The document outlines three major theoretical foundations of global governance: liberalism focuses on human progress through cooperation, interdependence, and international institutions; realism emphasizes states' pursuit of power and security in an anarchic system; and Marxist theory views global governance as reflecting the interests of dominant capitalist states and classes that control production.
2. What is theory?
Why we need to study theory?
Introduction
3. 1. Basic Ideas
Human nature is basically good
Injustice, aggression and war are products of
inadequate or corrupt social institutions
These can be eliminated through collective or
multilateral actions and institutional building.
The expansion of human freedom is a core liberal
belief that can be achieved through democracy and
market capitalism.
I. Liberalism
4. 2. Roots of Liberalism
Hugo Grotius (1583-1645): Father
of international law
Enlightenment: Individuals are rational human beings
and have capacity to improve their condition by creating
a just society.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804):
perpetual peace among democratic
states
I. Liberalism
5. 2. Roots of Liberalism
Adam Smith: free trade could create interdependencies
Woodrow Wilson: collective
security, international institutions
I. Liberalism
Woodrow Wilson, 28th
President
of the US (1913-1921)
6. 3. Sociological Liberalism
IR is not only about states and states relations, but
about transnational relations (pluralism).
Karl Deutsch: Interconnecting activities helps create
common values and identities among people from
different state and paves the way for peace.
James Rosenau: IR have been supplemented by
relations among private individuals, groups, and society,
referred to as mobius-web of global governance.
I. Liberalism
7. 4. Interdependence
Through trade, investment, people-to-people contact,
interdependence among states is increasingly high.
War is more costly.
Keohane & Nye:
“even if … anarchy constrains the willingness of
states to cooperate, states nevertheless can work
together and can do, esp. with the assistance of
international institutions”
I. Liberalism
8. 5. Institutional Liberalism
With a high degree of interdependence, states often set
up international institutions/rules to deal with common
problems.
Woodrow Wilson: transformation from a jungle of
chaotic power politics to a zoo of regulated and
peaceful intercourse through the building of IGOs.
I. Liberalism
9. 6. Republic Liberalism
Democracies never go to war with each other due to
three reasons: (1) peaceful conflict resolution (2)
common moral values or ‘pacific union’ and (3)
interdependence.
Francis Fukuyama: “The End of History and the Last
Man”- the triumph of Western democracies, which is
the final form of government.
I. Liberalism
10. 1. Basic Ideas and Assumptions
Human nature: bad, selfish, power-seeking
Actors: Nation-states (rational and unitary)
International system: anarchic and conflictual
John Mearsheimer: International cooperation is
impossible due to the problems of cheating and
relative gain.
Thucydides: … the standard of justice… is the
fact that the strong do what they have the power to do
and the weak accept what they have to accept…
International Law and IOs: tools to maximize interests
II. Realism
11. Hans Morgenthau:
IL and IOs are largely weak and ineffective, tool of
states, and reflect the distribution of power.
Main issues: national security, survival and existence,
balance of power, security dilemma
Future of IR: no progressive change
12. 2. Neo-realism/Structural Realism
Kenneth Waltz:
“Theory of International Politics”
A basic feature of IR is the structure of anarchy.
State leaders are prisoners of the structure as there is
no room for foreign policymaking.
All states are equal only in a formal-legal sense; they
are unequal, profoundly in a substantive or material
sense.
To ensure peace and stability, it is needed to maintain
the balance of power.
Bipolar system (CW system) is more stable.
II. Realism
Founder of Neorealism (1924)
13. 3. Hegemonic Stability Theory
It is believed that international economic system is most
likely to be open and stable when there is a single
dominant or hegemonic state, which has a sufficiently
large share of resources and is willing to take a
leadership and provide public goods
Pax Britannica during 19th
century
Pax Americana after the WWII
Pax Sinica???
II. Realism
14. The evolution of the production process is a basis for
explaining how patterns of social relations develop
between those who control the production and those
who execute the tasks of production.
Every society divides into two main classes: a small
class of those who own the means of production and a
large class with nothing. Ex. in the Capitalist system:
bourgeoisie ><proletariat.
So, IL and IOs are just products of a dominant group of
states, dominant ideas, and the interests of the capitalist
class.
Dependency Theory???
III. Marxist Theory