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CIMMYT,[object Object],Australian,[object Object],Cereal,[object Object],Rust,[object Object],Control,[object Object],Program,[object Object],Continental sweeps and aggressiveness in wheat rust pathogens,[object Object],International Wheat Stripe Rust SymposiumICARDA, Aleppo, Syria18-20 April 2011,[object Object],Robert Park & Colin Wellings,[object Object],Plant Breeding Institute,[object Object]
Wheat rusts in Australasia,[object Object],-isolated from other cereal growing regions,[object Object],-wheat rust pathogens are clonal,[object Object],-long-term (90+ years) surveys have provided rare insight into rust pathogen population dynamics,[object Object]
Pathogenic variability in wheat rusts in Australia,[object Object],- surveys since 1919 suggest that pathogenic variability arises from:,[object Object],[object Object]
mutation
somatic hybridisation
 mutation is believed to be most common; frequencies of somatic hybridisation and exotic incursions are thought to be low,[object Object]
Pathogenic variability in wheat rusts in Australia- 11 exotic incursions of wheat rust since 1919,[object Object],On 4 occasions, exotic isolate has displaced existing rust races in less than 10 years, presumably due to greater aggressiveness,[object Object]
1. Wheat stem rust race 126-frequency of isolation, 1922 through 1945,[object Object],- Stem rust race surveys began in 1919, 6 races (=“old” races) were detected,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 126 was first detected in WA in 1925,[object Object],- By 1929 (5 years), it had all but replaced the “old” races,[object Object]
1. Wheat stem rust race 126-frequency of isolation, 1922 through 1945,[object Object],- Stem rust race surveys began in 1919, 6 races (=“old” races) were detected,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 126 was first detected in WA in 1925,[object Object],- By 1929 (5 years), it had all but replaced the “old” races,[object Object]
1. Wheat stem rust race 126-frequency of isolation, 1922 through 1945,[object Object],- Stem rust race surveys began in 1919, 6 races (=“old” races) were detected,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 126 was first detected in WA in 1925,[object Object],By 1929 (5 years), race 126 had all but replaced the “old” races:,[object Object]
Race 126 group ,[object Object],Frequency (%),[object Object],“Old” races ,[object Object],1922,[object Object],1924,[object Object],1926,[object Object],1928,[object Object],1930,[object Object],1932,[object Object],1934,[object Object],1936,[object Object],1938,[object Object],1940,[object Object],1942,[object Object],1944,[object Object],Year,[object Object],1. Wheat stem rust race 126-frequency of isolation, 1922 through 1945,[object Object],- Stem rust race surveys began in 1919, 6 races (=“old” races) were detected,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 126 was first detected in WA in 1925,[object Object],By 1929 (5 years), race 126 had all but replaced the “old” races:,[object Object]
2. Wheat stem rust race 21-frequency of isolation, 1951 through 1970,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 21 was first detected in 1954,[object Object],- “Hybrid” group arose from spomatic hybridisation between 126 and 21,[object Object],By 1962 (8 years), the race 21 group had all but replaced race 126:,[object Object]
2. Wheat stem rust race 21-frequency of isolation, 1951 through 1970,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 21 was first detected in 1954,[object Object],- “Hybrid” group arose from spomatic hybridisation between 126 and 21,[object Object],By 1962 (8 years), race 21 group had all but replaced race 126:,[object Object]
Frequency (%),[object Object],1951,[object Object],1952,[object Object],1953,[object Object],1954,[object Object],1955,[object Object],1956,[object Object],1957,[object Object],1958,[object Object],1959,[object Object],1960,[object Object],1961,[object Object],1962,[object Object],1963,[object Object],1964,[object Object],1965,[object Object],1966,[object Object],1967,[object Object],1968,[object Object],Year,[object Object],2. Wheat stem rust race 21-frequency of isolation, 1951 through 1970,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 21 was first detected in 1954,[object Object],- “Hybrid” group arose from spomatic hybridisation between 126 and 21,[object Object],By 1962 (8 years), race 21 group had all but replaced race 126:,[object Object],Race 21 group ,[object Object],Race 126 group ,[object Object]
“Hybrid” group ,[object Object],Race 21 group ,[object Object],Frequency (%),[object Object],Race 126 group ,[object Object],1951,[object Object],1952,[object Object],1953,[object Object],1954,[object Object],1955,[object Object],1956,[object Object],1957,[object Object],1958,[object Object],1959,[object Object],1960,[object Object],1961,[object Object],1962,[object Object],1963,[object Object],1964,[object Object],1965,[object Object],1966,[object Object],1967,[object Object],1968,[object Object],Year,[object Object],2. Wheat stem rust race 21-frequency of isolation, 1951 through 1970,[object Object],- Exotic stem rust race 21 was first detected in 1954,[object Object],- “Hybrid” group arose from somatic hybridisation between 126 and 21,[object Object],By 1962 (8 years), race 21 group had all but replaced race 126:,[object Object]
3. Wheat leaf rust race 104-frequency of isolation, 1980 through 2000,[object Object],- Exotic leaf rust race 104 was first detected in 1984 in Victoria,[object Object],- Race 76 is another exotic isolate, first detected in 1993,[object Object],By 1991 (7 years), race 104 group had all but replaced existing races:,[object Object]
3. Wheat leaf rust race 104-frequency of isolation, 1980 through 2000,[object Object],- Exotic leaf rust race 104 was first detected in 1984 in Victoria,[object Object],- Race 76 is another exotic isolate, first detected in 1993,[object Object],By 1991 (7 years), race 104 group had all but replaced existing races:,[object Object]
1980,[object Object],1981,[object Object],1982,[object Object],1983,[object Object],1984,[object Object],1985,[object Object],1986,[object Object],1987,[object Object],1988,[object Object],1989,[object Object],1990,[object Object],1991,[object Object],1992,[object Object],1993,[object Object],1994,[object Object],1995,[object Object],1996,[object Object],1997,[object Object],1998,[object Object],1999,[object Object],2000,[object Object],3. Wheat leaf rust race 104-frequency of isolation, 1980 through 2000,[object Object],- Exotic leaf rust race 104 was first detected in 1984 in Victoria,[object Object],- Race 76 is another exotic isolate, first detected in 1993,[object Object],By 1991 (7 years), race 104 group had all but replaced existing races:,[object Object],Race 104 group ,[object Object],Frequency (%),[object Object],“Old” races ,[object Object],Year,[object Object]
Race 76 group ,[object Object],Race 104 group ,[object Object],Frequency (%),[object Object],“Old” races ,[object Object],1980,[object Object],1981,[object Object],1982,[object Object],1983,[object Object],1984,[object Object],1985,[object Object],1986,[object Object],1987,[object Object],1988,[object Object],1989,[object Object],1990,[object Object],1991,[object Object],1992,[object Object],1993,[object Object],1994,[object Object],1995,[object Object],1996,[object Object],1997,[object Object],1998,[object Object],1999,[object Object],2000,[object Object],Year,[object Object],3. Wheat leaf rust race 104-frequency of isolation, 1980 through 2000,[object Object],- Exotic leaf rust race 104 was first detected in 1984 in Victoria,[object Object],- Race 76 is another exotic isolate, first detected in 1993,[object Object],By 1991 (7 years), race 104 group had all but replaced existing races:,[object Object]
4. Wheat stripe rust race 136-frequency of isolation, 2000 through 2009,[object Object],- Exotic stripe rust race 136 was first detected in 2002 in WA,[object Object]
4. Wheat stripe rust race 136-frequency of isolation, 2000 through 2009,[object Object],- Exotic stripe rust race 136 was first detected in 2002 in WA,[object Object],By 2004 (2 years), race 136 had all but replaced existing races:,[object Object]
Race 134 ,[object Object],Frequency (%),[object Object],“Old” races ,[object Object],2000,[object Object],2001,[object Object],2002,[object Object],2003,[object Object],2004,[object Object],2005,[object Object],2006,[object Object],2007,[object Object],2008,[object Object],2009,[object Object],Year,[object Object],4. Wheat stripe rust race 136-frequency of isolation, 2000 through 2009,[object Object],- Exotic stripe rust race 136 was first detected in 2002 in WA,[object Object],By 2004 (2 years), race 136 had all but replaced existing races:,[object Object]
Aggressiveness in wheat rust isolates,[object Object],- Four clear cases in which an introduced rust genotype has increased rapidly in frequency and displaced existing genotypes:,[object Object],[object Object]
Stem rust race 21		[1954]
Leaf rust race 104		[1984]
Stripe rust race 134		[2002]- In each case, the “new” race did not have virulence attributes that conferred a fitness advantage (i.e. virulence for resistance genes),[object Object],- Evidence available strongly supports the hypothesis that each new genotype was more aggressive,[object Object],- Stripe rust race 134 is considered to be the same as one studied by Milus et al. (2006) who showed it produced 2–3 times more urediniospores per day ,[object Object]
Aggressiveness in wheat rust isolates,[object Object],- Four clear cases in which an introduced rust genotype has increased rapidly in frequency and displaced existing genotypes:,[object Object],[object Object]
Stem rust race 21		[1954]
Leaf rust race 104		[1984]

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