Gis based method to analyse vulnerability of transportation infrastructure

1. Centre for Transport Studies
GIS-based method to analyse vulnerability
of transportation infrastructure
HAO YE
D R PA N A G I O T I S A N G E L O U D I S
PROFESSOR JOHN POLAK
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

2. Outline

Project Background

Infrastructure Vulnerability Analysis

Current Works and Progress

Future Work Plan
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

3. Project Background
Motivation: extreme events due to climate change, e.g. flooding, have caught the
attention of insurance market, and there has been insufficient knowledge of
potential damage risk due to inadequate capacity of current catastrophe models.
Open Access Catastrophe Model (OASIS), funded by European Climate-KIC and
insurance sector, aims to develop open source catastrophe models to improve the
climate change adaptation of critical infrastructure. These models will be adopted
to assess the risk exposure of infrastructure and develop insurance business.
Hazard
Damage
Function
Asset
Service
Financial
Module
OASIS project work flow chart
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES
Insurance
Price

4. The Role of CTS in OASIS
Vulnerability Model sub-project: explore the impact of climate change to
transportation infrastructure networks, and develop models and software tools
for predicting the quantitative impacts on the services provided by the
networks.
Transport Vulnerability Module
CTS
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

5. Network Interdependency
Transportation network – critical infrastructure supporting the movement of
people and goods. It is also the primary conduit for rescue, recovery and
reconstruction in disasters (Anna, 2011)
Infrastructure network interdependency, picture sourced from Huang et al, 2011
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

6. Cascading Effect
Cascading effect – unforeseen chain action, failure of a part of a system can
trigger the failure of successive part due to component interaction
Flooding
As-planned status of network system
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES
Perturbed status

7. Transportation Infrastructure Network
Why the prediction of cascading effect for transportation network is more
difficult than other networks?
• Multiple infrastructures interaction (e.g. roads, airport, seaport, railway, etc.)
• Massive network database (e.g. up to thousands of road links for a small area)
• Heterogeneity of network (e.g. the important degree of network units)
• The complex of traffic flow theory (e.g. the change of driver’s behaviour)
• The complex of traffic demand theory (e.g. the change of trip demand)
• And anything more ?…
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

8. Our Efforts – Model development
Catastrophe model analysis for transport infrastructure?
Hazard module
+
Infrastructure module +
Vulnerability module
Flooding
Rainfall
Storm surge
Hazard
Infrastructure
Catastrophe
Vulnerability
Model
Vulnerability Assessment
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT
STUDIES

9. Current Work and Progress
 Hazard Module
•
•
Explore the application of hydraulic models to generate high-precision raster-based
flooding hazard maps at Bogota in Columbia
Cooperate with Hydraulic Modelling Team at ICL
 Infrastructure Module
•
•
•
Develop network representation for road topological infrastructure
Develop rules for describing the property of traffic network/units, e.g. capacity of road
links, the behaviour of traffic flow
Data collection and potential cooperation with Transport Team at Bogota
 Vulnerability Module
•
•
•
Develop mathematical models to describe the degradation of interdependent failure
(e.g. Input-Output Model, or other potential models in future)
Work on the development of software for interdependent system design (Asty)
GIS extensions for analysing interdependency network (Oasis)
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

10. Hazard Module
 Adopt GIS to model temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme weather events
e.g. the coverage of flooding
 Model input: local weather data, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Hydraulic model
model output: inundation depth, water velocity, angle of attack, etc.
 Flooding Damage Functions: compute the physical damage based on the
relationship between flooding parameters and infrastructure properties
An example of hydraulic watershed hazard maps (Data source: SSG-Surfer)
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

11. Infrastructure Module
 Transportation network representation
• Extracted vector data from Open Street Map (OSM)
 Need to be simplified to suite computational demand
• Junctions (nodes) and road segments (links)
• Other Network simplification rules (e.g. directed road, road turns)
A simplified sample of network and Bogota transport network
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

12. Infrastructure Module – OD trip assignment
 Distribute Origin-Destination (OD) trip data on simplified road network to
implement trip prediction
 Proximity assignment approach
• be widely used by past studies, but might be potentially adapted
OD trip nodes
Infrastructure network node
A result of OD assignment based on proximity approach
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

13. Transport Model – Link Importance
 The capability of road link is potential related to:
• Link distance
• Link free flow speed
• Link capacity and capacity speed (Link capacity/speed relationship)
 Identify the importance/reliability of each road link to weight the perturbation:
• Travel time
• Travel distance
 Understand travel behaviour
• When traffic decreases in a certain area, it logically will increase in another
area, how to identify such relationship?
Normal Traffic Flow
Perturbed Traffic Flow
Congested Traffic Flow
Normal Status
Perturbed Status
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

14. Vulnerability Module – Input Output Model
 Input- Output Infrastructure Model – is capable of studying the
interdependency of component interaction
• Application of input output model to transport infrastructure failure
• Nodes: transportation junction or infrastructure components
• Links: dependency among components
 Software Implementation (Asty V1.0: developed by Dr Angeloudis Panagiotis)
• Graphical software tool (C# based) to display the relationship of component
dependency
• Static and dynamic modes to simulate component failure
• Have potential to model various interacting systems
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

15. Vulnerability Module – Model Results
Operability/Failure variation, modelled results from Asty
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

16. OASIS Software Architecture Design
OASIS – A GIS-based software platform to design, analysis, model and visualise the
cascading effect for interdependent infrastructure network, aimed at decisionmakers, analysts and publics.
Desktop GIS
(to planners)
Transport database
Hydraulic Model
Open-Street Map
Data Input
Traffic data
Hazard maps
Geospatial
database
Models and
Algorithms
Transport network
ArcGIS/ QGIS
OASIS
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES
Web GIS (to public)

17. OASIS Implementation
 Front-end GIS Visualisation
• Open-source based SharpMap.Net (C# based component)
• Tile maps (Google, Bing and Open Street), as well as ESRI shape files
• Good interaction with many geospatial database, e.g. postgreSQL and Spatialite
Front-end GIS visualisation (under development)
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

18. OASIS Implementation
 Open-source components based geospatial database
• PostgreSQL + PostGIS (geospatial database management system)
• PgRouting (routing and path algorithms)
• Enable SQL enquire, spatial analysis of network-based database
Back-end GIS database support
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

19. Future Work Plan
 Literature review and keep open-minded for other research models to
implement vulnerability analysis e.g. agent-based model, neural
networks model.
 Continue to develop software platform by integrating Oasis and Asty, as
well as other network analysis modules, in order to enhance current
software functions
 Explore mathematical models to identify the mechanism of road
node/link failure and predict interdependent propagation to adjacent
network components.
 Explore mathematical rules of network behaviours and the relationship
among travel demand, the change of link capacity and inoperability
propagation.
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES

20. Thank You!
hao.ye@imperial.ac.uk
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON | DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES