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 BERDASARKAN KEMAMPUAN CERNA:
a. PATI / AMILUM
b. SERAT
MULUTMULUT BOLUS (MAKANAN YG TELAH DIKUNYAH)BOLUS (MAKANAN YG TELAH DIKUNYAH)
BERCAMPUR DG ENZIM AMILASA (DLM LUDAH).BERCAMPUR DG ENZIM AMILASA (DLM LUDAH).
MENGUBAH PATI MJD DEKSTRIN. JIKA DIKUNYAHMENGUBAH PATI MJD DEKSTRIN. JIKA DIKUNYAH
LAMA DEKSTRIN DPT BERUBAH MJD MALTOSA.LAMA DEKSTRIN DPT BERUBAH MJD MALTOSA.
LAMBUNGLAMBUNG PENCERNAAN KH DI LAMBUNG TERHENTI.PENCERNAAN KH DI LAMBUNG TERHENTI.
USUS HALUSUSUS HALUS ENZIM AMILASE (DR PANKREAS) MENCERNA PATIENZIM AMILASE (DR PANKREAS) MENCERNA PATI
MJD DEKSTRIN DAN MALTOSA. SELANJUTNYAMJD DEKSTRIN DAN MALTOSA. SELANJUTNYA
DISAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK DI HIDROLISIS O/DISAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK DI HIDROLISIS O/
ENZIM2 DISAKARIDASE YG DIHASILKAN OLEHENZIM2 DISAKARIDASE YG DIHASILKAN OLEH
MUKOSA USUS HALUS (MALTASE, SUKROSE,MUKOSA USUS HALUS (MALTASE, SUKROSE,
LAKTASE).LAKTASE).
MALTOSA --- 2 MOL GLUKOSAMALTOSA --- 2 MOL GLUKOSA
SAKAROSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL FRUKTOSASAKAROSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL FRUKTOSA
LAKTOSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL GALAKTOSALAKTOSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL GALAKTOSA
MONOSAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK KMD DIABSORBSIMONOSAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK KMD DIABSORBSI
OLEH SEL EPITEL USUS HALUS DAN MASUK DLMOLEH SEL EPITEL USUS HALUS DAN MASUK DLM
SIRKULASI DARAH --- DIBAWA KE HATI (FRUKTOSASIRKULASI DARAH --- DIBAWA KE HATI (FRUKTOSA
DAN GALAKTOSA DIUBAH MJD GLUKOSA)DAN GALAKTOSA DIUBAH MJD GLUKOSA)
USUS BESARUSUS BESAR 1-4 JAM, PATI NON KH (SERAT) DAN PATI YG TDK1-4 JAM, PATI NON KH (SERAT) DAN PATI YG TDK
DICERNA.MASUK USUS BESAR. KARBOHIDRAT YGDICERNA.MASUK USUS BESAR. KARBOHIDRAT YG
TIDAK DICERNA O/ TUBUH, DI DALAM USUSTIDAK DICERNA O/ TUBUH, DI DALAM USUS
HALUS MENGALAMI PROSES FERMENTASIHALUS MENGALAMI PROSES FERMENTASI
MENGHASILKAN CO2, H, CH4, DAN AS LEMAKMENGHASILKAN CO2, H, CH4, DAN AS LEMAK
RANTAI PENDEK YG MUDAH MENGURANTAI PENDEK YG MUDAH MENGUAAP. 60-70%P. 60-70%
ASAM LEMAK MUDAH MENGUAP DIABSORBSIASAM LEMAK MUDAH MENGUAP DIABSORBSI
KEMBALI DAN DIGUNAKAN SBG SUMBERKEMBALI DAN DIGUNAKAN SBG SUMBER
ENERGI.ENERGI.
SEBAGIAN KECIL GAS HSIL FERMENTASISEBAGIAN KECIL GAS HSIL FERMENTASI
DIKELUARKAN MELL PARU2 ATAU ANUSDIKELUARKAN MELL PARU2 ATAU ANUS
((FLATUSFLATUS))
 ANAEROBIC PATHWAY (EMBDEN
MEYERHOF PATHWAY)
 AEROBIC PATHWAY (KREB’S CYCLE)
 PROSES METABOLISME KH (PEMECAHAN
GLUKOSA) YANG BERLANGSUNG TANPA
O2
 BERLANGSUNG D SITOPLASMA SEL
 PERUBAHAN 6 ATOM KARBON MENJADI 3
ATOM KARBON (GLISERALDEHIDE)
MENGHASILKAN 2 ASAM PIRUVAT (2 ATP)
 2 ATP --- 1 ATP CADANGAN ENERGI + 1
ATP UNTUK SIKULUS KREB
PEMBENTUKAN ASAM LAKTAT TERJADI
JIKA TUBUH MEMBUTUHKAN ENERGI YG
BESAR (CTH: OLAHRAGA) DITUNJANG
DG TUBUH MINIM O2 SEHINGGA ADA
PENGGUNAAN GLIKOGEN OTOT
MENJADI ENERGI MELALUI PROSES
GLIKOLISIS (ANAEROBIC).
SAAT TUBUH CUKUP O2 MAKA AS
LAKTAT DPT DIUBAH KEMBALI MENJADI
GLIKOGEN HATI (GLIKONEOGENESIS)
DAN SAAT DIPERLUKAN KEMBALI BISA
DIUBAH LAGI MENJADI GLUKOSA
(GLIKOGENOLISIS)
KESELURUHAN PROSES BOLAK BALIK INI
DISEBUT SIKLUS CORI
 JIKA SIKLUS CORI TERHAMBAT (KRN MINIM
O2) MAKA AKAN TERJADI PENIMBUNAN
ASAM LAKTAT DI OTOT (AKSIDIFIKASI)
 PENIMBUNAN ASAM LAKTAT DI OTOT DPT
MENYEBABKAN KELELAHAN OTOT (RIGOR
OTOT)
 ADALAH PEMBENTUKAN ENERGI YANG
MEMBUTUHKAN O2 SEBAGAI
KELANJUTAN DARI PROSES PEROMBAKAN
ASAM PIRUVAT (DARI ANAEROBIC
PROSES) DENGAN HASIL AKHIR Co2 +
H2O+ ENERGI (12 ATP)
 PROSES INI BERLANGSUNG DI
MITOKONDRIA SEL
 TERJADI SETELAH 12-18 JAM PUASA
 ADA 2 PROSES : GLIKOGENESIS DAN
GLIKOGENOLISIS
 2 HORMON YANG MEMBANTU PROSES
METABOLISME GLIKOGEN:
A. INSULIN (GLIKOGENESIS) ---
MENURUNKAN GLUIKOSA DARAH
B. EPINEFRIN DAN GLUKAGON
(GLIKOGENOLISIS) --- MENINGKATKAN
GLUKOSA DARAH
 WHO (1990) : 55-75% TOTAL ENERGI
 PUGS : 65-70 % TOTAL ENERGI
SERAT : 20-30 GRAM/ HARI
(LEMBAGA KANKER AMERIKA)

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Karbohidrat

  • 1.
  • 2.  BERDASARKAN KEMAMPUAN CERNA: a. PATI / AMILUM b. SERAT
  • 3.
  • 4. MULUTMULUT BOLUS (MAKANAN YG TELAH DIKUNYAH)BOLUS (MAKANAN YG TELAH DIKUNYAH) BERCAMPUR DG ENZIM AMILASA (DLM LUDAH).BERCAMPUR DG ENZIM AMILASA (DLM LUDAH). MENGUBAH PATI MJD DEKSTRIN. JIKA DIKUNYAHMENGUBAH PATI MJD DEKSTRIN. JIKA DIKUNYAH LAMA DEKSTRIN DPT BERUBAH MJD MALTOSA.LAMA DEKSTRIN DPT BERUBAH MJD MALTOSA. LAMBUNGLAMBUNG PENCERNAAN KH DI LAMBUNG TERHENTI.PENCERNAAN KH DI LAMBUNG TERHENTI. USUS HALUSUSUS HALUS ENZIM AMILASE (DR PANKREAS) MENCERNA PATIENZIM AMILASE (DR PANKREAS) MENCERNA PATI MJD DEKSTRIN DAN MALTOSA. SELANJUTNYAMJD DEKSTRIN DAN MALTOSA. SELANJUTNYA DISAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK DI HIDROLISIS O/DISAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK DI HIDROLISIS O/ ENZIM2 DISAKARIDASE YG DIHASILKAN OLEHENZIM2 DISAKARIDASE YG DIHASILKAN OLEH MUKOSA USUS HALUS (MALTASE, SUKROSE,MUKOSA USUS HALUS (MALTASE, SUKROSE, LAKTASE).LAKTASE). MALTOSA --- 2 MOL GLUKOSAMALTOSA --- 2 MOL GLUKOSA SAKAROSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL FRUKTOSASAKAROSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL FRUKTOSA LAKTOSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL GALAKTOSALAKTOSA --- 1 MOL GLUKOSA + 1 MOL GALAKTOSA MONOSAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK KMD DIABSORBSIMONOSAKARIDA YG TERBENTUK KMD DIABSORBSI OLEH SEL EPITEL USUS HALUS DAN MASUK DLMOLEH SEL EPITEL USUS HALUS DAN MASUK DLM SIRKULASI DARAH --- DIBAWA KE HATI (FRUKTOSASIRKULASI DARAH --- DIBAWA KE HATI (FRUKTOSA DAN GALAKTOSA DIUBAH MJD GLUKOSA)DAN GALAKTOSA DIUBAH MJD GLUKOSA)
  • 5. USUS BESARUSUS BESAR 1-4 JAM, PATI NON KH (SERAT) DAN PATI YG TDK1-4 JAM, PATI NON KH (SERAT) DAN PATI YG TDK DICERNA.MASUK USUS BESAR. KARBOHIDRAT YGDICERNA.MASUK USUS BESAR. KARBOHIDRAT YG TIDAK DICERNA O/ TUBUH, DI DALAM USUSTIDAK DICERNA O/ TUBUH, DI DALAM USUS HALUS MENGALAMI PROSES FERMENTASIHALUS MENGALAMI PROSES FERMENTASI MENGHASILKAN CO2, H, CH4, DAN AS LEMAKMENGHASILKAN CO2, H, CH4, DAN AS LEMAK RANTAI PENDEK YG MUDAH MENGURANTAI PENDEK YG MUDAH MENGUAAP. 60-70%P. 60-70% ASAM LEMAK MUDAH MENGUAP DIABSORBSIASAM LEMAK MUDAH MENGUAP DIABSORBSI KEMBALI DAN DIGUNAKAN SBG SUMBERKEMBALI DAN DIGUNAKAN SBG SUMBER ENERGI.ENERGI. SEBAGIAN KECIL GAS HSIL FERMENTASISEBAGIAN KECIL GAS HSIL FERMENTASI DIKELUARKAN MELL PARU2 ATAU ANUSDIKELUARKAN MELL PARU2 ATAU ANUS ((FLATUSFLATUS))
  • 6.
  • 7.  ANAEROBIC PATHWAY (EMBDEN MEYERHOF PATHWAY)  AEROBIC PATHWAY (KREB’S CYCLE)
  • 8.  PROSES METABOLISME KH (PEMECAHAN GLUKOSA) YANG BERLANGSUNG TANPA O2  BERLANGSUNG D SITOPLASMA SEL  PERUBAHAN 6 ATOM KARBON MENJADI 3 ATOM KARBON (GLISERALDEHIDE) MENGHASILKAN 2 ASAM PIRUVAT (2 ATP)  2 ATP --- 1 ATP CADANGAN ENERGI + 1 ATP UNTUK SIKULUS KREB
  • 9. PEMBENTUKAN ASAM LAKTAT TERJADI JIKA TUBUH MEMBUTUHKAN ENERGI YG BESAR (CTH: OLAHRAGA) DITUNJANG DG TUBUH MINIM O2 SEHINGGA ADA PENGGUNAAN GLIKOGEN OTOT MENJADI ENERGI MELALUI PROSES GLIKOLISIS (ANAEROBIC).
  • 10. SAAT TUBUH CUKUP O2 MAKA AS LAKTAT DPT DIUBAH KEMBALI MENJADI GLIKOGEN HATI (GLIKONEOGENESIS) DAN SAAT DIPERLUKAN KEMBALI BISA DIUBAH LAGI MENJADI GLUKOSA (GLIKOGENOLISIS) KESELURUHAN PROSES BOLAK BALIK INI DISEBUT SIKLUS CORI
  • 11.  JIKA SIKLUS CORI TERHAMBAT (KRN MINIM O2) MAKA AKAN TERJADI PENIMBUNAN ASAM LAKTAT DI OTOT (AKSIDIFIKASI)  PENIMBUNAN ASAM LAKTAT DI OTOT DPT MENYEBABKAN KELELAHAN OTOT (RIGOR OTOT)
  • 12.  ADALAH PEMBENTUKAN ENERGI YANG MEMBUTUHKAN O2 SEBAGAI KELANJUTAN DARI PROSES PEROMBAKAN ASAM PIRUVAT (DARI ANAEROBIC PROSES) DENGAN HASIL AKHIR Co2 + H2O+ ENERGI (12 ATP)  PROSES INI BERLANGSUNG DI MITOKONDRIA SEL
  • 13.  TERJADI SETELAH 12-18 JAM PUASA  ADA 2 PROSES : GLIKOGENESIS DAN GLIKOGENOLISIS  2 HORMON YANG MEMBANTU PROSES METABOLISME GLIKOGEN: A. INSULIN (GLIKOGENESIS) --- MENURUNKAN GLUIKOSA DARAH B. EPINEFRIN DAN GLUKAGON (GLIKOGENOLISIS) --- MENINGKATKAN GLUKOSA DARAH
  • 14.  WHO (1990) : 55-75% TOTAL ENERGI  PUGS : 65-70 % TOTAL ENERGI SERAT : 20-30 GRAM/ HARI (LEMBAGA KANKER AMERIKA)