This paper is an updated discussion of a theory that posits that gravity does not exist, but that, instead, the force of gravity is explained by the time running a different clockspeeds and the ratio of time and matter across a "clockspeed gradient field". This paper includes experiments, such as a "gravitational' wireless communications system and a LIGO experiment using clocks on existing orbiting spacecraft.

1. “Gravity”
does
not
exist
The
clockspeed
conversion
ra7o
of
7me
and
ma:er
(and
descrip7on
of
experiments)
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
1
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

2. • Abstract:
The
“gravita,onal
force”
does
not
occur
because
of
a
direct
interac,on
of
two
or
more
masses,
but
occurs
because
of
the
conversion
between
,me
and
ma:er.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
2
©Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

3. The
Macro
Structure
of
the
“Clockspeed”
Universe
• The
whole
universe
can
be
seen
as
a
constant
interplay
of
7me
across
gradients
of
clockspeed.
– Evidence:
GPS
satellites
include
algorithms
to
account
for
the
difference
in
the
rates
of
their
clocks
in
their
orbital
posi7on
at
points
on
the
so-­‐called
gravita7onal
well
compared
to
the
rates
of
clocks
on
the
surface
of
the
earth.
Consequently,
there
is
at
least
a
close
correla7on
(and,
likely,
a
one-­‐to-­‐
one
mapping)
between
what
is
thought
of
as
the
gravita7onal
field
of
any
mass
(in
this
example,
Earth),
and
what
we
call
the
“clockspeed”
gradient
field.
– This
new
theory
posits
that
the
two
are
iden7cal,
and
that
the
effect
that
has
historically
been
a:ributed
to
an
a:rac7on
between
centers
of
mass
under
the
name
of
“gravity”
is
actually
the
result
of
7me
and
ma:er
cover7ng
between
each
of
those
two
states
along
the
clockspeed
gradient
field.
• In
this
scenario,
two
factors
determine
the
universe’s
form:
7me
and
7me’s
clockspeed.
The
“space-­‐7me”
fabric
of
space
is
actually
a
gradient
field
of
the
clockspeed
of
7me.
Anywhere
in
the
universe,
if
you
know
the
clockspeed
of
7me,
you
can
accurately
describe
the
whole
physical
environment,
from
macro
scale
to
quantum
scale.
And
that
physical
environment
will
be
iden7cal
to
any
other
part
of
the
universe
with
the
same
clockspeed.
• Observa7onally
and
from
a
measurement
perspec7ve,
this
relates
to
the
theory
of
rela7vity.
The
clockspeed
of
7me
demonstrably
changes
based
on
the
differently-­‐situated
environments.
However,
in
this
new
theory,
7me
is
conserved,
in
the
context
of
a
changed
ra7o
of
mass
and
7me
with
clockspeed
as
the
determinant.
– The
concept
of
rela7vity
needs
to
be
applied
to
ma:er
too.
There
is
no
reason
to
assume
ma:er
would
not
be
rela7ve,
and
a
great
deal
of
reason
to
postulate
that
ma:er
is
rela7ve,
and
that
it
is
rela7ve
in
rela7on
to
7me.
In
this
view,
the
transforma7on
of
7me
to
mass
is
real,
and
in
propor7on
to
the
rela7ve
changes
in
each
as
the
clockspeed
changes.
• Summary:
The
“gravita7onal
force”
is
not
a
result
of
an
a:rac7on
between/among
center(s)
of
mass;
instead
it
is
a
result
of
the
conversion
of
7me
and
ma:er
that
occurs
across
gradients
of
clockspeed.
In
other
words,
7me
is
ma:er,
and
ma:er
is
7me.
The
“space/7me”
con7nuum
is
a
gradient
field
of
clockspeeds
in
which
the
ra7o
of
ma:er
and
7me
are
constantly
changing
in
rela7on
to
the
changing
clockspeeds.
Space
is
a
field
of
clockspeeds
in
which,
as
ma:er
moves
across
it,
ma:er
and
7me
transforms
itself
according
an
equa7on
driven
by
clockspeed.
• In
this
way,
rela7vity
is
generalized
to
apply
to
both
7me
and
ma:er,
and,
thereby,
incorporates
what
has
been
called
a
separate
“gravita7onal
force”
into
a
single
theory.
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
3/30/11
3
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

4. “Gravity”
and
Time
Explained
and
Unified
• The
conversa7on
field
of
7me
to
ma:er
(and
vice
versa)
appears
to
us
as
the
so-­‐called
“gravita7onal”
field.
The
force
of
“gravity”
is
actually
a
cause
or
an
effect
of
the
conversion
of
7me
and
ma:er
as
it
crosses
the
field
of
the
clockspeed
of
7me.
Put
another
way,
the
“gravita7onal
force”
is
really
driven
by
7me’s
clockspeed
gradient
field.
• In
this
view,
what
has
been
called
the
“pull
of
gravity”
may
be
the
fric7on
or
drag
between
adjacent
clockspeeds
of
7me,
or
perhaps
it
occurs
because
the
lower
clockspeed
parts
of
the
gradient
field
are
somehow
at
a
lower
pressure
than
adjacent
higher
clockspeed
parts,
thereby
drawing
ma:er
into
the
lower
pressure
zones.
• One
way
to
think
about
this
is
that
the
measurement
of
what
we
have
understood
as
the
“gravita7onal
force”
is
correct,
but
the
explana7on
for
it
is
not.
The
explana7on
has
been
that
the
masses
of
objects
are
what
drives
the
gravita7onal
force.
That
explana7on
can
be
wrong,
while
the
measurements
remain
correct.
Another
way
of
phrasing
this
is:
“Just
because
you
can
measure
something
(in
this
case,
the
force
of
“gravity”),
does
not
mean
that
you
have
the
correct
explana7on
for
it.”
• This
new
theory
says
exactly
that.
The
measurement
is
correct,
but
it
is
not
an
interplay
between
the
masses
that
creates
the
“gravita7onal
force.”
Instead,
what
has
been
called
the
“gravita7onal
force”
is
created
by
the
interplay
of
the
conversion
of
ma:er
to
7me
(and
vice
versa)
as
ma:er
moves
across
the
clockspeed
gradient
field.
• There
has
never
been
an
adequate
explana7on
(and,
in
par7cular,
one
that
has
been
experimentally
established)
for
the
mechanism
for
crea7ng
this
force
between
two
masses.
There
is
a
good
reason
for
this.
There
is
no
such
mechanism
that
works
between
masses
to
create
this
force.
Due
to
the
fact,
for
instance,
that
GPS
works,
and
part
of
the
way
the
GPS
system
works
is
that
it
takes
into
account
different
clockspeeds
at
different
posi7ons
in
the
so-­‐called
“gravity
well”
are
,
we
know
that
clockspeed
varies
in
accordance
with
what
we
call
the
“gravita7onal
field.”
This
should
be
a
strong
clue
that
clockspeed
is
the
key
to
the
puzzle,
not
some
uniden7fiable
mechanism
that
is
not
experimentally
verifiable.
When
two
things
are
determined
to
have
all
their
cri7cal
a:ributes
map
to
each
other
directly,
they
can
be
said
to
be
iden7cal.
• Furthermore,
7me
has
not
been
explained,
and
even
has
been
posited
not
to
exist
at
all.
It
should
be
a
significant
hint
that
because
both
gravity
and
7me
are
unexplained
,
then
(1)
something
is
wrong
with
current
theories,
and
(2)
7me
and
gravity
may
be
related,
and
even
two
sides
of
the
same
coin.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
4
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

5. Ma:er
is
Time
• Ma:er
is
the
physical
embodiment
of
7me
at
a
specific
clockspeed.
As
7me’s
clockspeed
slows,
more
of
7me
converts
into
ma:er.
At
one
end
of
the
range,
there
is
7me
at
its
maximum
clockspeed
where
there
is
no
ma:er,
only
100%
7me.
At
the
other
end
of
the
range,
there
is
7me
at
zero
clockspeed,
where
there
is
no
7me,
only
100%
ma:er.
• When
you
hold
your
hand
in
front
of
your
face,
you
are
looking
directly
at
7me
in
its
form
as
ma:er.
• An
analogy
is
water
and
ice.
They
are
the
same
thing,
but
one
form
changes
into
the
other
depending
on
the
temperature.
Time
and
ma:er
work
in
a
similar
fashion.
They
are
the
same
thing,
but
one
form
changes
into
the
other
depending
on
the
clockspeed
of
7me
(the
temperature
analog).
Beyond
that,
this
is
at
best
a
superficial
and
limited
analogy.
For
instance,
the
water
to
ice
change
occurs
once
at
a
single
temperature.
The
7me
to
ma:er
conversion
happens
constantly
in
varying
increments
as
ma:er
moves
across
the
whole
range
of
7me’s
clockspeeds.
• In
our
everyday
lives,
we
do
not
see
any
change
in
this
ra7o
of
7me
to
ma:er.
The
reason
is
that
the
change
occurs
outside
of
our
everyday
experience
of
the
changing
clockspeeds
of
7me.
The
clockspeed
of
7me
at
the
earth’s
surface
is
different
from
the
clockspeed
of
7me
for
a
GPS
satellite,
but
the
difference
is
so
7ny
and
on
a
part
of
the
conversion
slope
of
the
7me-­‐to-­‐ma:er
conversa7on
equa7on
that
there
is
li:le
change
in
the
ra7o
of
7me
and
ma:er
between
an
object
at
earth’s
surface
and
at
the
orbital
distance
of
the
GPS
satellite.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
5
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

6. Velocity
≠
Clockspeed
• The
“clockspeed”
of
7me
is
not
the
velocity
(speed)
of
an
object.
Velocity
is
unchanged
from
its
current
defini7on.
In
contrast,
clockspeed
is
determined
by
the
loca7on
(or
changing
loca7on
)of
an
object
in
the
clockspeed
gradient
field.
• When
a
moving
object
is
changing
its
velocity,
it
is
changing
its
ra7o
of
7me
to
mass
to
the
extent
its
clockspeed
is
changing
due
to
movement
across
the
clockspeed
gradient
field.
• An
object
moving
at
any
velocity
across
the
clockspeed
gradient
field
(i.e.,
from
one
clockspeed
to
another)
will
have
an
increasing
or
decreasing
clockspeed.
An
object
with
changing
velocity
would
not
have
an
increasing
or
decreasing
clockspeed
if
it
stays
on
the
same
clockspeed
gradient.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
6
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

7. The
New
Role
of
Quantum
Mechanics
Inquiry
• This
also
sets
the
context
for
quantum
mechanics,
which
becomes
an
inves7ga7on
into
the
structure
of
7me
in
its
form
as
ma:er.
And,
at
its
core,
it
is
searching
for
the
structure
and
means
of
the
transi7on
between
7me
(in
its
form
as
7me)
and
ma:er
(in
7me’s
form
as
ma:er).
In
this
way,
quantum
mechanics
is
unified
into
the
macro
structure
of
the
universe.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
7
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

8. Conclusion
• This
theory
provides
a
radically
simpler,
unified
and
more
powerful
explana7on
for
the
state
of
the
universe.
It
simplifies
the
structure
of
the
universe.
New
dimensions
are
not
required.
The
“gravita7onal”
force
is
not
separate
and
dis7nct
at
all.
The
enigma
of
both
7me
and
gravity
is
explained.
The
concept
of
the
“space/7me”
con7nuum
becomes
the
clockspeed
gradient
field.
Previously
separate
components
(7me
and
ma:er)
become
two
sides
of
the
same
coin.
And
quantum
mechanics
is
integrated
into
the
macro
structure
in
a
simple
and
consistent
manner.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
8
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

9. Experiment
1:
Ways
to
Measure
Clockspeed
Gradients
and
Related
Ma:ers
• GPS
satellites
already
are
coded
to
account
for
the
difference
in
the
clockspeed
of
their
on-­‐board
clocks
versus
the
clockspeed
of
ground-­‐based
clocks.
• By
measuring
the
clockspeed
of
clocks
at
various
heights
above
the
surface
of
the
earth,
scien7sts
could
create
a
mapping
of
the
clockspeed
gradient
field,
paving
the
way
to
overlay
it
on
and
measure
it
in
rela7on
to
the
so-­‐called
gravita7onal
field.
• By
determining
two
separate
environments
that
have
the
same
clockspeed
gradient,
and
it
would
be
possible
to
determine
whether
clocks
in
each
environment
have
the
same
clockspeed.
– For
instance,
a
clock
on
the
surface
of
the
moon
will
run
at
the
clockspeed
based
on
the
clockspeed
gradient
field
(currently
known
as
the
gravita7onal
field)
present
on
the
surface
of
the
moon.
If
another
clockspeed
gradient
field
can
be
found
that
is
the
same
as
that
of
the
surface
of
the
moon
(say
at
a
specific
orbital
height
above
the
surface
of
the
earth),
and
the
two
clocks
set
in
each
of
those
environments
are
measured
to
run
at
exactly
the
same
clockspeed,
then
clockspeed
can
be
shown,
at
least
in
that
experiment,
to
be
iden7cal
across
space
based
on
iden7cal
clockspeed
gradient
fields.
– In
essence,
clocks
on
the
surface
of
the
the
Earth
do
this.
Otherwise,
it
would
not
be
possible
to
measure
longitude
based
on
mari7me
chronographs.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
9
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

10. Experiment
2:
Ways
to
measure
7me/ma:er
convers7on
ra7o
• Ma:er
accelera7on
tests
could
be
designed
to
seek
evidence
of
conversion
at
very
high
speeds.
• However,
all
current
ma:er
accelera7on
experiments
may
limit
the
trajectory
of
par7cles
to
a
single
clockspeed
gradient,
and,
consequently,
may
be
fundamentally
limited.
• Current
par7cle
accelerators
are
based
on
a
design
that
limits
the
par7cles
to
a
single
clockspeed
gradient.
Assuming
that
movement
across
a
field
of
clockspeed
gradients
is
a
cri7cal
factor
in
the
structure
of
par7cles
and
the
macro
structure
of
the
universe,
and
incorpora7ng
the
fact
that
par7cles
moving
at
the
speeds
associated
with
these
accelerators
in
free
space
would
be
moving
across
clockspeed
gradients,
then
the
results
of
experiments
using
these
accelerators
should
take
their
inherent
one-­‐dimensional
clockspeed
gradient
limita7on
into
account
in
examining
and
interpre7ng
results
of
experiments
conducted
using
them.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
10
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

11. Experiment
3:
Ways
to
measure
7me/ma:er
convers7on
ra7o
• An
indicia
that
this
theory
is
correct,
that
is
already
tested
and
established,
is
that
the
clockspeed
of
7me
changes.
However,
it
isn’t
clear
if
this
is
an
unrelated
phenomenon,
or
is
a
cause
or
effect.
Another
way
of
posi7ng
the
issue,
is:
– (1)
Is
what
we
now
call
the
“gravita7onal”
force
caused
by
the
changes
in
the
clockspeed
gradient
field
(such
as
perhaps
that
slower
clockspeeds
somehow
are
a
“lower
pressure”
area
to
use
a
term
from
weather
science
into
which
ma:er
moves,
or
do
adjacent
but
different
clockspeeds
somehow
develop
some
sort
of
“fric7on”
that
slows
ma:er
passing
across
them.
Posi7ve
answers
would
suggest
that
clockspeed
gradient
fields
are
a
cause
of
the
“gravita7onal”
force.
– (2)
Is
the
changing
clockspeed
across
the
clockspeed
gradient
field
a
result
of
the
conversion
of
7me/ma:er?
Is
the
clockspeed
set
by
7me
being
converted
to
ma:er
or
vice
versa?
– (3)
Are
clockspeed
changes
and
the
7me/ma:er
conversion
really
iden7cal
or
mirror
images
of
the
same
process?
• Perhaps
the
long
distance
effects
of
“gravity”
are
a
result
of
some
kind
of
“drag”
on
the
clockspeed
of
7me,
with
the
drag
caused
by
ma:er
being
converted
back
and
forth
into
and
out
of
7me
as
ma:er
moves
across
the
clockspeed
gradient
field.
If
this
is
right,
then
this
so-­‐called
“drag”
on
clockspeed
may
extend
out
from
a
mass
according
to
the
classic
law
of
gravity.
If
this
is
correct,
there
are
no
such
things
as
“gravitons”
or
other
par7cles
conveying
a
“gravita7onal
force.”
Instead,
there
is
the
space/7me
con7nuum
with
its
grada7ons
of
clockspeed,
which
can
be
mapped
somewhat
like
a
topographical
geological
map.
• A
key
to
designing
an
experiment
may
be
to
determine
theore7cally
whether
you
can
ar7ficially
force
a
7me/ma:er
conversion,
and
what
happens
if
you
do?
An
exci7ng
aspect
of
this
line
of
inquiry
is
that
it
may
lead
to
real-­‐world
applica7ons.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
11
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

12. Experiment
4:
Ways
to
measure
7me/ma:er
convers7on
ra7o
• An
experiment
to
generate
a
formula
for
calcula7ng
the
conversion
of
7me
to
ma:er
would
be
useful.
• In
a
classic
explana7on
for
why
ma:er
cannot
accelerate
past
the
speed
of
light,
ma:er
is
said
to
gain
mass
to
the
point
where
the
mass
is
so
great
as
it
approaches
the
speed
of
light
as
to
be
impossible
to
accelerate
beyond
the
speed
of
light.
An
alterna7ve
under
this
new
postula7on
is
that
ma:er
actually
has
fully
converted
to
7me
at
the
speed
of
light.
For
that
to
be
the
case,
it
would
seem
that
the
conversion
rate
would
have
to
accelerate
very
substan7ally
as
the
ma:er
approaches
the
speed
of
light.
At
any
other
speeds,
the
conversion
rate
in
either
direc7on
would
seem
to
be
very
small,
but
constantly
occurring
as
the
ma:er
crosses
clockspeed
gradients.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
12
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

13. Experiment
5:
“LIGO”
in
Space
(zero
cost
and
already
opera7onal)
• Instead
of
using
ground-­‐based
detec7on
systems
(eg,
LIGO)
for
seeking
evidence
of
gravita7onal
waves,
the
clocks
in
orbi7ng
constella7ons
of
spacecrao
should
be
able
to
be
used
to
detect
so-­‐called
“gravity
waves”
because,
as
a
gravity
wave
passes
a
spacecrao,
the
clockspeed
of
its
on-­‐board
clock
will
change,
and
that
same
change
will
occur
as
the
gravity
wave
passes
by
other
spacecrao
in
the
constella7on.
• Since
there
are
exis7ng
spacecrao
constella7ons
that
are
posi7oned
in
orbit
rela7ve
to
each
other,
and
these
spacecrao
have
highly
accurate
clocks
on
board,
along
with
means
to
track
the
clocks,
this
experiment
can
be
run
with
exis7ng
equipment
that
is
fully
in
place
and
func7onal
simply
by
analyzing
historic
data
from
GPS
spacecraos’
on-­‐board
clocks
in
rela7on
to
each
other
for
anomalies
in
the
clockspeed
of
the
on-­‐board
clocks.
By
matching
any
such
anomalies
sequen7ally
in
clocks
in
aligned
spacecrao,
the
presence
of
the
passage
of
gravity
waves
can
be
assessed.
– In
fact,
this
experiment
could
be
run
using
clocks
in
many
loca7ons,
including
earthbound
clocks.
However,
the
distance
separate
the
clocks
on
orbi7ng
spacecrao,
and
the
wide
dispersal
of
the
spacecrao
in
various
orbits
and
orbital
posi7ons
rela7ve
to
other
spacecrao
allows
for
more
direc7onal
viewing
opportuni7es
and
easier
clockspeed
anomaly
checks.
• This
experiment
is
included
here
in
part
to
point
out
that,
whether
or
not
this
7me/ma:er/clockspeed
theory
is
an
accurate
reconstruc7on
of
the
mechanics
under-­‐pinning
the
force
we
currently
call
“gravity”,
the
viewpoint
provided
by
this
theory
adds
value
and
creates
new
opportuni7es
for
conceptualizing
and
conduc7ng
new
types
of
experiments
in
the
field.
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
13
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.

14. Experiment
6:
“Gravita7onal”
Wireless
Communica7on
Systems
• Even
under
the
standard
interpreta7on
of
gravity,
it
is
possible
to
design
a
wireless
communica7ons
system
that
is
not
dependent
on
the
electromagne7c
spectrum.
• The
simplest
design
is
to
have
a
transmi:er
comstructed
of
a
mass
that
is
moved
linearly
forward
and
back,
and
a
separate
receiver
that
is
a
gravitometer
that
can
measure
the
loca7on
of
the
mass
in
a
forward
and
a
back
posi7on.
A
forward
posi7on
could
indicate
a
“dot”
and
a
back
posi7on
could
indicated
“dash.”
• In
the
proposed
“clockspeed”
interpreta7on
of
gravity,
in
this
simple
experiemental
communica7ons
system,
the
receiver
becomes
a
clock,
and
the
method
of
receiving
a
message
is
the
measurement
of
the
changes
in
the
clockspeed
of
the
clock
caused
by
the
mass/transmi:er..
3/30/11
Adapted
from
a
2004
paper
by
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
14
©
Timothy
B.
Higginson.
All
rights
reserved.