1. World War Two: Despair, Devastation and the “Brave New World” Mr. Shore

2. Gathering Storm Rise of the Nation-State Rise of Totalitarianism Fascism, National Shinto, National Socialism Mussolini becomes “Il Duce” in Italy and popular throughout Europe and among many Americans as the ideal of an effective leader Chaos, economic ruin and bitterness lead to the slow but steady rise of National Socialists Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi Party with Adolf Hitler as leader

3. Gathering Storm (cont) Militarists and National Shintoists lead to the rise of General Tojo as head of the Japanese government under Emperor Hirohito General Francisco Franco establishes a right-wing military dictatorship in Spain Stalin becomes the leader of a totalitarian Communist regime in the Soviet Union The Western powers largely demilitarized after the First World War

4. Japan Goes Unchecked Japan attacks and occupies Manchuria in 1931 and establishes the puppet state of Manchukuo Japan declares a sphere of influence it calls the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere League of Nations passed a resolution of condemnation of Japanese aggression but took no action. League became irrelevant The U.S. passed the Stimson Doctrine which refused to recognize Manchukuo and the League followed

5. Aggression and Appeasement Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935 Germany rearms and takes the Rhineland in 1936 Japan invades the rest of China in 1937 Germany demands and is allowed to take over the Sudetenland in Czechoslavakia The infamous “Munich” agreement under Chamberlain brings “Peace in our time.”

6. American Isolationism American sentiment opposed to a second war in Europe Isolationists—some felt they were in the tradition of Washington’s Farewell Address Other isolationists felt the war served only the “merchants of death” such as the arms manufacturers and bankers Some isolationists harbored pro-German or anti-British feelings

7. Nazi Offensive: 1939-1941 German invasion of Poland—Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler-Stalin Pact German invasion of Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium and France By June 1940, only UK still free

8. Arsenal of Democracy U. S. increases military budget “Cash and Carry” Selective Service Act of 1940 Destroyers-for-bases Jan. 1941 FDR justifies lending money to UK based on “Four Freedoms”—freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear Lend-Lease Act—U.S. lends arms to UK on credit Atlantic Charter

9. America Tries Neutrality…again! Neutrality Act of 1935—prohibit arms shipments to belligerent nations and travel on ships of belligerents Neutrality Act of 1936—no loans or credits to belligerents Neutrality Act of 1937—no arms to opposing sides of the civil war in Spain American First Committee—Charles Lindbergh wanted US out of war after in 1940 after total war in Europe began

10. Action in the Pacific Japan joins Germany and Italy as the Axis alliance Japan expands into Dutch East Indies, British Burma and French Indochina FDR prohibits the export of steel and scrap iron to Japan In July, 1941 FDR cuts off Japanese access to U. S. oil

11. Pearl Harbor: Day of Infamy Japan attacks U. S. naval base in Hawaii on 12/7/1941 December 8, U. S. declares war on Japan December 11, Germany and Italy declare war on U. S.

12. The War in Europe United Allied Command under Gen. Eisenhower North African campaign in 11/42 U.S.-British attach on Sicily and Italy in 1943 D-Day Invasion on June 6, 1944 on beaches of Normandy and from Southern France German last attempt at the Battle of the Bulge in 12/44

13. The War in Europe On D-Day allies land on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France Allied troops parachute behind enemy lines Patton leads US forces from southern France Allied troops from North and South meet and liberate Paris and then move eastward toward Germany Soviet troops advance from the East moving westward

14. Hitler, the Holocaust and Nazi Self-Destruction Hitler uses scarce military and logistic resources to transport Jews of Hungary to Auschwitz at the expense of military strategy Enormous German manpower required to maintain concentration camps Hitler views the elimination of Jews as a worthy cause even at the cost of losing the War

15. Key Political Leaders (Allies) Franklin Roosevelt—U.S. President Harry Truman—U. S. President Winston Churchill—British Prime Minister Josef Stalin—Chairman of Communist Party of the Soviet Union General De Gaulle—head of the French Resistance

16. Selected Military Leaders (Allied) General George Marshall (US- chief of all US forces) General Dwight Eisenhower (US-Supreme Allied Commander) General Bradley (US) General MacArthur (US) General Montgomery (UK)

17. Leadership of the Axis Adolf Hitler Goering, Goebbels, Hess (Germany) Benito Mussolini Emperor Hirohito General Tojo

18. The War in Asia: Island Hopping After countering Japanese advance, allied troops need airstrips from which to launch bombing raids on the Japanese mainland Major allied landings and eventual recapture of Philippines, Indonesia, Burma Critical role of the aircraft carrier Carpet bombing of Japan Japanese resort to “kamikaze” missions

19. The End Allied troops move eastward (US, UK) and westward (Soviet Union) until Germany’s final defeat The U. S. develops the atom bomb (Manhattan Project) FDR dies, Truman is left to finish the war U. S. calculates enormous casualties to conquer Japan by conventional warfare Truman authorizes atom bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan surrenders