Role of international collaboration towards improving crop productivity in the context of climate change and food security in Central Asia – an overview
The document discusses international collaboration to improve crop productivity and food security in Central Asia in the context of climate change. It summarizes efforts by ICARDA, CIMMYT, and national agricultural research systems to develop climate-resilient crop varieties through germplasm exchange and breeding. New wheat, barley, and legume varieties have been released that are tolerant to drought, heat, salinity, and diseases. Capacity building activities are also discussed. While progress has been made, policy reforms are still needed to promote the adoption of improved varieties and cropping practices.
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Role of international collaboration towards improving crop productivity in the context of climate change and food security in Central Asia – an overview
1. REGIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE
AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
AND FOOD SECURITY IN CENTRAL ASIA
Role of international collaboration
towards improving crop productivityin
the context of climate change and food
securityin Central Asia – an overview
Ram C. Sharma and Jozef Turok
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Areas (ICARDA), Tashkent, Uzbekistan
9 April 2014, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
2. Scope of presentation
• International collaboration
• NARS, ICARDA and CIMMYT
• International Winter Wheat Improvement Program
(ICARDA, CIMMYT, Turkey)
• Successful outputs related to food security, also relevant to
climate change
• Policy reforms needed for efficient development and delivery
of new varieties to the farmers
4. Wheat vs. other cereals in CAC, 2011
17.4
3.2
20.6
84%
36.0
7.1
43.0
84%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Wheat Others Total Wheat (%)
Area(milha),Production(mil
t)
Area (mil ha) Production (mil t)
5. Area, production and yield (all cereals ), 2011
20.6 20.1
78.5
43.0 51.2
237.7
2.09
2.55
3.03
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
CAC West Asia Eastern
Europe
Yield(t/ha)
Area(mil.ha),Production(mil.t)
Area (mil. ha) Production (mil. t) Yield (t/ha)
6. Climate Change and Major Crop
Production Constraints in Central Asia
WinterAutumn Spring
Drough
t
Wet
Heat
Dry
Wet
Dry
Mild
Wet
Dry
Salinity
7. What is being done to address constraints?
• Climate resilient crop germplasm
• Climate resilient crop management practices
• Partnership for efficient delivery
• Climate resilient policy (needed)
8. Climate resilient crop germplasm from
CG Centers
• >1000 new, improved germplasm introduced each year of
• Wheat
• Dryland cereals (barley, millets and others)
• Food legumes (chickpea, lentil, faba bean, grasspea)
• Rice
• Maize
• Potato
• Specific climate resilient traits in new germplasm
• High yield and improved quality
• Tolerance to abiotic stress – drought, heat, salinity
• Tolerance to biotic stresses – diseases and pests
9. Climate resilient resource management
practices – introduction and promotion
• Conservation agriculture
• Other resource conservation practices
• Efficient water and nutrient management practices
• Sustainable land management practices
• Knowledge management
10. Capacity development
• English language training
• Short term training
• Long-term training (> 3 months)
• Involve students (undergraduate and graduate)
• Farmers’ training
• Seed producers training
• Observations tours (all actors)
• Participation in regional and international conferences
• Gender considerations
• Focus on youth (young researchers )
• Limited infrastructure development
13. Crop varieties released through
international collaboration
• Winter Wheat - 23
• Spring wheat - 11
• Barley - 11
• Chickpea - 14
• Lentil - 5
• Grasspea - 1
• Trriticale 2
• Total 67
14. Wheat yellow rust problem in Central Asia
Nota
2010, Tajikistan
Kroshka
2009, Uzbekistan
Krasnodar-99
2013, Tajikistan
Six yellow rust epidemics since 1999
1999, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2013
19. Wheat varieties that survived three
yellow rust epidemics (2009, 2010, 2013)
Hazrati Bashir
Gozgon
20. Wheat variety that escapes terminal
heat stress, also resistant to yellow rust
Hazrati Bashir
(Uzbekistan)
Suitable for autumn and
spring planting
Lower grain reductions than
other varieties when planted
Late in autumn and in spring
21. Climate resilient wheat varieties
Source: Yuldashev et al. 2013 (ongoing experiment)
3-24% reductions in grain yield due to late planting
22. Wheat variety more efficient to water
use, also tolerant to yellow rust
Variety
Irrigation
100% 75% 50%
Commercial
popular
100%
yield
57%
yield
32%
yield
Elomon
100%
yield
82%
yield
56%
yield
Elomon
Uzbekistan
Chumon (Tajikistan)
Resistant to yellow rust during 2010, 2013 epidemics
Resistant to leaf rust
Resistant to tan spot
23. Seed multiplication of stripe rust
resistant varieties: 2013-2014
Variety Uzbekis
tan (ha)
Tajikistan
(ha)
Hazrati Bashir 100
Elomon 150
Gozgon 100
Bunyodkor 200
Yaksart (a cross with IWWIP line in Uzbekistan) 500
Chumon 7
Alex 558
Ormon 435
Total 1050 1000
CRP WHEAT – Partnership grant
29. Beat the heat by planting chickpea
prior to winter
Planted on 19 Dec, crop maturity in May
Autumn vs. spring planting
Winter-kill of susceptible lines
32. New Initiatives on crop improvement
• CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs)
• Dryland Systems
• WHEAT
• Dryland Cereals
• Grain Legumes
•
33. CRP WHEAT – outputsrelevant to the
Central Asia region
• More productive wheat varieties with package of traits:
• High yield
• Improved quality (end-use, market)
• Improved input-use efficiency
• Stress tolerance
• Abiotic – drought, heat, salinity, frost, cold
• Biotic – yellow rust, leaf rust, Septoria, tan spot, Fusarium, Sunn Pest,
Russian Wheat Aphid, Hessian fly
• Seed sector improvement
• Conservation agriculture and other resource conserving
technologies
• Capacity development
34. Policy reforms needed
• Free movement of crop germplasm in the region
• Reduce the number of years from introduction to release of
variety to the farmers : (reduce from 9 to 5 years)
• Farmers’ participation in selection of new varieties
• Harmonize varietal release and seed policy for the region
• Promote replacement of low yielding, disease susceptible
varieties with high yielding, disease resistant varieties
• Diversify and intensification of cropping system
• Technologically, each country in Central Asia could produce
enough wheat for home consumption, but with right policy
37. Priorities identified by partners in
Central Asia for WHEAT CRP
Traits
Priority ranks
NARS IAR
Better Varieties 1 1
Disease and pests resistance 2 2
Dought and heat tolerance 2 2
More and better Seed 2 3
Capacity development 2 2
38. Central Asia highlightedin WHEAT CRP
Report 2013: outcome and impact
• Zero-till scale-out and -up in Kazakhstan
• WHEAT competitive partner grant for Uzbekistan and
Tajikistan (where wheat crops have suffered three major
yellow rust outbreaks in the last five years), multiplied seed of
resistant varieties on state farms and farmers’ fields, and in
2014/15 more than 20,000 ha of winter wheat will be planted
to prevent future damage from yellow rust
39. Summary
• International collaboration in Central Asia
• Climate resilient, stress tolerant crop varieties ready for
deployment
• Opportunities in CRP WHEAT for Central Asia
• Policy reforms need