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Paleolithic:neolithic keynote
1.
Before History
1 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
2.
Before History
1 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
3.
Prehistory
What is “history”? Documentation Written records Archaeological discovery Requisite human presence (or “natural” history) 2 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
4.
Development of Hominids
Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures 3 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
5.
Later Hominids
Homo Erectus, “upright man” Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire Homo Sapiens, “consciously thinking human” Largest brain, esp. frontal regions most sophisticated tools and social organization Migrations of Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens 4 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
6.
Global spread of
hominids and Homo sapiens 5 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
7.
The Natural Environment
By 13,000 BCE Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hut like dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunted several mammal species to extinction Climactic change may have accelerated process 6 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
8.
Paleolithic Era (“Old
Stone Age”) Evidence: Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies (anthropologists) Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Groups of 30-50 Division of labor along gender lines 7 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
9.
Relative Social Equality
Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land- based wealth More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food production 8 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
10.
Forming the Complex
Society Basic developments: Hunting and Foraging Agriculture Complex Society Key issue: surplus capital (food and human resources) Major development of first complex societies 3500 BCE – 500 BCE 9 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
11.
Paleolithic Settlements
Natufian society (13,000 BCE...) Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding Jomon society (10,000-300 BCE) Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society (3,000 BCE - 1850’s CE!!) Pacific Northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of 1000 or more 10 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
12.
Creativity of Homo
sapiens Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas (collective learning) Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans power over nature “Venus” figurines (fertility) Cave paintings (34,000 BCE-12,000BCE) 11 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
13.
Neolithic Era (“New
Stone Age”) Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurtured vegetation rather than foraging Spread of Agriculture Slash-and-and burn techniques, cultivation of crops, domestication of animals Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another More of a transition than a revolution (approx. 12,000-5,000BCE) 12 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
14.
Origins and early
spread of agriculture 13 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
15.
Major Turning point
for humans... Went from food gatherers to food producers gather in bigger numbers (adv?/disadv?) less migration than earlier ages specialization of labor (not everyone needed to farm) dramatic population growth (see next slide) 14 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
16.
Agriculture and Population
Growth 100 75 50 Population (millions) West North 25 0 3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 500 BCE 15 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
17.
Early Agricultural Society
Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük – a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 BCE Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry Development of crafts –pottery (7,000 BCE), metallurgy (6,000 BCE - beginning of “Bronze Age), and textile production (6,000BCE) 16 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
18.
Social Distinctions
Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük 17 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
19.
Neolithic Culture
Farmers closely observed the natural world – an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines 18 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
20.
Beginnings of Urbanization
Jericho: concentration of wealth, building a wall 8,000 BCE oasis in present-day Israel/2,000 residents Craft specialization Some trade (salt and obsidian) Social stratification Governance Development of the city – a gradual process larger & more complex than villages influenced political, economic, and cultural life of large regions 19 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Notas do Editor
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Skeleton of Lucy, www.bbc.co.uk/.../ chronology/contentpage1.shtml \n
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Natufian burial w/dog www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/ dogs/facts.html \n
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sanat.bilkent.edu.tr/ imot/neolithic/RMO52-27.html \n
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Photo of jericho walls www.bobmay.info/ may132003jericho.htm \n
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