Legalistic Ownership
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences                                                      Any
                                                                                                          document Registered
                                                          % of men or women in                  Perceived  in own   deed in
                                                          that district                  N=     Ownership   name   own name
                                                          Kapchorwa Men                   113       80%            59%             3%
                                                          Kapchorwa Women                 125       69%            20%             1%
                                                          Kibaale Men                     122       67%            57%             3%
                                                          Kibaale Women                   149       60%            22%             0%
                                                          Luweero Men                     111       61%            39%             0%
                                                          Luweero Women                   150       49%            17%             3%
                                                          Total                           770       63%            34%             2%
                                                          Total Men                       346       69%            52%             2%
                                                          Total Women                     424       58%            20%             1%
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                          What Would Qualify ”Ownership”?

                                                           Form of Acquisition             Some proof of
                                                                                           Ownership




                                                                     OWN AN ASSET
                                                                                                                          • Individually
                                                                                                                          • Jointly = Prior
                                                                                                                          consultations

                                                          Control Rights                      Use Rights
                                                             •Exclusion                          • Access
                                                             •Management                         • WIthdrawal
                                                             •Alienation (transfer)



                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                         BUNDLES OF RIGHTS

                                                                           Perceived           Sell         Bequeath Rent Rent out
                                                                          Owner-ship Sell     alone Bequeath alone   out   alone
                                                          Kapchorwa M        80%       57%     2%        64%        3%      57%       4%
                                                          Kapchorwa W        69%       42%     2%        42%        2%      42%       3%
                                                          Kibaale M          67%       39%     4%        47%        5%      45%       3%
                                                          Kibaale W          60%       19%     4%        19%        5%      28%       6%
                                                          Luweero M          61%       28%     5%        38%        18%     33%       7%
                                                          Luweero W          49%       15%     5%        16%        9%      20%       6%
                                                          Total              63%       32%     4%        36%        7%      36%       5%
                                                          Total Men          69%       41%     4%        49%        8%      45%       5%
                                                          Total Women        58%       25%     4%        25%        5%      29%       5%
                                                           Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                                                 Sources of Land Insecurity
                                                                                            35
                                                                                                                                                                    Any Other Reasons
                                                                                            30
                                                                                                                                                                    Illness of myself
                                                              No. of Insecure Respondents




                                                                                            25                                                                      Death of HH head
                                                                                                                                                                    Eviction_Political person
                                                                                            20
                                                                                                                                                                    Eviction_extended family

                                                                                            15
                                                                                                                                                                    Eviction_landlord


                                                                                            10


                                                                                             5


                                                                                             0
                                                                                                 Male     Female           Male     Female          Male   Female

                                                                                                        KAPCHORWA                   KIBALE           LUWEERO
                                                                                                                    Sex of Respondent by District


                                                          •                                 Evictions by Extended family and/Death of HH head
                                                             • Customary norms prevailing
                                                             • Resettled/immigrant communities
                                                          – Evictions by landlord; Situations of Bibanja holders = Absentee landlords
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences            Phyical assets & Consumer durables




                                                          • Luweero and Kibaale-highest no. physical assets
                                                          • Rural people accumulate less of the luxurious assets
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                       Shocks & Assets Sold/Pawned
                                                                      45
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Respondents were
                                                                      40

                                                                      35
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              asked if they had
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              experienced a shock
                                                          No. Cases




                                                                      30

                                                                      25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              and how they had
                                                                      20

                                                                      15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              coped
                                                                      10

                                                                       5

                                                                       0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • One response to
                                                                           Illness_P
                                                                                       Illness _Other
                                                                                                        Death HH_member




                                                                                                                                                                                                  Death HH_member




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Death HH_member
                                                                                                                          Natural Disasters




                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Natural Disasters




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Natural Disasters
                                                                                                                                                                           Iillness _ HH member




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Iillness _ HH member
                                                                                                                                                        Personal illness




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Personal illness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              shocks is to sell assets
                                                                                                                                              Robbery




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Robbery




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Robbery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Although patterns differ
                                                                                       KAPCHORWA                                                                                                  KIBALE                                                             LUWEERO
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              by district, the most
                                                                                                                                                               Major Shock                                                                                                                                                                    common asset to sell in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              response to shocks is
                                                                           Livestock, Land, other assets & dwelling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              livestock
                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                                    CONFLICTS
                                                          • Most of the Conflicts
                                                            were related to land
                                                              – Ownership rights
                                                          • Most conflicts have           Role Players       Kapchorwa Kibaale Luweero
                                                            been or were under
                                                            resolution                    Community leader
                                                                                          (clan/elder)           59%        31%      27%
                                                                                          Local
                                                          • Kapchorwa = Active            Court/Official         14%        25%      35%
                                                             Paralegals who worked Family                        23%        34%      30%
                                                            in hand with traditional
                                                             leaders                 Other                        4%        9%       8%




                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                           PERCEPTIONS- INHERITANCE REGIMES
                                                                 Equal Right to Inherit a House/Land                                                    Right for Wives to Inherit a
                                                                                                                                                                Land/House
                                                          100%
                                                                                                                                          100%
                                                          80%
                                                                                                                                           80%
                                                          60%
                                                                                                                                           60%

                                                          40%                                                                              40%                                                           Don't know

                                                                                                                                           20%
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Yes
                                                          20%
                                                                                                                                                                                                         No
                                                                                                                                              0%
                                                           0%




                                                                                                                                                            Female




                                                                                                                                                                               Female




                                                                                                                                                                                                Female
                                                                                                                                                     Male




                                                                                                                                                                        Male




                                                                                                                                                                                         Male
                                                                          Female




                                                                                          Female




                                                                                                                 Female
                                                                   Male




                                                                                   Male




                                                                                                   Male




                                                                                                                                                   KAPCHORWA KIBALE                     LUWEERO
                                                                 KAPCHORWA          KIBALE         LUWEERO

                                                                                                   Right for Women to Claim House upon
                                                                                                                 Divorce

                                                                                           100%
                                                                                            80%
                                                                                            60%
                                                                                            40%
                                                                                            20%
                                                                                             0%
                                                                                                          Male            Female   Male   Female     Male            Female

                                                                                                          KAPCHORWA                  KIBALE             LUWEERO

                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                            Key Messages
                                                          1. Socio-cultural meaning/perception of property
                                                             (esp. land) ownership is different from the
                                                             legalistic definition
                                                          2. Land is one of the most important assets
                                                            – Productive resource after which accumulation of other
                                                              assets is facilitated
                                                               • Use of land to manage other resources e.g. livestock
                                                               • Use of the proceedings from the land-based activities
                                                                 e.g.cultivation to purchase other assets
                                                               • Land as collateral
                                                            – This implies that secure access to and/or ownership of
                                                              land would greatly enhance
                                                               • economic wellbeing, choice of livelihood, social status,
                                                                 empowerment, asset accumulation for all individuals in
                                                                 the community and more specifically the women
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences
                                                                             Key Messages cont’d
                                                          3. We need to devise ways of securing women’s
                                                            existing property rights
                                                             – Women’s access to assets depends on different
                                                                 stages of their life cycle (Daughter, wife, widow)


                                                          4. Even though rural communities would aspire to
                                                            register their land rights (titling), the process has
                                                            not benefitted rural communities

                                                          5. Our findings challenge the western notion of
                                                            ownership

                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences




                                                          Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011

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Presentation final ifpri workshop

  • 1. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Understanding the gendered control of assets: Findings from Uganda Gorettie Nabanoga and Justine Namaalwa School of Forestry, Environment and Geographical Studies Makerere University October 2011 Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 2. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Project Goal/Objectives  HOW- People gain secure access to assets including land The patterns differ for women and men The formal legal frameworks and social norms, including marital and inheritance patterns, shape the individual’s access to land and other assets Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 3. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Uganda- Study districts Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 4. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Study sites Selection - based on the differences in land tenure regimes and culture  3 Districts Sample size (n) District Male Female Total Kapchorwa 121 117 238 Kibaale 122 149 271 Luweero 111 150 261 Total 354 416 770 Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 5. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences METHODOLOGY Focus group discussions  [2 per village, separate for men and women]  Key Informants  [Up to 4 per village]  Surveys  [HH=379; Indv=770] Primary Respondent Other individuals (>18 yrs up to 3 pple) Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 6. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Major Assets considered Major Assets Considerations  Acquistion & Ownership patterns • Land & Dwelling  Bundles of Rights  Marital and Inheritence • Livestock Regimes  Fate of Property • Financial  Individual Perceptions  Extra Ordinary Losses and • Phyical assets Shocks  Conflicts  Assets involved  Parties involved in Resolving Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 7. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Bundles of Rights • Use rights: – Access , Withdrawal • Control rights: – Exclusion – Management – Alienation (transfer/Sell/Bequeath) • Usufruct (earn income from) Strengthening someone’s control rights weakens others’ use rights Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 8. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences The study Provides empirical evidence of: • The concept of ownership in the context of legal pluralism – Goes beyond legalistic definition & considers the social/cultural definition • The importance of the various social & cultural institutions in asset ownership & accumulation – Marriage +++Inheritance regimes Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 9. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Demographics Marital Regimes 100% Divorced 90% Widowed 80% Single % of Respondents 70% 60% Consensual 50% Statutory&Religiou 40% s 30% Customary Education 20% 100% 10% 90% 0% 80% Male Female Male Female Male Female 70% 60% Tertiary 50% 40% A-Level KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO 30% O-Level 20% Primary 10% No Education Male Female 0% Female Female Female Male Male Male Kapchorwa 121 117 Kibaale 122 149 Luwero 111 150 KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 10. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences LAND – Reported Ownership 100% Joint-Other 90% Joint-Spouse 80% Sole Female 70% Sole Male 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Male Female Male Female Male Female KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO Individualistic Joint • Joint Ownership was often Parcels Parcels reported Men 110 259 • Individualistic ownership more Women 94 common in Kibaale and Luweero Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 11. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Land–Mode of Acquistion & Ownership Individual Female Land Owners Individual Male Land owners (n=94) (n=110) Inheritance Gift/Transfer Sole Purchase Joint Purchase Rent/Lease Through Spouse Joint land Owners • Female owners (n=329) – Mainly inherit & receive gifts/ transfers – Several purchases • Male Owners – More likely - Purchased & Inheritence • Jointly owned Parcels – Joint Purchases – Inheritence & Through spouse = customary notions Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 12. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Female Land Owners- Source inherited land & Gifts/Transfers Gifts/ Marital Status of Women Individual Kapchorwa Inherited Transfers Land Owners (n=94) Respondent’s mother 5% 4% 4% Respondent’s father 2 1 15% Other relative 1 Spouse 5 1 6% Government 3 Kibaale Respondent’s mother 1 1 Respondent’s father 2 Other relative 1 65% Spouse 5 3 Government 1 Luweero Respondent’s Customary Statutory/Religious mother 1 3 Consensual Single/Never Married Respondent’s father 5 1 Widowed Divorced/Separated Other relative 3 3 Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011 Spouse 4 3
  • 13. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences LAND- Ownership Documents Who owns a given ”Perceived” parcel of land Documents Exisiting • No Documentation = 27% How was it Acquired • Some Document = 73% – Sales Receipts/Agreements = 80% – Registered Deed = 6% – Other documents e.g will = 15% Any form of Documentation “Lack of registered deed ≠ imply insecurity of ownership” Names • Individualistic Parcels Names on the document – Majority had personal names • Joint parcels – Mainly the names of male partner Legalistic Ownership Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 14. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Any document Registered % of men or women in Perceived in own deed in that district N= Ownership name own name Kapchorwa Men 113 80% 59% 3% Kapchorwa Women 125 69% 20% 1% Kibaale Men 122 67% 57% 3% Kibaale Women 149 60% 22% 0% Luweero Men 111 61% 39% 0% Luweero Women 150 49% 17% 3% Total 770 63% 34% 2% Total Men 346 69% 52% 2% Total Women 424 58% 20% 1% Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 15. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences What Would Qualify ”Ownership”? Form of Acquisition Some proof of Ownership OWN AN ASSET • Individually • Jointly = Prior consultations Control Rights Use Rights •Exclusion • Access •Management • WIthdrawal •Alienation (transfer) Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 16. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences BUNDLES OF RIGHTS Perceived Sell Bequeath Rent Rent out Owner-ship Sell alone Bequeath alone out alone Kapchorwa M 80% 57% 2% 64% 3% 57% 4% Kapchorwa W 69% 42% 2% 42% 2% 42% 3% Kibaale M 67% 39% 4% 47% 5% 45% 3% Kibaale W 60% 19% 4% 19% 5% 28% 6% Luweero M 61% 28% 5% 38% 18% 33% 7% Luweero W 49% 15% 5% 16% 9% 20% 6% Total 63% 32% 4% 36% 7% 36% 5% Total Men 69% 41% 4% 49% 8% 45% 5% Total Women 58% 25% 4% 25% 5% 29% 5% Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 17. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Sources of Land Insecurity 35 Any Other Reasons 30 Illness of myself No. of Insecure Respondents 25 Death of HH head Eviction_Political person 20 Eviction_extended family 15 Eviction_landlord 10 5 0 Male Female Male Female Male Female KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO Sex of Respondent by District • Evictions by Extended family and/Death of HH head • Customary norms prevailing • Resettled/immigrant communities – Evictions by landlord; Situations of Bibanja holders = Absentee landlords Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 18. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Phyical assets & Consumer durables • Luweero and Kibaale-highest no. physical assets • Rural people accumulate less of the luxurious assets Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 19. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Shocks & Assets Sold/Pawned 45 • Respondents were 40 35 asked if they had experienced a shock No. Cases 30 25 and how they had 20 15 coped 10 5 0 • One response to Illness_P Illness _Other Death HH_member Death HH_member Death HH_member Natural Disasters Natural Disasters Natural Disasters Iillness _ HH member Iillness _ HH member Personal illness Personal illness shocks is to sell assets Robbery Robbery Robbery • Although patterns differ KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO by district, the most Major Shock common asset to sell in response to shocks is Livestock, Land, other assets & dwelling livestock Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 20. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences CONFLICTS • Most of the Conflicts were related to land – Ownership rights • Most conflicts have Role Players Kapchorwa Kibaale Luweero been or were under resolution Community leader (clan/elder) 59% 31% 27% Local • Kapchorwa = Active Court/Official 14% 25% 35% Paralegals who worked Family 23% 34% 30% in hand with traditional leaders Other 4% 9% 8% Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 21. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences PERCEPTIONS- INHERITANCE REGIMES Equal Right to Inherit a House/Land Right for Wives to Inherit a Land/House 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% Don't know 20% Yes 20% No 0% 0% Female Female Female Male Male Male Female Female Female Male Male Male KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO Right for Women to Claim House upon Divorce 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Male Female Male Female Male Female KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 22. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Key Messages 1. Socio-cultural meaning/perception of property (esp. land) ownership is different from the legalistic definition 2. Land is one of the most important assets – Productive resource after which accumulation of other assets is facilitated • Use of land to manage other resources e.g. livestock • Use of the proceedings from the land-based activities e.g.cultivation to purchase other assets • Land as collateral – This implies that secure access to and/or ownership of land would greatly enhance • economic wellbeing, choice of livelihood, social status, empowerment, asset accumulation for all individuals in the community and more specifically the women
  • 23. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Key Messages cont’d 3. We need to devise ways of securing women’s existing property rights – Women’s access to assets depends on different stages of their life cycle (Daughter, wife, widow) 4. Even though rural communities would aspire to register their land rights (titling), the process has not benefitted rural communities 5. Our findings challenge the western notion of ownership Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
  • 24. School of Forestry, Environment & Geographical sciences Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011