Animal sports in the US include horse racing, greyhound racing, sled dog racing, and rodeos. While some view these as legitimate sports and claim the animals are well cared for, others see issues with lack of choice, mistreatment, overbreeding, and abuse of the animals involved. Problems range from injuries and deaths during events to neglect, lack of veterinary care, and inhumane treatment such as live baiting of rabbits for greyhound training. After their usefulness ends, many animals face neglect, slaughter, or other poor outcomes. The industries are also controversial due to concerns about motivating factors like gambling and money.

1. Animals in Sports Chapter 6

2. United States Major sports in which animals are involved…

3. Horse Racing

4. Greyhound Racing

5. Sled Dog Racing

6. Rodeos

7. Except for animal fighting, all of these are considered legitimate sports. Animal Fighting

8. The legitimate sports were initially about showing off their animals, in a friendly, nonthreatening way. “Friendly Competitions”

9. Horse racing and greyhound racing are associated with legalized gambling. Rodeos and sled dog races depend on sponsors. Animal fighting is largely funded by illegal gambling. Money got involved

10. Some are very well cared for, others are terribly abused. Skilled animals are profitable for people.

11. Some retire into comfortable lives.

12. Others are sent to slaughter

13. …or live lives of neglect after their performing days are over

14. Spectrum of Thought… Figure 6.1 Leave the animals alone. Expose practices we consider harmful to animals. It is a recreational activity humans have a right to enjoy.

15. Animal Sports Controversies Animal Sports Enthusiasts Critics Animals are doing what they do naturally. Animal are well cared for because this is profitable. Safeguards exist to ensure animals are not mistreated. Medical care is available. Animals have no choice in the matter. Not natural behavior but trained or bred for Money is the main motivator.

16. Overbreeding Mistreatment (training, performances, off- season) Lack of veterinary care The ways in which unwanted sports animals are destroyed Problems:

17. Horse Sports See Table 6.1

18. Multibillion dollar industry including owners, managers, breeders, trainers, riders, feed suppliers, veterinarians, track personnel Thoroughbred Racing

19. Horse races in U.S. (2007) – 51,304 Pur$e – amount won by owners of winning horses - $1.2 billion (U.S.) About 160 Thoroughbred racetracks in U.S. Numbers

20. Three most prestigious in U.S.

21. Welfare of Racing Horses

22. Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation 2007 – allocated more than $1.1 million to universities conducting equine research projects – over $15 million in 15 years Receives financial support from donations from Thoroughbred clubs, racetracks, private individuals, racing organizations and special events staged by horse racetracks

23. Opposition to Horse Racing

24. Thoroughbred racehorses have been inbred to the point that their bodies are too heavy for their fragile, thin legs.

25. Broodmares (mares used for breeding) …forced to come into season at unnatural times to lengthen training season for offspring

26. When controversy erupted after race horse breakdowns at a Pennsylvania race track, Michael Gill became one of the most hated men in racing. Solutions? Racehorses are drugged when injured or sick to still compete.

27. In New York state, a trainer or assistant trainer must have a license from the state Racing and Wagering Board. Owner Liability Horse Racing and Trainer Liability in NYS

28. New York Law Paragallo Convicted on 33 Counts of Misdemeanor Animal Cruelty - 2010

29. Horses are run too young, risking damage to bones that are not fully mature. Track surfaces are too hard and unnatural.

30. …that have a vested interested in income New York Regulated by state governments

31. …during training and races. Racehorses suffer injuries and deaths

32. Shattered right leg – euthanized 8 months later Barbaro – Kentucky Derby 2006

33. Dislocated ankle - euthanized Pine Island – Breeders’ Cup 2006

34. Broke both front ankles - euthanized Eight Belles – Kentucky Derby 2008

35. Racehorse deaths by state – 2007 No data for Arkansas, Michigan & Nebraska Figures 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 Deaths among racehorses are not uncommon.

36. AlexBrownRacing …used to be an exercise rider for thoroughbred trainer Tim Woolley and others at Fair Hill, where 2006 Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro was trained

37. Death of a Derby Winner: Slaughterhouse Fate for Ferdinand Blood-Horse Magazine, July 2005

38. Horse Slaughter …the fate of untold numbers of injured and retired racehorses

39. Retired Racing Horse Adoption Thoroughbred Retirement Fund New Vocations Racehorse Adoption Program

40. Rodeos Spanish origin: “to surround”

41. …with cowboys informally showing off riding skills Originally about herding cattle for market

42. Horses Bulls Steers Calves Events include: Bareback bull riding Saddle bronc riding Bareback horse riding Steer wrestling Calf and steer roping Barrel racing Animals used in rodeos:

43. Professional Rodeo Cowboys Assn.

44. Welfare of Rodeo Animals PRCA Opponents Claims extensive animal welfare program and that veterinarian onsite during a rodeo Says animals wear flank straps alleviating pain Not representative of old west Injured rodeo animals not humanely euthanized 21st century animals are more tame than 1800s and need to be provoked Common practice: painful cattle prods, spurs, caustic ointments

45. Gait Competitions p. 101

46. Dog Sports

47. Table 6.4 $$$ Florida alone 2006-2007: $465.3 million Greyhound Racing

48. HSUS: Running for Their Lives

49. Revenue decline 45% during 1990s Seven states banned “sport” in 1990s Idaho Maine North Carolina Nevada Vermont Virginia Washington Greyhound Racing

50. States with Greyhound racing American Greyhound Council

51. National Greyhound Association+ Represents greyhound owners Official registry for racing greyhounds All greyhounds that race in the U.S. must be registered with American Greyhound Track Operators Association= Represents track operators American Greyhound Council*** See AGC PowerPoint Manages industry’s welfare programs, farm inspections and adoptions Organizations that manage greyhound racing in the U.S.

52. Welfare of Racing Greyhounds

53. Not governed by the Animal Welfare Act

54. 1000s are destroyed Severe overbreeding to produce winners

55. Normal lifespan is 12 years. So what happens when they are no longer ‘useful’? These dogs race until about 4 years of age.

56. AGC states it has adopted standard guidelines. All of the nation’s breeding farms and kennels are subject to unannounced inspections.

57. INDUSTRY ABUSE PUNISHED UNDER ANTI-CRUELTY STATUTES

58. As many as 100,000 small animals, mostly domestic rabbits and wild jackrabbits, are maimed and killed in a variety of ways every year by persons involved in the greyhound-racing industry. Many are used as live lures and are hung from a horizontal pole, which goes around the track; often the bait animals' legs are broken so their cries will excite the dogs. The greyhounds are encouraged to chase, catch, and kill the lure so they will chase the inanimate lures used during the actual races. These bait animals, whether alive or dead, normally are used throughout the day, and when their jobs are done, trainers frequently allow greyhounds to tear them up. These small bait animals also are used in "coursing," which involves placing the rabbits within fenced enclosures in which the greyhound chases, terrorizes, and eventually kills the lure. These bait animals are used and killed in such cruel and painful ways because many "experts" within the racing field believe that greyhounds need to develop a "taste for blood" and that this type of exercise enhances the dogs' racing ability. In a number of states, the use of live lures has been prohibited by statute. In 1986, the Florida Legislature enacted The Animal Fighting Act. This Act outlaws baiting or using live animals in the training of racing greyhounds. But, the practice did not end because of the enactment of the law; instead, the practice has been perpetuated by an illicit interstate trade, which reportedly fetches twenty dollars per jackrabbit. The few people who actually are found bringing jackrabbits into the state for racing purposes are prosecuted; however, officials at the Florida Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering have estimated that three hundred bait animals may be brought into the state each week. Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003) The Use of Live Lures and Coursing

59. Neglect and Lack of Medical Care Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003) Nonetheless, anti-cruelty statutes seem to be applied against only the most horrible and cruel forms of abuses. Florida Statutes Section 828.12, the cruelty-to-animals statute, has been applied against persons within the greyhound-racing community for neglect and failure to provide medical care. This Section states, "A person who . . . deprives (any animal) of necessary sustenance or shelter . . . is guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree.“ In November 1991, an anonymous tip led police to a farm in Summerfield, Florida, where they found one hundred and ninety-four starving greyhounds forced to lie in and eat their own waste. Investigators said the dogs were nothing "more than skin covering bones.“ The family that owned the training farm stated that the dogs' owners had not sent money for food and that they had already " disposed of more than ten dogs."

60. But such neglect does not occur only on breeding or training farms in places hidden from view. On January 21, 1996, a greyhound, He's My Denny, was injured seriously when an assistant at a racetrack let a number of dogs out for a run, and they attacked Denny. Denny's trainer, David Jonathon Gibby, decided not to allow a vet to treat the "multiple puncture wounds and abrasions to (his) neck," the "swelling and gas under his skin," and the bruising that occurred to "the knuckles of his feet and lower limbs.“ It was not until January 25 that Denny was given medical attention, and then only because the director of the Greyhound Pets of America "heard the dog whimpering in a kennel.“ Gibby later took Denny out of the clinic for fear that the owner would find out about Denny's injuries. Sadly, because of the lack of medical attention, Denny developed gangrenous wounds from which he later died. Gibby was arrested and tried under Florida's cruelty-to-animals statute. The jury found him " guilty of causing the pain, suffering, and death of" Denny, and he subsequently was sentenced "to six months in jail and five years' probation.” He’s My DennySource: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay 32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003)

61. Gibby requested a new trial based on his assertion that explicit photos of Denny's wounds swayed jurors. The court denied this request. Gibby also appealed the conviction to the Fifth District Court of Appeal, which subsequently upheld the conviction. Photographs at Trial

62. Greyhounds at the track also have suffered cruelty due to dehydration. In August 2000, at the Palm Beach Kennel Club, four greyhounds died when they were left outside for hours in ninety-degree heat with no water. The trainer stated that the deaths occurred as a result of a miscommunication between him and an assistant. Animal-abandonment charges were dropped, and he "was placed on 18 months' probation and ordered to perform community service at an animal shelter or thrift shop.” Dehydration Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003)

63. Persons inside the greyhound-racing industry also have been prosecuted under Florida's anti-cruelty statutes when they have abandoned their greyhounds. Florida Statutes define "abandon" as follows: "to forsake an animal entirely or to neglect or refuse to provide or perform the legal obligations for care and support of an animal by its owner.“ In September 1999, Bruno Steinmann, a greyhound owner, left his dogs in the care of another owner at the Seminole Greyhound Park. After a month, an inspector "found many of the dogs to be dehydrated, malnourished and suffering from anemia because of fleas and ticks.“ The Assistant State Attorney stated that "at least 15 dogs were in bad medical condition" and one ultimately died. Both owners were charged with "70 counts of animal abandonment, a misdemeanor.”They were found guilty and sentenced to seven months of jail time and fined $7,000. Unlike the previous case, in which only one dog died, in August 1989, more than eighty greyhounds were found severely malnourished at a kennel in Suwannee. All greyhounds had to be euthanized. Abandonment and Starvation Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003)

65. INSTITUTIONALIZED ABUSE AND MISTREATMENT NOT PUNISHED UNDER ANTI-CRUELTY STATUTES

67. Culling the litter is a common practice that has gone unhindered by anti- cruelty statutes. Owners, breeders, and trainers kill many greyhounds as puppies because they seem unlikely to win many, if any, races. Based on figures from The Greyhound Review, between 1989 and 1998, " 65,601 litters were registered by the National Greyhound Association.“ The low to average litter size is 6.5 pups, so multiplying that by the number of litters "results in a minimum total of 426,407 greyhounds born (over) this ten-year period.“ Greyhound litters are "registered at three months of age and (then greyhounds are) individually registered at 18 months.“ In that ten-year period, "only 342,022 (greyhounds) were individually registered" out of the low estimate of 426,407 greyhounds born. This results in an almost twenty-percent discrepancy between greyhounds born and those individually registered. Sadly, adoptions from farms at such a young age are rare; therefore, almost 85,000 greyhound puppies between three and eighteen months of age are assumed to have been killed during this period. Culling the Litter Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003)

69. Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003)Lack of Space, Exercise, and Healthy Food

70. The greyhounds' situation may not improve even when they are let out of their crates. On average, greyhounds are let outside four times a day. Often, the dogs are let out for exercise in overcrowded pens. Lack of Space, Exercise, and Healthy Food

71. Another issue receiving attention lately is the type of food greyhounds are being fed. A food commonly given to greyhounds is raw unsterilized 4-D meat, which comes from dead, dying, diseased, or disabled animals. This meat still may contain pathogens that were responsible for injuring the animal or, just as likely, high doses of drugs that were pumped into the animal in hope of saving it for human consumption. Additionally, because the meat is raw, the health hazards to the dogs are numerous. The greyhounds sometimes are unable to race because of illnesses brought on by the food. One common illness, consisting of vomiting and diarrhea, commonly is referred to in the industry as "blow out.“ Some trainers justify feeding the greyhounds raw meat because they believe that it improves the greyhounds' racing performance. Trainers may be more swayed by the fact that the meat is cheap and readily available. Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003) Food Greyhounds are fed

72. The destruction of greyhounds after their racing careers, usually between the ages of three and five, may be the most offensive treatment that has gone unpunished under anti-cruelty statutes. Although the number of greyhounds destroyed each year varies, depending on who is quoting the numbers, it seems safe to use the average of twenty thousand killed annually. This figure represents a decrease over past years because of the greyhound- adoption movement, which began in the late 1980s. Before rescue groups got involved, "almost all greyhounds used for racing (ultimately) were killed.“ Amazingly, in the last nine years, it is estimated that one million dogs have been killed prematurely. Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003) The Unnecessary Destruction of Dogs after Racing

73. In the past few years, an equally disturbing new trend has emerged. That trend is for owners to donate or sell former racing greyhounds for medical experimentation. In a five-year period, Iowa State University received almost six hundred ex-racing greyhounds, and, in another three-year period, "(m)ore than 2600 greyhounds were donated . . . to Colorado State University.” In this scenario, the owners lose no money because they do not have to pay to euthanize the dogs, and the owners actually may stand to make a gain. Looking at economics, as the cost of euthanization has risen, the incidents of owners shooting greyhounds have gone up. The hard reality is that kennels do not and cannot put money into dogs that are no longer moneymakers. It is simply cheaper to bring in new stock. Source: Greyhounds: Racing to Their Deaths Addie Patricia Asay32 STETLR 433 (Winter 2003) The Unnecessary Destruction of Dogs after Racing

74. Alabama Animal Cruelty Law Mass Killing – Charges Dropped

75. Formed in March of 2001, GREY2K USA is a national non-profit organization dedicated to passing stronger greyhound protection laws and ending the cruelty of dog racing. To this end, we work nationwide to fight for greyhounds in state legislatures, at the ballot box, and in the courts. Grey2K

76. Sled Dogs Alaska, Canada, part of Northern Europe

77. Early March every year, Alaska Iditarod

78. The Iditarod violates accepted standards regarding animal cruelty as is shown by the laws of 38 states and the District of Columbia that have animal anti-cruelty laws stating "overdriving" and "overworking" an animal is animal cruelty. Does the Iditarod violate accepted standards regarding animal cruelty?

79. The dog deaths and injuries in the Iditarod show that these dogs are "overworked" and "overdriven." If the Iditarod occurred in any of these 38 states or the District of Columbia, it would be illegal under the animal cruelty laws. Alaska's animal anti-cruelty law does not say that "overdriving" and "overworking" an animal is animal cruelty. Does the Iditarod violate accepted standards regarding animal cruelty?

80. Sled Dog Action Coalition

81. January 2011 SPCA probes execution of 100 sled dogs

82. Animals in Sports