Dave Hodson, AGP Division, FAO

1. BGRI Global Rust Monitoring: Challenges and Opportunities for Stripe Rust Dave Hodson, AGP Division, FAO International Stripe Rust Symposium, ICARDA, Aleppo, 18-20th April 2011

3. 200+ Million ha

5. 1999: Confirmation of loss of important Sr genes (Sr31, Sr38 +++) “Ug99” [TTKSK]

6. 2005: “Sounding the Alarm on Global Stem Rust”. Formation of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative

9. Global OverviewField survey + Samples Trap Nurseries / plots

10. Photo: A. Yahyaoui (ICARDA) Survey / Sampling – Tools & Protocols BGRI protocols manual Field survey forms GPS protocols Sampling protocols “Quick Sets” – race analysis Extensive in-country field training R. Park (Uni. Sydney) K. Nazari (ICARDA) A. Yahyaoui (ICARDA) Z. Pretorius (Uni. Free State) K. Cressman (FAO) T. Fetch (Ag. Agri-Food Canada) Yue Jin (USDA-ARS) D. Hodson (CIMMYT)

12. Improved knowledge on annual incidence & severity

13. Multi-year data: Now starting to detect changes2010 2009

14. 2007 2009 2006 2003 2001 1998/9 Movements Possible Spread ? ? 2009 THE SPREAD OF WHEAT STEM RUST UG99 LINEAGE FAO, Aug 2010

16. Expansion in range (& number of variants)

17. 7 variants

18. Sr31+Sr24 vir now spreading

19. Progress: Global summary, increasing national capacity

20. Constraints: Year-round analysis, sample viability, analytical capacityData sources: AAFC, Canada; Uni Free State, South Africa; USDA-ARS Cereals Disease Lab, USA

22. Pathotypes, +...On-line Data Entry Quality control/publish Data Export / Exchange User Management Crop Problem Dbase (survey, pathotypes, [Trap nursery, Molecular] ) External Applications e.g., RustMapper

23. Delivering Information: Rust SPORE Dedicated web portal: Rust SPORE http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/en/ Updates Tracking Country Surveys Pathotypes 3 UN languages (English, Arabic, Russian) Centralized Dbase (Aarhus), embedded applications (Aarhus + CIMMYT) Target: Scientists, Decision-makers, Public Awareness

24. Status Summary Component Stem Rust Stripe Rust Coordinated Global x ü Response Clearly defined target ? ü Information Systems + Data X (not global) ü Management Surveillance Networks + Spillover from stem rust ü Tools (timeliness?) Pathotyping Capacity (with limitations) (GRRC, some limitations) ü ü Ahead of Disease progress? x ü

25. Stripe Rust Severity:2010 Surveys Incomplete data, but Stripe Rust widespread!

26. Stripe Rust Summary- 2010 14 Bulgaria: “First outbreaks in 20 years” Uzbekistan: worse than 2009 – all varieties susceptible. extensive chemical control (x3 sprays) Iran: Effective control Turkey: Severe in south-east. USDA estimating 1M ton losses Syria: Estimates of 300,00 ha affected. USDA: Possible 1.25M ton losses India: Unfavourable environmental conditions (same in Pakistan). No losses Iraq: Estimated 10-15% yield losses in north Ethiopia: Over 400,000 ha affected. Losses??

27. Stripe Rust 2011: Hitting the headlines India, 30th March 2011 Turkey, 10th April 2011 China, 31st March 2011

28. 16 Current Threat: Stripe Rust The most damaging wheat disease on the global scale 2 New highly aggressive strains + rapid global spread (Hovmøller et al., 2008) Breakdown of a key resistance gene (Yr27) in CWANA (prior warnings: Singh & Huerta-Espino, 2001; McDonald et al., 2004) Mega cultivars withYr27 are currently planted on more than 15 million hectares (North Africa to South Asia)

30. All same pathotypes?

31. All aggressive strains?

32. Movements vs independent events? 1995 GRRC, ICARDA rust facility + others all playing a vital role

33. Challenges Disease widespread and dispersed An uncertain target (Yr27 vir, Aggressive pathotypes...)? Movements? pathogen present (throughout?) conducive environment main driver of outbreaks? High inoculumlevels: very high risk of accidental human-borne movements Role of changing climate? Sampling over-capacity in terms of collection under capacity in terms of analysis Rapid detection + reporting + good contingency plan required for targeted chemical control on initial outbreaks

34. Opportunities Foundation / lessons learned from stem rust data management + information systems surveillance networks global overview Cultivar change – promotion of durable resistant cultivars (other rusts + traits as well)

35. Issues to be addressed Rapid detection + reporting: sms networks, in-country systems, information flows Environmental suitability improved early warning of disease, models Pathotyping capacity international + in-country Efficient promotion and deployment of durable resistance Resourcing

36. Many pieces of the puzzle are there (in this room!) CG Centers (CIMMYT, ICARDA) Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus Advanced Rust Research Labs National Programs International Agencies Donors International Surveillance Networks Information Systems + Data Management Tools

37. Let’s Combine Our Efforts!

38. Acknowledgements All contributing national partners PBI, University of Sydney ICARDA CIMMYT AAFC, Canada CDL, Minnesota, USA University of the Free State, South Africa Aarhus University, Denmark